Assignment 1A: (6 Marks) [CO1]

Familiarity with User and System level OS Commands

Run the commands and validate the output

1) who:-It displays the information about all the users who have logged into the system
currently
2) whoami:- It displays Current username, Terminal number, date and time at which user
logged into the system
3) pwd:- It displays current working directory
4) date:- It displays system date and time
5) ls - It lists the files and directories stored in the current directory. To list the files in a
directory use the following syntax: $ls dirname
6) mkdir – It is used to create directories by using the command: $mkdir dirname
7) clear- It clears the screen
8) cd - It is used to change the current working directory to any other directory specified
9) df - It displays currently mounted file systems.
10) rmdir - Directories can be deleted using the rmdir command - $rmdir dirname
11) cat – It displays the contents of a file - $cat filename
12) cp - It is used to copy a file - $ cp source_file destination_file
13) mv- It is used to change the name of a file - $ mv old_file new_file
14) rm – It is used to delete an existing file - $ rm filename
15) stat- It is used to display file or file system status - $ stat filename
16) ln - It is used to create links between files and directories.
17) tty – It prints the filename of the terminal connected to standard input.
18) uname –It prints system information
19) umask – It specifies user file creation mask, implying which of the 3 permissions are to
be denied to the owner,group and others.
20) find – It searches for files in a directory hierarchy
21) sort – It sorts the lines of text files
22) ps - It displays information about the current processes.
23) chmod 777 file1 - gives full permission to owner, group and others
24) grep - It finds specific patterns in files.
25) touch - It creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.
26) more/less - It displays file content one screen at a time, allowing you to scroll.
27) head/tail - It displays First/Last 10 lines of a File.
28) top - It dynamically displays real-time information about system statistics.
29) kill - It terminates a Process.
30) history - It displays a list of previously executed commands.
31) du - It estimates file space usage (of a file or directory).
32) ping - It tests network connectivity to a host.
33) wc - It counts lines, words, and characters in a file.
34) >/>> - It redirects the standard output of a command to a file, overwriting the file if it exists.
35) | - It takes the standard output of one command and uses it as the standard input for another
command.
 Assignment 1B: (4 Marks) [CO1]
Program to get and set environment variables using system calls

Problem Definition
Program to GET and SET the Environment variable and to know the use of getenv and setenv
system calls

UNIX ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

Variables are a way of passing information from the shell to programs when you run them.
Programs look "in the environment" for particular variables and if they are found will use the
values stored. Some are set by the system, others by you, yet others by the shell, or any program
that loads another program. Standard UNIX variables are split into two categories, environment
variables and shell variables. In broad terms, shell variables apply only to the current instance of
the shell and are used to set short-term working conditions; environment variables have a farther
reaching significance, and those set at login are valid for the duration of the session. By
convention, environment variables have UPPER CASE and shell variables have lower case
names.

Display the following environment variables using getenv call:

∙ USER (your login name)
∙ HOME (the path name of your home directory)
∙ HOST (the name of the computer you are using)
∙ ARCH (the architecture of the computer's processor)
∙ DISPLAY (the name of the computer screen to display X windows)
∙ PRINTER (the default printer to send print jobs)
∙ PATH (the directories the shell should search to find a command)

Syntax: Char *getenv( const char *name);

The getenv() function searches the environment list to find the Environment variable name,
and returns a pointer to the corresponding value string.

Now, Set two new environment variables and display them.

Syntax: int setenv(const char * envname,const char * enval,int overwrite)

The setenv() function adds the variable name to the environment with the value value, if name
does not already exist. If name does exist in the environment, then its value is changed to value
if overwrite is nonzero; if overwrite is zero, then the value of name is not changed (and
setenv() returns a success status).

Note: make sure you don't modify the already generated system’s environment variable like
HOME, HOST etc.
 ASSIGNMENT – 2
IPC/SYNCHRONIZATION

A. SIGNAL Handling​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (3 Marks) [CO3]

Catch the signal ‘SIGINT’ and display “Ha Ha, Not Stopping”. Use
‘signal’ system call. Always use “perror” to check the return status of
a library/system call.

B. IPC using Named Pipe (FIFO)​ ​ ​ ​ (7 Marks) [CO5]

Using the fork system call, create a Child Process.. Transfer 1GB file
from the Parent Process to Child Process using a FIFO. Now, transfer
the same file from the Child Process to the Parent Process using
another FIFO. Now, compare the two files(use cmp or diff command)
to make sure that the same file has returned back. Also, print the time
required to do this double transfer. Attach this output to the source file
as a comment.

To create FIFO, you can either use a shell command or a system call.

To create a large file you can use the relevant command.

Use ‘ls –l’ command to show the FIFO and the large file. Attach this
output to the source file as a comment.

Make sure that the starting comment block has all the necessary
information attached.
 ASSIGNMENT – 3
Total Marks - 10 [CO4]
Parallel Programming in Python

The objective of this assignment is to write a parallel program in Python

which will do Matrix Multiplication between two large Square Matrices with
unsigned integer elements. You have to also measure the time elapsed.
The Matrix should be large enough (at least 3000 x 3000) and dynamically
allocated to fit in your computer memory. Both the Matrices need to be
initialized with random numbers (‘mod’ to some value).

As you increase the number of Parallel Threads (max to your number of

CPUs), your timing should show improvement. Use time.perf_counter() or
an equivalent high-resolution timer to note down the timing. Make sure you
attach the timing to the starting comment block of your source file. Your
time should not include the Matrices initialization time.

You are not allowed to use Python’s threading module. You can import the
package “multiprocessing” for this purpose. Also, use proper command to
show CPU utilization(cpustat or sar) and attach these outputs to the
starting comment block of your source file.

This program should take four command line arguments. The first
argument is the dimension of the Square Matrix.

The second argument is about the number of Parallel Threads. For

example, the value of the second argument will be 1, 2, 3, 4 etc.; signifying
how the workload will be split among all the CPUs.

The third argument will be the value of the ‘mod’ which will be used to
initialize all the elements of two input square matrices.

The fourth (last) argument will be the print_switch. If its value is ‘1’, both the
Input and Output Matrices and as well as the Result Matrix will be printed
on the screen. In case the value is ‘0’, Matrices won’t be printed on the
screen.
 ASSIGNMENT – 4
mmap and page fault

Total Marks - 10 [CO2]

The objective of this programming assignment is to use mmap() call and

observe page-fault using the ‘sar’ command.

A big file (about 8GB) should be created using the ‘fallocate’ command.
This big file should be written with a single byte value (say X) at a specific
offset (say F). Both the values and the offset should be generated using a
random function. Please do remember this random function should
generate a quantity anywhere between 0 and 8G for the value of F and
between 0-255 for the value of X.

The above big file should also be mapped in the virtual address space
using mmap() call. Once it is mapped, the data should be read from the
same specific offset (F). Now, if the data read is X`; then verify that X and
X` are the same. In case of verification failure, an error message is to be
printed and also the program should terminate. Note that, the offset value F
can be anywhere between 0 and 8G and you should display the offset as
hex number format.

This sequence of writing and reading data to/from a specific offset and also
verification should be put in a while loop to go forever.

In another terminal execute the command ‘sar –B 1’ to observe for the

page fault. This command should be started before the above program is
put under execution. So, one can observe that the page faults are
increasing, once the above program starts executing.

The output of the program and the ‘sar’ command should be pasted as a
comment at the beginning of the program file as indicated by the
guidelines.
 ASSIGNMENT – 5
Total Marks - 10 [CO4 & CO5]
Thread, Synchronizations & Shared Memory

Consider a main process which creates three threads Th1, Th2, and Th3. The main
process also creates two random quantities (X, Y), both less than 10. These two
values will be placed by the main process in the shared memory (One variant of IPC
Primitive) that is accessible by all the three threads Th1, Th2 and Th3. The shared
memory will be created by the main process using shmat/shmget calls.

For each pair of values (X,Y), it is required that some computations should be done
by various threads. The thread Th1 will compute A (X*Y), the thread Th2 will
compute B (2*X+2*Y+1) and Th3 computes C (B/A). All these values are kept in the
shared memory in a tabular fashion as shown below.

The number of (X,Y) pairs will be taken as an argument from the CLI. It is the
responsibility of the main process to populate required numbers of (X,Y)s in the
shared memory. The program will only exit when all A,B,C are computed for all given
(X,Y) values. Before exiting, all (X,Y)s, As, Bs and Cs should be displayed as per the
format shown below.

Whenever, the threads complete one phase of computations (A, B and C), they will
go for another pair of (X,Y) values; but they will start all together. This can be
achieved by proper synchronization.

Use the proper shell command(ipcs or simmilar) to display the Shared Memory
Status/Info/Statistics and attach this sample output as a part of the starting comment
block. This statistics should show the Shared Memory which your program has
created.

Example:—
Input: N, number of random pairs
Output Format:

Pairs(X,Y)​ |​ A​ |​ B​ |​ C​
——————————————————————————
(1, 2) ​ |​ 2​ |​ 7​ |​ 3.5
——————————————————————————
(4, 1) ​ |​ 4​ |​ 11​ |​ 2.75
………
 ASSIGNMENT – 6
Total Marks - 10 [CO4]
Parallel Programming using THREAD

The objective of this assignment is to use thread programming technique to

write a parallel program which will do Matrix Multiplication between two
large Square Matrices with unsigned character elements. You have to also
measure the time elapsed. The Matrix should be large enough (at least
3000 x 3000) and dynamically allocated to fit in your computer memory.
Both the Matrices need to be initialized with random numbers (‘mod’ to
some value).

As you increase the number of threads(max to your number of CPUs), your

timing should show improvement. Use ‘gettimeofday’ to note down the
timing. Make sure you attach the timing to the starting comment block of
your source file. Your time should not include the Matrices initialization
time.

You have to use various ‘Pthread’ library calls to do this assignment

properly. Use the proper process listing command (ps) to show (and attach
it to the starting comment block of your source file) that your threads are
running in the system. Also, use proper command to show CPU
utilization(cpustat or sar) and attach these outputs to the starting comment
block of your source file.

This program should take four command line arguments. The first
argument is the dimension of the Square Matrix.

The second argument is about the number of threads. For example, the
value of the second argument will be 1, 2, 3, 4 etc.; signifying total no of
threads which will be created.

The third argument will be the value of the ‘mod’ which will be used to
initialize all the elements of two input square matrices.

The fourth (last) argument will be the print_switch. If its value is ‘1’, both the
Input and Output Matrices and as well as the Result Matrix will be printed
on the screen. In case the value is ‘0’, Matrices won’t be printed on the
screen.