FOUNDATION COURSE – INTERNAL
ASSESSMENT ANSWERS
Date: 07.05.2025
Phase I – [Link]. Allied Health Sciences (BMLS)
JIPMER
1. Answer the following in detail: (2×5=10 Marks)
a) Define research. Elaborate on different research methods and variables used in
research.
Research is a systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.
Types of Research Methods:
1. Quantitative Research – Focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis (e.g., surveys,
experiments).
2. Qualitative Research – Focuses on descriptive data (e.g., interviews, observations).
3. Mixed Methods – Combines both quantitative and qualitative methods.
Variables in Research:
- Independent Variable – The variable that is manipulated.
- Dependent Variable – The variable that is measured.
- Controlled Variables – Variables kept constant to avoid bias.
- Confounding Variables – Variables that interfere with the relationship between
independent and dependent variables.
b) How will you address a research problem?
Steps to Address a Research Problem:
1. Identify the problem clearly.
2. Review literature to understand existing studies.
3. Define objectives and research questions.
4. Formulate a hypothesis.
5. Choose research design and methodology.
6. Collect data systematically.
7. Analyze and interpret the data.
8. Draw conclusions and give recommendations.
9. Communicate results through reports or presentations.
2. Write short notes on the following (5×3=15 Marks)
a) Define and classify antibiotics.
Antibiotics are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
Classification:
1. Based on Action:
- Bactericidal (kills bacteria) – e.g., Penicillin
- Bacteriostatic (inhibits growth) – e.g., Tetracycline
2. Based on Spectrum:
- Broad-spectrum – e.g., Amoxicillin
- Narrow-spectrum – e.g., Vancomycin
3. Based on Structure:
- β-lactams, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, etc.
b) Explain briefly the types of biomedical waste with two examples for each.
1. Infectious Waste – Gloves, bandages contaminated with blood.
2. Sharps Waste – Needles, scalpels.
3. Pharmaceutical Waste – Expired medicines, tablets.
4. Chemical Waste – Disinfectants, solvents.
5. Pathological Waste – Human tissues, body parts.
c) Enumerate the different types of networks. Describe the salient features of any two
types.
Types:
1. LAN – Local Area Network
2. WAN – Wide Area Network
3. MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
4. PAN – Personal Area Network
Features of LAN:
- Covers a small area like office or lab.
- High speed and secure.
- Easier to maintain.
Features of WAN:
- Covers large geographical areas (e.g., Internet).
- Slower speed, complex setup.
- Costlier.
d) Enumerate five examples of not following the code of conduct at the workplace.
1. Breach of patient confidentiality.
2. Verbal or physical abuse.
3. Ignoring hygiene and PPE protocols.
4. Theft or misuse of hospital property.
5. Disrespecting colleagues or superiors.
e) Describe the steps used in developing a research proposal.
1. Title selection
2. Background and literature review
3. Objectives and research questions
4. Methodology (design, sample, tools)
5. Budget and timeline
6. Expected outcomes
7. References and ethical considerations
3. Answer the following briefly (5×3=15 Marks)
a) Differentiate between a Pie Diagram and a Bar Chart with a suitable example.
| Feature | Pie Diagram | Bar Chart |
|----------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Representation | Circle divided into sectors | Bars of equal width |
| Data Type | Percentages | Frequency or actual numbers |
| Example | Proportion of diseases in a survey | Number of patients in each ward |
b) Define an Antimicrobial stewardship program and its uses in a hospital.
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) is a coordinated program promoting the
appropriate use of antimicrobials to improve patient outcomes and reduce resistance.
Uses:
- Prevents misuse of antibiotics.
- Reduces hospital-acquired infections.
- Lowers treatment cost and resistance.
c) What is confidentiality? Give two examples.
Confidentiality means keeping personal or sensitive information private and protected.
Examples:
1. Not sharing a patient's diagnosis with unauthorized individuals.
2. Keeping medical records locked and secure.
d) Mention the utility of the REVIEW tab in MS Word and ways of using it.
Utilities:
- Proofreading (spelling/grammar)
- Adding comments
- Tracking changes
Ways to Use:
- Use 'Track Changes' during group editing.
- Add feedback using 'New Comment'.
e) Enlist different view modes in the MS Word document and two characteristic
features.
View Modes:
1. Print Layout
2. Web Layout
3. Outline
4. Draft
5. Read Mode
Features:
- Print Layout – Shows how document will appear when printed.
- Read Mode – Optimized for reading with minimal distractions.
