OL PHYSICS

ACCORDING TO
CHAPTERS

PART 1

Mr. : MOHAMED ABDELATTI

1
CHAPTER 1
Mechanics

2
 SECTION PAGE
1 MEASURING SKILLS
2 MOTION
3 FORCES
4 STRETCHING FORCES
5 Moments & Equilibrium
6 CENTER OF MASS & STABILITY
7 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
8 DENSITY
9 PRESSURE
10 MOMENTUM

3
MEASURING SKILLS

4
PAPER 2

5
 1 The diameter of a copper wire is thought to be approximately 0.3 mm.

Which instrument should be used to obtain a more accurate measurement of the diameter of the
wire?

A measuring tape
B metre rule
C micrometer
D ruler

2 Which measuring instrument is used to measure the diameter of a thin metal wire?

A 30 cm rule
B measuring tape
C metre rule
D micrometre screw gauge

3 A length of cotton is measured between two points on a ruler.

cotton

cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

When the length of cotton is wound closely around a pen, it goes round six times.

six turns of cotton

pen

What is the distance once round the pen?

A 2.2 cm B 2.6 cm C 13.2 cm D 15.6 cm

6
 4 A student measures the volume of a cork.

He puts some water into a measuring cylinder and then one glass ball. He puts the cork and then
a second, identical glass ball into the water as shown.

cm3 cm3 cm3

100 100 100

80 80 80
glass ball
60 60 60

40 40 40 cork
20 20 20
glass ball glass ball

diagram 1 diagram 2 diagram 3

Diagram 1 shows the first water level.

Diagram 2 shows the water level after one glass ball is added.

Diagram 3 shows the water level after the cork and the second glass ball are added.

What is the volume of the cork?

A 30 cm3 B 40 cm3 C 50 cm3 D 100 cm3

5 A pendulum is swinging. Five students each measure the time it takes to swing through ten
complete swings.

Three students measure the time as 17.2 s. Another student measures it as 16.9 s, and the fifth
student measures it as 17.0 s.

What is the average period of the pendulum?

A 1.69 s B 1.70 s C 1.71 s D 1.72 s

6 Which measurement can be made using a micrometer screw gauge?

A the air pressure of a tyre

B the diameter of a wire
C the turning effect of a spanner
D the wavelength of microwaves

7
7 Which is the value of a vector quantity?

A 200 V
B 100 kg / m3
C 20 m / s, east

D 50 J / (kg °C)

The diagram shows an enlarged drawing of the end of a metre rule. It is being used to measure
8 the length of a small feather.

10 20 30
mm 6
cm 1 2 3

What is the length of the feather?

A 19 mm B 29 mm C 19 cm D 29 cm

9 The diagram shows the height of a stack of identical coins.

stack of
coins
2.40 cm

What is the thickness of one coin?

A 0.20 mm B 2.0 mm C 0.24 cm D 2.0 cm

8
10 What is the most accurate and precise method to measure the thickness of a coin?

A Use a micrometer screw gauge.

B Use a ruler and look at the scale perpendicularly.
C Use a top pan balance.
D Use the displacement method with water in a measuring cylinder.

11 A measuring cylinder contains some water. A small metal block is slowly lowered into the water
and is then removed.

Finally a piece of plastic is attached to the metal block and the block is again slowly lowered into
the water.

The diagrams show the measuring cylinder at each stage of this process.

1 2 3
3 3
cm cm cm3
100 100 100
90 90 90
80 80 80
70 70 70
60 60 60
50 50 50
40 40 40
30 30 30
20 20 20 plastic
10 10 10

metal block metal block

What is the volume of the piece of plastic?

A 10 cm3 B 25 cm3 C 70 cm3 D 80 cm3

12 The diagram shows part of a micrometer screw gauge.
45

012 40

mm
35

30

What is the smallest reading that can be achieved using this micrometer screw gauge?

A 0.0001 mm B 0.01 mm C 0.1 mm D 1 mm

9
MOTION

10
PAPER 2

11
1 The speed-time graph for an object is shown.

speed X Y
20
m/s

W P
Z
0
0 5 15 25
time / s

Below are four statements about the acceleration of the object.

Which statement is correct?

A The acceleration in the first 5 s is given by area P.

B The acceleration increases between W and X.
C The acceleration is negative between Y and Z.

D The deceleration between Y and Z is (20 ÷ 25) m / s2.

2 An object is travelling in a straight line. The diagram is the speed-time graph for the object.

At which labelled point is the object accelerating at a changing rate?

C
speed
m/s
B

D
A

0
0 time / s

3 Which distance-time graph represents a body whose speed is decreasing?

A B

distance distance

0 0
0 time 0 time

C D

distance distance

0 0 12
0 time 0 time
4 The graph shows how the distance travelled by a vehicle changes with time.

S
distance
Q R

P
0
0 time

Which row describes the speed of the vehicle in each section of the graph?

P to Q Q to R R to S

A constant zero constant

B constant zero decreasing
C increasing constant decreasing
D increasing zero constant

5 The speed-time graph for an object is shown.

speed X Y
10
m/s

W
Z
0
0 10 30 50
time / s

Below are four statements about the acceleration of the object.

Which statement is true?

A The acceleration in the first 10 s is (10 ÷ 10) m / s2.

B The acceleration increases between W and X.
C The acceleration decreases between Y and Z.

D The deceleration between Y and Z is (10 ÷ 50) m / s2.

13
6 A car travels along a horizontal road in a straight line. The driver presses the accelerator to
increase the speed of the car.

The speed-time graph for the car is shown.

30

speed
m/s
20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
time / s

What is the acceleration of the car?

A 0.50 m / s2 B 1.00 m / s2 C 1.50 m / s2 D 2.00 m / s2

7 On Earth, a ball is dropped and falls 2.0 m in a vacuum.

The acceleration of the ball at 1.0 m is 10 m / s2.

0m ball

0.5 m

1.0 m

1.5 m

2.0 m

What is the acceleration of the ball at 0.5 m?

A 5.0 m / s2 B 10 m / s2 C 15 m / s2 D 20 m / s2

14
8 An object moves at a constant speed for some time, then begins to accelerate.
Which distance-time graph shows this motion?

A B

distance distance

0 0
0 time 0 time

C D

distance distance

0 0
0 time 0 time

9 The curved line on the graph shows the motion of a car.

12.0
speed
10.0
m/s
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
time / s

What is the acceleration of the car at the time of 4.0 s?

A 0.33 m / s2 B 0.44 m / s2 C 2.3 m / s2 D 3.0 m / s2

15
10
A ball is dropped in an evacuated tube. A series of photographs is taken at equal time intervals
from the time of release. Another ball of the same size but twice the mass is also dropped in the
same evacuated tube and photographed.

Which diagram shows the motion of the heavier ball?

heavier ball (mass ×2)

first ball A B C D

11

16
12 A student determines the average speed of a bubble rising through a liquid at constant speed.

When the student starts the stopwatch the bubble is at position P.

After 2.0 s the bubble is at position Q.

bubble

18 Q
19

20

21

22

23

24

25
P
26
cm
27
bubble

What is the speed of the bubble between P and Q?

A 3.2 cm / s B 3.7 cm / s C 6.4 cm / s D 7.4 cm / s

13 The diagram shows the speed-time graph for a toy car travelling in a straight line.

4.0
speed
m/s 3.0

2.0

1.0

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
time / s

What is the acceleration of the car during the first two seconds and what is the total distance that
it travels?

acceleration total
m / s2 distance / m

A 0.50 10
B 0.50 20
C 2.0 10
D 2.0 20
17
14

15 An athlete runs at a speed of 8 m / s for 10 s, and then at a speed of 6 m / s for 12 s.

Which calculation gives the average speed of the athlete in m / s?

A 8+6
2

(8 × 10) + (6 × 12)
B
22

(8 ÷ 10) + (6 ÷ 12)
C
22

(10 ÷ 8) + (12 ÷ 6)
D
22

18
 A runner runs 300 m at an average speed of 3.0 m / s. She then runs another 300 m at an average
16
speed of 6.0 m / s.

What is her average speed for the total distance of 600 m?

A 2.0 m / s B 4.0 m / s C 4.5 m / s D 8.0 m / s

17 The speed-time graph shows the motion of a car.

At which time is its acceleration greatest?

speed

0
0 A B C D
time

18 An athlete runs a 100 m race in a straight line. The table shows how his speed changes with time
for the first 5.0 s of the race.

speed m / s 0 1.7 4.1 5.7 6.5 6.8

time / s 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

What is the average acceleration of the athlete between time 2.0 s and time 3.0 s?

A 1.6 m / s2 B 1.9 m / s2 C 4.1 m / s2 D 5.7 m / s2

19
19 The speed-time graph shown is for a car moving in a straight line.

15
speed
m/s

10

0
0 20 40 60 80
time / s

What is the acceleration of the car when the time is 40 s?

A 0 m / s2 B 15 − 3 m / s2 C 15 m / s2 D (15 – 3) m / s2
40 40

20 A car travels along a straight road.

The speed-time graph for this journey is shown.

During which labelled part of the journey is the resultant force on the car zero?

speed

C
B
D

0
0 time

20
 21 Two runners take part in a race.

The graph shows how the speed of each runner changes with time.

runner 1
speed
runner 2

0
0 t time

What does the graph show about the runners at time t ?

A Both runners are moving at the same speed.

B Runner 1 has zero acceleration.
C Runner 1 is overtaking runner 2.
D Runner 2 is slowing down.

22 A boy runs 400 m at an average speed of 4.0 m / s.

He runs the first 200 m in 40 s.

How long does he take to run the second 200 m?

A 60 s B 66.7 s C 80 s D 140 s

23 Which is a unit of acceleration?

A g / cm3 B m/s C m / s2 D N/m

21
PAPER 4

22
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2.

26
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3.

28
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4.

30
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5.

32
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34
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36
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8.

38
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40
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42
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11.

44
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12.

46
47
FORCES

48
PAPER 2

49
1 A boat is travelling at a steady speed in a straight line across the surface of a lake.

Which statement about the boat is correct?

A The resultant force on the boat is in the direction of motion.

B The resultant force on the boat is in the opposite direction to its motion.
C The resultant force on the boat is vertically downwards.
D The resultant force on the boat is zero.

2 A ball of weight 1.2 N drops through the air at terminal velocity.

A sudden gust of wind exerts a horizontal force of 0.5 N on the ball from the left.

Which diagram shows the resultant force on the ball while the wind is blowing?

A B
ball 0.5 N ball 0.5 N

1.2 N resultant 1.2 N

force resultant
force

C D

1.2 N
1.2 N resultant
force
ball 0.5 N

resultant ball 0.5 N

force
1.2 N

50
3 A body of mass m has a weight W in a location where the gravitational field strength is g.

Which statement about these quantities is correct?

A m and W are both forces.

B m and W are both vector quantities.
C m and W are related by the equation W = g.
m
D m and W have the same unit.

4 Which diagram shows two forces X and Y with their resultant force?

resultant

resultant
Y
X Y

X
A B

resultant

resultant

Y X
Y

C D

5 An object has a weight of 7600 N in a gravitational field of strength 100 N / kg.

What is the mass of the object?

A 76 kg B 760 N C 7600 g D 76 000 N

51
6 The engine of a car produces a driving force of 5000 N on the car. Resistive forces R also act on
the car, as shown.

R 5000 N

The car has a mass of 800 kg and an acceleration of 1.0 m / s2.

What is the value of R?

A 800 N B 4200 N C 5800 N D 8000 N

7 Below are four statements about acceleration.

Which statement is not correct?

A Acceleration always involves changing speed.

B Changing direction always involves acceleration.
C Changing speed always involves acceleration.
D Circular motion always involves acceleration.

8 A small, light ball is dropped from the top of a tall building.

Which graph shows how the speed of the ball changes with time?

A B

speed speed

0 0
0 time 0 time

C D

speed speed

0 0 52
0 time 0 time
9 An astronaut in an orbiting spacecraft experiences a force due to gravity. This force is less than
when she is on the Earth’s surface.

Compared with being on the Earth’s surface, how do her mass and her weight change when she
goes into orbit?

mass in orbit weight in orbit

A decreases decreases
B decreases unchanged
C unchanged decreases
D unchanged unchanged

10 A skydiver jumps from a stationary helicopter and reaches a steady vertical speed. She then
opens her parachute.

Which statement about the falling skydiver is correct?

A As her parachute opens, her acceleration is upwards.

B As she falls at a steady speed with her parachute open, her weight is zero.
C When she accelerates, the resultant force on her is zero.
D When she falls at a steady speed, air resistance is zero.

11 A car moves in a circular path as it turns a corner on a horizontal road.

The car moves at constant speed.

path of car
car

direction
of travel

Which description of the forces acting on the car is correct?

A All the forces are balanced as the car is moving at constant speed.
B The forces are unbalanced and the resultant force acts away from the centre of the circle.
C The forces are unbalanced and the resultant force acts towards the centre of the circle.
D The forces are unbalanced and the resultant force is in the direction of travel of the car.
53
12 A large stone is dropped from a bridge into a river. Air resistance can be ignored.

Which row describes the acceleration and the speed of the stone as it falls?

acceleration speed of
of the stone the stone

A constant constant
B constant increasing
C increasing constant
D increasing increasing

13 An object moves in a circle at constant speed.

Which statement about the force needed on the object is correct?

A A force away from the centre of the circle keeps the object moving in the circle.
B A force in the direction of motion of the object keeps it moving in the circle.
C A force towards the centre of the circle keeps the object moving in the circle.
D No force is needed to keep the object moving at constant speed in the circle.

14 An object travels in a circular path at constant speed.

Which statement about the object is correct?

A It has changing kinetic energy.

B It has changing momentum.
C It has constant velocity.
D It is not accelerating.

54
15 An ice crystal falls vertically from a cloud.

What happens to the acceleration of the ice crystal as it falls?

A It decreases because of air resistance.

B It decreases because of gravity.

C It increases because of air resistance.
D It increases because of gravity.
16 A satellite orbits the Earth above the atmosphere at a constant speed.

The diagram shows the satellite at one point in its circular orbit around the Earth.

Which labelled arrow shows the direction of the resultant force on the satellite at the position
shown?

direction of rotation
of satellite

D B
Earth
satellite
C

17 Which object has the greatest weight?

A an object of mass 10 kg in a 15 N / kg gravitational field

B an object of mass 15 kg in a 13 N / kg gravitational field
C an object of mass 20 kg in a 9.0 N / kg gravitational field
D an object of mass 50 kg in a 3.0 N / kg gravitational field

18 The diagram shows an object being acted upon by two forces.

6.0 N 3.0 N

What is the size of the resultant force on the object?

A 2.0 N B 3.0 N C 9.0 N D 18 N

55
 19 A stone of mass 0.12 kg is fired from a catapult. The velocity of the stone changes from 0 to
5.0 m / s in 0.60 s.

What is the average resultant force acting on the stone while it is being fired?

A 1.0 N B 2.5 N C 3.6 N D 8.3 N

20 A spacecraft is travelling in space with no resultant force and no resultant moment acting on it.

Which statement about the spacecraft is correct?

A Its direction is changing.

B It is in equilibrium.
C Its speed is decreasing.
D Its speed is increasing.

21 A parachutist is falling through the air at terminal velocity.

Which statement about the parachutist is correct?

A Every force acting on the parachutist is equal to zero and his acceleration is equal to zero.
B Every force acting on the parachutist is equal to zero and his velocity is equal to zero.
C The resultant force acting on the parachutist is equal to zero and his acceleration is equal to
zero.
D The resultant force acting on the parachutist is equal to zero and his velocity is equal to zero.

56
22 A parachutist is falling at terminal velocity, without her parachute open.

She now opens her parachute.

What is the direction of her motion, and what is the direction of her acceleration, immediately
after she opens her parachute?

direction of motion of direction of acceleration

the parachutist of the parachutist

A downwards downwards
B downwards upwards
C upwards downwards
D upwards upwards

23 A spaceship approaches the Earth from deep space. Near the Earth, a force on the spaceship

causes it to have weight. This causes it to change its speed and direction.

Which type of force causes the spaceship’s weight, and which property of the spaceship resists
its change in speed and direction?

force that property that resists change in

causes weight speed and direction

A gravitational mass
B gravitational volume
C magnetic mass
D magnetic volume

24 On the Moon, all objects fall with the same acceleration.

Which statement explains this?

A On the Moon, all objects have the same weight.

B The Moon has a smaller gravitational field strength than the Earth.
C The weight of an object is directly proportional to its mass.
D The weight of an object is inversely proportional to its mass.

25 An object travels in a circular path at constant speed.

Which statement about the object is correct?

A It has changing kinetic energy.

B It has changing momentum.
C It has constant velocity.
57
D It is not accelerating.
26 A car travels forwards along a straight horizontal road. Only the horizontal forces acting on it are
shown.

air resistance
and friction
driving force

The length of each arrow represents the size of each force.

How do these forces affect the motion of the car?

A The car moves at constant speed.

B The car moves backwards.
C The car slows down.
D The car’s forward speed increases.

27 An astronaut orbits the Earth in a space station.

Which is a vector quantity?

A the mass of the astronaut

B the speed of the satellite
C the temperature inside the satellite
D the weight of the astronaut

58
28 The gravitational field strength on the Earth is greater than the gravitational field strength on the
Moon. The Earth has an atmosphere, but the Moon does not.

Which speed-time graph represents the motion of a light ball dropped from a great height near
the surface of the Earth and near the surface of the Moon?

A B
Earth
Moon
speed speed

Earth
Moon
0 0
0 time 0 time

C D
Earth
Earth
speed speed

Moon Moon

0 0
0 time 0 time

29 The diagram shows a bird in flight. The bird is flying in a horizontal direction to the right.

In which direction does air resistance act on the bird?

D B

30 The gravitational field strength on the Moon is 1.6 N / kg.

An astronaut has a mass of 75 kg.

What is the weight of the astronaut on the Moon?

A 47 N B 75 N C 120 N D 750 N

59
31 A helium balloon is tied to a top-pan balance. A metal block of mass 100 g is placed on the
balance. The reading on the balance is 91 g.

helium balloon

metal block

91 g

Which statement can be deduced from this experiment?

A The balloon exerts a downward force of 0.09 N on the top-pan balance.

B The helium has a mass of –9 g.
C The helium has a mass of +9 g.
D The resultant downward force on the top-pan balance is 0.91 N.

32 A concrete post is carried up a very high mountain. At the top of the mountain, the gravitational
field is slightly weaker than at the bottom.

What is the effect of this weaker field on the mass and on the weight of the post at the top of the
mountain?

mass weight

A is less is less
B is less is unchanged
C is unchanged is less
D is unchanged is unchanged

33 An object decelerates from 25.0 m / s to 5.0 m / s in a time of 4.0 s.

It has a mass of 50 kg.

What is the resultant force on the object?

A 0.63 N B 10 N C 250 N D 4000 N

60
34 Which statement about the mass and the weight of an object is correct?

A They are both affected by changes in the acceleration of free fall.

B They are both forces.
C They have different units.
D Weight is calculated by dividing mass by the acceleration of free fall.

35 An object always has mass but does not always have weight.
What must be present and acting on the mass for it to have weight?

A a gravitational field
B a set of scales
C displaced water
D friction due to air resistance

36 A force acting on a moving ball causes its motion to change. This force stays constant.
What makes the force produce a greater change in the motion of the ball?

A decreasing the total mass of the ball

B increasing the temperature of the ball
C using a ball with a hollow centre but the same mass
D using a different material for the ball so that it has a lower density but the same mass

37 The diagram shows an object moving at a constant speed in a circular path in the direction
shown.

A force acts on the object to keep it in the circular path.

In which labelled direction does this force act, when the object is in the position shown?

object
A

D B

path of
object

61
38 The diagram shows the vertical forces acting on a ball as it falls vertically through the air. The ball
does not reach terminal velocity.

air resistance

weight

Which row describes what happens to the resultant force on the ball and what happens to the
acceleration of the ball as it falls through the air?

resultant force acceleration

A decreases decreases
B decreases increases
C increases decreases
D increases increases

39 A stone falls freely from the top of a cliff. Air resistance may be ignored.

Which graph shows how the acceleration of the stone varies with time as it falls?

A B

acceleration acceleration

0 0
0 time 0 time

C D

acceleration acceleration

0 0
0 time 0 time
62
40 Which statement about the masses and weights of objects on the Earth is correct?

A A balance can only be used to compare weights, not masses.

B Heavy objects always have more mass than light ones.
C Large objects always have more mass than small ones.
D Mass is a force but weight is not.

41 An object in a space probe above the Earth weighs 3.5 N. The gravitational field strength at the
height of the space probe is 7.0 N / kg.

The gravitational field strength on the Earth’s surface is 10 N / kg.

What are the mass and the weight of the object on the Earth’s surface?

mass / kg weight / N

A 0.50 3.5
B 0.50 5.0
C 2.0 3.5
D 2.0 20

42 A person steps onto a bathroom scales.

The bathroom scales records both mass and weight.

Which row shows the readings on the scales?

mass weight

A 60 N 600 kg
B 60 kg 600 N
C 600 kg 60 N
D 600 N 60 kg

43 A car is moving in a straight line on a level road. Its engine provides a forward force on the car. A
second force of equal size acts on the car due to resistive forces.

Which statement describes what happens?

A The car changes direction.

B The car moves at a constant speed.
C The car slows down.
D The car speeds up.

63
44 The diagram shows a satellite that is moving at a uniform rate in a circular orbit around the Earth.

Which statement describes the motion of this satellite?

A It is accelerating because its speed is changing.

B It is accelerating because its velocity is changing.
C It is not accelerating but its speed is changing.
D It is not accelerating but its velocity is changing.

45 An object is acted upon by a 3 N force and by a 4 N force.

Each diagram shows the two forces.

Which diagram also shows the resultant X of these two forces?

A B C D

3N 3N 3N
X

4N 4N 4N X
X X 3N

4N

46 A piece of steel is taken from the Earth to the Moon for an experiment. The gravitational field
strength on the Moon is smaller than on the Earth.

Which statement about the piece of steel is correct?

A It has less mass on the Moon than on the Earth.

B It has more mass on the Moon than on the Earth.
C It weighs less on the Moon than on the Earth.
D It weighs more on the Moon than on the Earth.

64
47 An astronaut on the Moon weighs less than on Earth.

What is the reason for this difference, and how does his mass on the Moon compare with his
mass on Earth?

reason for weight difference mass on Moon

the Moon has a weaker
A less than on Earth
gravitational field
the Moon has a weaker
B same as on Earth
gravitational field
the Moon has a weaker
C less than on Earth
magnetic field
the Moon has a weaker
D same as on Earth
magnetic field

48 A cup contains hot liquid.

Some of the liquid evaporates.

What happens to the mass and what happens to the weight of the liquid in the cup?

mass weight

A decreases decreases
B decreases stays the same
C stays the same decreases
D stays the same stays the same

49 An object accelerates from 10 m / s to 30 m / s in 4.0 seconds.

The accelerating force is 150 N.

What is the mass of the object?

A 0.033 kg B 5.0 kg C 7.5 kg D 30 kg

50 Which statement about an object moving in a straight line through air is correct?

A When it accelerates, the resultant force acting on it is zero.

B When it moves at a steady speed, the air resistance acting on it is zero.
C When it moves at a steady speed, the resultant force acting on it is zero.
D When it moves, there is a resultant force acting on it.

65
51 When does an object falling vertically through the air reach terminal velocity?

A when the acceleration of the object becomes negative

B when the acceleration of the object is equal to g
C when the air resistance equals the weight of the object
D when the air resistance is greater than the weight of the object

52 A heavy object is released near the surface of the Earth and falls freely. Air resistance can be
ignored.

Which statement about the acceleration of the object due to gravity is correct?
A The acceleration depends on the mass of the object.
B The acceleration depends on the volume of the object.
C The acceleration is constant.
D The acceleration is initially zero and increases as the object falls.

53 An object tends to keep moving with the same speed and in the same direction due to a certain
property.

The object also has weight due to the action of a field.

What is the name of the property, and what is the name of the field?

property field

A mass electric
B mass gravitational
C volume electric
D volume gravitational

66
54 An object is released from rest and falls to Earth. During its fall, the object is affected by air
resistance. The air resistance eventually reaches a constant value.

Which description about successive stages of the motion of the object is correct?

A constant acceleration, then constant deceleration

B constant deceleration, then zero acceleration
C decreasing acceleration, then constant deceleration
D decreasing acceleration, then zero acceleration

55 An object falls in a gravitational field with air resistance.

Which distance-time graph shows this motion?

A B

distance distance
fallen fallen

0 0
0 time 0 time

C D

distance distance
fallen fallen

0 0
0 time 0 time

67
PAPER 4

68
1.

69
2 Fig. 4.1 shows a heavy ball B of weight W suspended from a fixed beam by two ropes P and Q.

beam

P Q
30 N 30 N

45° 45°
B

Fig. 4.1

P and Q are both at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. The tensions in P and Q are each 30 N.

(a) In the space below, draw a scale diagram to find the resultant of the tensions in P and Q. Use
a scale of 1.0 cm to represent 5.0 N. Label the forces and show their directions with arrows.

resultant = ............................................... [4]

(b) State the direction of the resultant. ...................................................................................... [1]

(c) State the magnitude of W. magnitude of W = ............................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
[Turn
70over
3 An object of weight W is suspended by two ropes from a beam, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

86.6 N
30°
50.0 N 60°

Fig. 1.1

The tensions in the ropes are 50.0 N and 86.6 N, as shown.

(a) In the space below, draw a scale diagram to find the resultant of the two tensions.

Use a scale of 1.0 cm = 10 N.

Clearly label the resultant. [3]

71
 (b) From your diagram, find the value of the resultant.

resultant = ......................................................... [1]

(c) State the direction in which the resultant is acting.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) State the value of W. W = ......................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

4 A car travels around a circular track at constant speed.

(a) Why is it incorrect to describe the circular motion as having constant velocity?

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A force is required to maintain the circular motion.

(i) Explain why a force is required.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) In which direction does this force act?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Suggest what provides this force.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

[Turn
72over
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78
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80
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82
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85
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86
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87
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90
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93
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96
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98
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100
19

101
102
20

103
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21

105
STRECHING FORCES

106
PAPER 2

107
1 The diagrams show a spring and a graph of the length of the spring against the load applied to it.

7
length / cm
6

5
spring
length 4

3
load
2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
load / N

What is the extension of the spring when a load of 40 N is applied to it?

A 1.5 cm B 2.5 cm C 4.0 cm D 6.5 cm

2 A load is hung from a steel wire. The load is increased.

The length of the wire increases until the limit of proportionality is reached.

The load is now increased slightly.

What happens?

A The extension of the wire increases and the wire no longer obeys Hooke’s law.
B The extension of the wire decreases and the wire no longer obeys Hooke’s law.
C The extension of the wire increases and it obeys Hooke’s law.
D The extension of the wire decreases and it obeys Hooke’s law.

3 A spring, which obeys Hooke’s law, has an unstretched length of 10 cm.

A load of 20 N is suspended from the spring.

The new length of the spring is 36 cm.

What is the spring constant k of the spring?

A 0.56 N / cm B 0.77 N / cm C 1.3 N / cm D 1.8 N / cm

108
4 Diagram 1 shows a beam balance. A beaker with a wire loop balances the standard masses.

The beaker is then removed and hung from a spring. The spring extends by 5.0 cm, as in
diagram 2.

diagram 1 diagram 2

beam beaker with spring

standard balance wire loop
masses
attached

beaker with
wire loop
attached

The experiment is repeated with the same apparatus on the Moon, where the acceleration of free
fall is less than on Earth.

Which statement describes what happens on the Moon?

A The beam balance is balanced and the spring extends by 5.0 cm.
B The beam balance is balanced and the spring extends by less than 5.0 cm.
C The right-hand balance pan is higher and the spring extends by 5.0 cm.
D The right-hand balance pan is higher and the spring extends by less than 5.0 cm.

5 A spring obeys Hooke’s law.

Which graph is obtained by plotting the extension of the spring against the load applied?

A B

extension extension

0 0
0 load 0 load

C D

extension extension

0 0
0 load 0 load 109
6 Different loads are hung on a spring. The diagram shows the length of the spring with and without
the loads attached.

20 cm

40 cm

65 cm

200 N

400 N

What is the extension of the spring when the load is 400 N?

A 5 cm B 25 cm C 40 cm D 45 cm

7 The graph shows how the length of a spring changes when the stretching force is increased.

30

length of 25
spring / cm
20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
force / N

In the Hooke’s law region, what is the spring constant for this spring?

A 0.20 N / cm B 0.22 N / cm C 0.28 N / cm D 0.33 N / cm

110
8 A spring is stretched by hanging a piece of metal from it.

spring

metal

Which name is given to the force that stretches the spring?

A friction
B mass
C pressure
D weight

9 An experiment is carried out to measure the extension of a rubber band for different loads.

The results are shown below.

load / N 0 1.0 2.0 3.0

length / cm 15.2 16.2 18.6
extension / cm 0 1.0 2.1 3.4

Which figure is missing from the table?

A 17.2 B 17.3 C 17.4 D 17.6

111
PAPER 4

112
1.

113
2 Four students, A, B, C and D, each have a spring. They measure the lengths of their springs
when the springs are stretched by different loads.

Their results are shown in Fig. 2.1.

student A student B student C student D

load / N spring length / cm spring length / cm spring length / cm spring length / cm

0.5 6.7 9.2 9.1 10.0

1.0 7.7 10.0 9.9 11.1

1.5 8.7 10.8 10.7 12.2

2.0 9.7 11.6 11.5 13.3

2.5 10.7 12.6 12.3 14.4

3.0 11.7 13.8 13.1 15.5

3.5 12.7 15.2 13.9 16.6

4.0 13.7 16.8 14.7 17.7

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) State which student had loaded the spring beyond the limit of proportionality.

............................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain how you obtained your answer to (a)(i).

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) For the spring used by student A, calculate

(i) the extra extension caused by each additional 0.5 N,

extra extension = ................................................ [1]

(ii) the unloaded length of the spring.

unloaded length = ................................................ [1]

114
(c) Student A obtains a second spring that is identical to his first spring. He hangs the two
springs side by side, as shown in Fig. 2.2.

identical
springs

load

Fig. 2.2

Use the table to calculate the length of each of the springs when a load of 2.5 N is hung
as shown in Fig. 2.2. Show your working.

length = ................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

115
3.

116
 MOMENT AND
EQUILIBRIUM/
CENTER OF MASS AND
STABILITY

117
PAPER 2

118
1 The diagram shows a uniform bridge, 4.0 m long and weighing 10 000 N.

The bridge is pivoted at one end. A force at the other end gradually increases until the bridge
begins to lift.

lifting
bridge force

pivot

4.0 m

What is the lifting force as the bridge starts to move upwards?

A 2500 N B 5000 N C 10 000 N D 20 000 N

2 A long plank XY lies on the ground. A load of 120 N is placed on it, at a distance of 0.50 m from
end X, as shown.

End Y is lifted off the ground. The upward force needed to do this is 65 N.

load 65 N

X Y

0.50 m 1.5 m 2.0 m ground

120 N W

In the diagram, W is the weight of the plank, acting at its mid-point.

What is the value of W ?

A 35 N B 47 N C 100 N D 133 N

3 The diagram shows a wooden beam of weight 20 N. The centre of mass of the beam is labelled
M.

There is a pivot at one end of the beam. The beam is kept horizontal by an upward force, F.

2.0 m
1.2 m
pivot

M wooden beam

20 N

What is the magnitude of F ?

A 12 N B 20 N C 30 N D 33 N

119
4 A beam pivoted at one end has a force of 5.0 N acting vertically upwards on it as shown. The
beam is in equilibrium.

5.0 N

2.0 cm 3.0 cm

pivot

weight
of beam

What is the weight of the beam?

A 2.0 N B 3.0 N C 3.3 N D 5.0 N

5 A uniform beam XY is 100 cm long and weighs 4.0 N.

80 cm

60 cm

10 cm

X Y
centre
pivot
of beam F
8.0 N

The beam rests on a pivot 60 cm from end X.

A load of 8.0 N hangs from the beam 10 cm from end X.

The beam is kept balanced by a force F acting on the beam 80 cm from end X.

What is the magnitude of force F ?

A 8.0 N B 18 N C 22 N D 44 N

6 The diagram shows a uniform metre rule pivoted at the 30 cm mark.

metre rule

0 cm 30 cm 70 cm 100 cm

pivot
6.0 N 2.0 N

The rule balances when a weight of 6.0 N is hanging from the zero mark and a weight of 2.0 N is
hanging from the 70 cm mark.

What is the weight of the rule?

A 2.0 N B 5.0 N C 6.0 N D 13.0 N

120
7 The diagram shows a non-uniform beam of weight 120 N, pivoted at one end. The beam is kept in
equilibrium by force F.

20 cm 60 cm

pivot

centre of
mass of beam
weight F
120 N

What is the value of force F?

A 30 N B 40 N C 360 N D 480 N

8 A pair of cutters is used to cut a rope.

blade

handle
P
Q
R
S
blade

handle

Where should the rope be positioned and at which labelled points should the hands be positioned
to produce the greatest cutting force?

rope hands
positioned positioned

A P R
B P S
C Q R
D Q S

121
9 A wooden plank rests in equilibrium on two rocks on opposite sides of a narrow stream.

Three forces P, Q and R act on the plank.

P R
plank

How are the sizes of the forces related?

A P+Q=R
B P+R=Q
C P=Q=R
D P=Q+R

10 The diagrams show three uniform beams P, Q and R, each pivoted at its centre.

The two forces acting on each beam are also shown.

2.0 m 1.0 m
P

4.0 N 4.0 N

4.0 m 2.0 m
Q

2.0 N 5.0 N

2.0 m 4.0 m
R

1.5 N 1.0 N

Which beams rotate clockwise?

A P and Q only
B P and R only
C Q and R only
122
D P, Q and R
11 A uniform rod XY of weight 2.0 N has a length of 80 cm.

The rod is suspended by a thread 20 cm from end X. A weight of 5.0 N is suspended from end X.

thread

20 cm uniform rod

X Y

80 cm

5.0 N

A student hangs a 6.0 N weight on the rod so that it is in equilibrium.

What is the distance of the 6.0 N weight from end X?

A 6 cm B 10 cm C 26 cm D 30 cm

12 A balloon and a mass are attached to a rod that is pivoted at P.

balloon

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
P
cm
mass

The balloon is filled with helium, a gas less dense than air, so that it applies an upward force on
the rod.

The rod is horizontal and stationary.

Which action causes the rod to rotate clockwise?

A Move both the balloon and mass 10 cm to the left.

B Move both the balloon and mass 10 cm to the right.
C Move both the balloon and mass to the 25 cm mark.
D Move the balloon to the 20 cm mark and the mass to the 30 cm mark.

123
13 The diagram shows a uniform bar of length 120 cm and weight W. The bar is pivoted at a point
40 cm from the left end of the bar.

A load of W is suspended from the right-hand end of the bar.

2
A downward force F is applied to the left-hand end of the bar to keep it in equilibrium.

0 40 cm 60 cm 120 cm

pivot bar

F bar’s weight
W
W
2

What is the magnitude of force F ?

A W B W C 3W D 2W
2 2

124
14 An object is pivoted at point P. A student ties a length of string to a peg on the object. He pulls
the string with a force F.

string

s t
peg
r
q P

object

What is the moment of the force F about the point P?

A F ×x q B ×r
Fx C F ×x s D F ×x t

15 Each diagram shows a metal plate with four parallel forces acting on it. These are the only forces
acting on the plates.

In which diagram is the plate in equilibrium?

A B

1.0 N 2.0 N 2.0 N 1.0 N

2.0 N 1.0 N 1.0 N 2.0 N

C D

1.0 N 1.0 N 2.0 N 1.0 N

2.0 N 2.0 N 2.0 N 2.0 N

125
CENTER OF MASS,
STABILITY AND
EQUILIBRIUM

126
1

127
4

128
5

129
 9

10

11

12

130
 13

14

15

16

131
 17

A 0.20 N / cm B 0.22 N / cm C 0.28 N / cm D 0.33 N / cm

7 18 X is the centre of mass of a lamina in the shape of a triangle with sides of equal length. The
Point
top of the triangle is cut off along the dotted line shown.

What happens to the centre of mass, X?

A moves towards the bottom of the page

B moves to the left
C moves to the right
D moves towards the top of the page

132
19

133
PAPER 4

134
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135
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141
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143
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145
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147
148
WORK, ENERGY AND
POWER

149
PAPER 2

150
1 An object falls from a height of 5.0 m.

Air resistance can be ignored.

As it hits the ground the object has 750 J of kinetic energy.

What is its mass?

A 15 kg B 50 kg C 75 kg D 150 kg

2 An electric generator produces an electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 200 V and produces a current of
3.0 A in a circuit. The generator is driven by an engine with a power of 2.4 kW.

What is the efficiency of the generator?

A 2.8% B 25% C 28% D 36%

3 The diagrams show athletes training by stretching springs.

Each spring has the same stiffness.

Which athlete does the most work?

A B

one spring stretched one spring stretched

by 0.60 m by 0.80 m

C D

two springs stretched two springs stretched

by 0.60 m by 0.80 m

151
5 A student carries out some simple exercises.

In which exercise is the most work done?

A B

lifting
pushing through
through 1 m
1 m against a
frictional force of 4 N
1 kg 1 kg

C D

lifting
pulling through
through 2 m
2 m against a
frictional force of 2 N
2 kg 2 kg

6 Which energy resource does not derive its energy from the Sun?

A hydroelectric
B nuclear fission
C waves
D wind

7 The diagram shows the energy used by a modern lamp.

60 W input of
electrical power

12 W of 48 W of power
useful power wasted in heating
output as light surroundings

Which expression gives the efficiency of the lamp?

12 12 48 48
A × 100% B × 100% C × 100% D × 100%
60 48 60 12
152
8 A man can either take an escalator or a lift to travel up between two floors in a hotel.

escalator lift

The escalator takes 20 seconds to carry the man between the two floors. The useful work done
against gravity is W. The useful power developed is P.

The lift takes 30 seconds to carry the same man between the same two floors.

How much useful work against gravity is done by the lift, and how much useful power is
developed by the lift?

useful work
useful power
done against
developed by lift
gravity by lift

A more than W less than P

B more than W P
C W less than P
D W P

9 A 40 W lamp wastes 34 J of energy every second by heating its surroundings.

What is the efficiency of the lamp?

A 0.15% B 15% C 18% D 85%

10 The Sun is the original source of energy for many of our energy resources.
Which energy resource does not originate from the Sun?

A geothermal
B hydroelectric
C waves
D wind

153
11 A weight-lifter raises a 2000 N weight through a vertical height of 2.0 m in 0.80 s.

What useful power does he develop in doing this?

A 800 W B 3200 W C 4000 W D 5000 W

12 A wind turbine generates 54 kW of useful power from an input of 180 kW of wind power.

Which calculation gives the percentage efficiency of the turbine?

A 54 000 %
180 000 × 100

B 180 000 %
54 000 × 100

C 54 000 × 100 %
180 000

D 180 000 × 100 %

54 000
13 Which device is designed to convert chemical energy into kinetic energy?

A an a.c. generator
B a battery-powered torch
C a car engine
D a wind-up mechanical clock
14 An object, initially at rest, is dropped from a height of 12.0 m. The change in gravitational potential
energy when it falls to the ground is 565 J.

The frictional forces are negligible.

What is its speed when it hits the ground?

A 4.71 m / s B 15.5 m / s C 47.1 m / s D 240 m / s

15 A man climbs a ladder.

Which two quantities can be used to calculate the useful power of the man?

A the weight of the man and the time taken only

B the weight of the man and the vertical distance moved only
C the work done by the man and the time taken only
D the work done by the man and the vertical distance moved only

154
16 An aircraft with a mass of 300 000 kg is flying at an altitude of 2000 m with a speed of 100 m / s.

What is the kinetic energy of the aircraft?

A 1.5 × 104 kJ B 1.5 × 106 kJ C 3.0 × 106 kJ D 6.0 × 106 kJ

17 A barrel of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 1.5 m by rolling it up a ramp. The length of the ramp
is 8.0 m. The force F applied to the barrel acts parallel to the ramp. The frictional force is
negligible.

8.0 m
F

40 kg
1.5 m

Which row is correct?

gain in gravitational
force F / N
potential energy / J

A 60 7.5
B 60 40
C 600 75
D 600 400

18 What is the main process by which energy is produced in the Sun?

A combustion
B nuclear fission
C nuclear fusion
D radioactive decay

19 Which method of drying clothes has the least impact on the environment?

A Evaporate the water in them in an electrically heated tumble dryer.

B Hang them on a washing line in direct sunlight.
C Remove the water from them in an electric spin dryer.
D Suspend them close to a coal fire.

155
20 The diagram shows a pendulum.

P
R
10 cm
Q

The pendulum swings from P to Q to R and back to P.

P is 10 cm higher than Q.

At which speed does the pendulum bob pass through Q?

A 0.44 m / s B 1.0 m / s C 1.4 m / s D 2.0 m / s

21 Which energy resource does not derive its energy from the Sun?

A geothermal
B hydroelectric
C oil
D waves

22 Some processes are more efficient than others.

Which expression gives the efficiency of a process?

total energy output

A × 100%
total energy input

useful energy output

B × 100%
total energy input

wasted energy output

C × 100%
total energy input

wasted energy output

D × 100%
useful energy output

156
23 Different processes have different efficiencies.

Which row shows the most efficient process?

energy useful energy

input / J output / J

A 10 3
B 40 10
C 100 25
D 2000 250

24 A student runs up a flight of stairs.

height
length

Which information is not needed to calculate the rate at which the student is doing work against
gravity?

A the height of the flight of stairs

B the length of the flight of stairs
C the time taken to run up the stairs
D the weight of the student

25 A crane on a building site lifts bricks of total mass 200 kg, initially at rest on the ground, with
uniform acceleration.

When the bricks are 5.0 m from the ground, they have a speed of 5.0 m / s.

How much work is done during this process?

A 2.5 kJ B 10.0 kJ C 12.5 kJ D 35 kJ

26 An object has a mass of 500 kg.

It moves with a speed of 30 m / s.

What is its kinetic energy?

A 7.5 kJ B 15 kJ C 225 kJ D 450 kJ

157
27 Three boxes each weigh 100 N. A man lifts all the boxes together from the ground on to a shelf
that is 1.5 m above the ground. The man takes 2.0 s to do this.

boxes
shelf

1.5 m

How much useful power does the man produce to lift the boxes?

A 75 W B 225 W C 300 W D 900 W

28 A car of mass 800 kg travels over a hill of height h.

hill

By travelling to the top of the hill, the car gains 40 000 J of gravitational potential energy.

The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.

What is the height h of the hill?

A 5.0 m B 20 m C 50 m D 500 m

29 A lamp has a power input of 5.0 W. It wastes 1.0 W of power heating the surroundings.

What is the efficiency of the lamp?

A 20% B 50% C 80% D 120%

30 The box contains the names of eight different energy resources.

natural gas geothermal solar waves

hydroelectric oil wind coal

How many of these energy resources are renewable?

A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6

158
31 The diagrams show four bodies moving in the directions shown. The only forces acting on the
bodies are shown in each diagram.

Which body gains the most kinetic energy when moving a distance of 1.0 m?

A B

20 N

movement movement

10 N 10 N

C D

10 N 25 N 30 N 30 N

movement movement

32 A steel ball is fired vertically upwards with a velocity v. The ball reaches a height h.

The same ball is now fired vertically upwards from the same position with a velocity 2v.

Air resistance can be ignored.

What is the new height reached by the ball?

A h B 2h C 4h D 8h

33 Which expression gives the momentum of an object?

A mass × acceleration

B mass × gravitational field strength

C mass × velocity

D 1
2 × mass × (velocity)2

159
 34 The diagram shows the path of a stone that is thrown from X and reaches its maximum height
at Y.

Y
path of
stone

The stone gains 10 J of gravitational potential energy as it moves from X to Y.

The stone has 2.0 J of kinetic energy at Y.

Air resistance can be ignored.

How much kinetic energy did the stone have immediately after it was thrown at X?

A 2.0 J B 8.0 J C 10 J D 12 J

35 A motor is used to lift a load of 40 N.

motor

load lifted
through 0.50 m

load

40 N

The power of the motor is 40 W and the system is 20% efficient.

How long does it take the motor to lift the load through 0.50 m?

A 0.50 s B 2.5 s C 5.0 s D 25 s

36 What is the main process by which energy is released in the Sun?

A α-decay

B β-decay
C nuclear fission
D nuclear fusion
160
37 A solar panel is used to recharge a battery. The solar panel produces 0.80 W of electrical power.
The panel is 20% efficient.

solar panel

sunlight

power to
battery
0.80 W

What is the power input of the sunlight onto the solar panel?

A 0.16 W B 4.0 W C 8.0 W D 16 W

38 The diagrams show four different athletes training by doing pull-ups.

Which athlete does the most work?

A B C D

weight of weight of weight of weight of

athlete = 700 N athlete = 700 N athlete = 800 N athlete = 800 N

distance distance distance distance

lifted = 0.50 m lifted = 0.55 m lifted = 0.50 m lifted = 0.55 m

39 A stone of mass m is held at rest in water. The stone is released and falls vertically a distance h.
The stone reaches a speed v.

Some of the original energy of the stone is transferred to the water. As it falls, resistive forces
cause the temperature of the water and stone to increase.

Which expression gives the work done against the resistive forces?

A 1
2 mv 2

B mgh – 1
2 mv 2

C mgh

D mgh + 1
2 mv 2 161
40 A box of mass m slides down a slope of length l and vertical height d against a frictional force F.

mass m

stop

As the box slides down the slope, it loses gravitational potential energy and it does work against
the friction.

Which row gives the loss in gravitational potential energy and the work done against friction?

loss in gravitational work done

potential energy against friction

A mgd Fl
B mgd Fd
C mgl Fl
D mgl Fd

41 The diagram represents the energy transfers for a device.

useful
input output energy
energy

wasted
output energy

The device is 50% efficient.

Which equation is correct?

A input energy = useful output energy ÷ 2

B useful output energy = wasted output energy ÷ 2

C wasted output energy = useful output energy

D wasted output energy = useful output energy ÷ 2

162
42 An object has a mass of 60 kg.

It decelerates from 50 m / s to 20 m / s when a resultant force of 300 N acts on it.

For how long does the force act?

A 0.071 s B 0.17 s C 6.0 s D 14 s

43 A car, starting from rest at position X, accelerates up a hill. The car reaches a speed of 10 m / s at
position Y.

The kinetic energy of the car at position Y is equal to its gain in gravitational potential energy from
X to Y.

X gain in
height
of car

Take the gravitational field strength g to be 10 N / kg.

What is the gain in height of the car between X and Y?

A 0.50 m B 5.0 m C 10 m D 50 m

44 A 150 W filament lamp has an efficiency of 10%. A 40 W compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) has an
efficiency of 30%.

Each lamp is switched on for the same amount of time.

Which lamp produces more light and which lamp converts more energy into other forms of
energy?

converts more energy

produces more light
into other forms

A CFL lamp CFL lamp

B CFL lamp filament lamp
C filament lamp CFL lamp
D filament lamp filament lamp

45 A force acts on an object and causes the object to move a certain distance, in the same direction
as the force.

Which row represents a situation in which the largest amount of work is done on the object by the
force?

force / N distance moved / m

A 2.0 40.0
B 10.0 2.0
C 20.0 6.0
163
D 100.0 1.0
46 A lamp has a power input of 5.0 W. It wastes 1.0 W of power heating the surroundings.

What is the efficiency of the lamp?

A 20% B 50% C 80% D 120%

A pendulum bob swings along the path WXYZ and back again.
47
Resistive forces can be ignored.

pendulum bob
W Z
X Y

Which statement describes the total energy of the bob?

A It has a maximum value at X.

B It has a maximum value at Y.
C It has a maximum value at Z.
D It has the same value at W, X, Y and Z.

48 Energy is released in some nuclear reactions.

Which nuclear reaction takes place in a nuclear power station, and which nuclear reaction takes
place in the Sun?

nuclear power
the Sun
station

A fission fission
B fission fusion
C fusion fission
D fusion fusion

49 A lorry of mass 4000 kg is travelling at a speed of 4.0 m / s.

A car has a mass of 1000 kg. The kinetic energy of the car is equal to the kinetic energy of the
lorry.

What is the speed of the car?

A 2.0 m / s B 4.0 m / s C 8.0 m / s D 16.0 m / s

164
50 As energy is transferred into different forms, it eventually becomes dissipated.

What does this mean?

A All the energy disappears.

B The energy finally changes into every possible form of energy.
C The energy spreads out among the objects and their surroundings.
D The total amount of energy becomes less.

51 A ball of mass 1.2 kg is dropped from a height of 30 m. As it falls, 25% of its initial gravitational
potential energy is transferred to thermal energy.

What is the kinetic energy of the ball just before it hits the ground?

A 27 J B 90 J C 270 J D 360 J

52 A girl hangs by her hands from a bar in the gymnasium. She pulls herself up until her chin is level
with the bar.

The mass of the girl is 48 kg.

She pulls herself up through a distance of 0.25 m.

She does this in 2.0 s.

What is the useful power she uses to pull herself up?

A 6.0 W B 24 W C 60 W D 240 W

53 The table gives four energy resources and states whether the main source of energy for the
resource is the Sun.

Which row is correct?

main source of
energy resource
energy is the Sun

A geothermal yes
B oil no
C water held behind a dam yes
D wind no

165
54 The vertical displacement of a mass of 0.20 kg changes with time. The graph shows how this
displacement changes.

displacement
/ cm
2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
time / s

–1

–2

–3

At which rate does it gain gravitational potential energy as it moves upwards?

A 0.025 W B 0.050 W C 0.20 W D 0.40 W

55 The work done W by a force is related to the magnitude F of the force and the distance d moved
in the direction of the force.

Which equation for W is correct?

A W=d÷F
B W=d+F
C W=F÷d

D W=F×d

56 A crane on a construction site lifts concrete beams.

The useful work done by the crane is 4000 kJ in a time of 160 s.

What is the useful output power of the crane?

A 0.04 kW B 25 W C 25 kW D 640 kW

166
57 A ball is dropped onto a floor.

Its speed just before hitting the floor is 3.0 m / s.

Which change would result in a speed of 6.0 m / s just before hitting the floor?

Ignore any effects due to air resistance.

A Drop the ball from double the height above the floor.
B Drop the ball from four times the height above the floor.
C Use a ball with double the mass.
D Use a ball with four times the mass.

58 Which list contains only energy resources that derive their energy from the Sun?

A geothermal, nuclear, tidal

B hydroelectric, water waves, wind
C geothermal, hydroelectric, solar
D nuclear, solar, water waves

59 A lamp has a power input of 5.0 W. It wastes 1.0 W of power heating the surroundings.

What is the efficiency of the lamp?

A 20% B 50% C 80% D 120%

60 A ball is at rest at the top of a hill. It rolls down the hill. At the bottom of the hill the ball hits a wall
and stops.

Which energy changes occur?

A gravitational potential energy → internal energy → kinetic energy

B gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy → internal energy

C kinetic energy → gravitational potential energy → internal energy

D kinetic energy → internal energy → gravitational potential energy

61 A student cycles along a level road at a speed of 5.0 m / s.

The total mass of the student and bicycle is 120 kg.

The student applies the brakes and stops. The braking distance is 10 m.

What is the average braking force?

A 150 N B 300 N C 15 000 N D 30 000 N

167
PAPER 4

168
1.

169
2.

170
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3.

172
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4.

174
175
5 Fig. 3.1 shows a fork-lift truck lifting a crate on to a high shelf in a warehouse.

crate

fork-lift
truck

Fig. 3.1

The fork-lift truck lifts a crate of weight 640 N through a vertical distance of 3.5 m in 4.0 s.

(a) Calculate the useful work done in lifting the crate.

work done = ................................................. [2]

(b) A motor drives a mechanism to lift the crate. The current in the motor is 25 A. The motor
is connected to a 75 V battery.

Calculate

(i) the energy supplied to the motor in 4.0 s,

energy = ................................................. [2]

(ii) the overall efficiency of the fork-lift truck in lifting the crate.

efficiency = ................................................. [2]

176
(c) Not all of the energy supplied is used usefully in lifting the crate.

Suggest two mechanisms by which energy is wasted.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

2. ................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 8]

177
178
179
7.

180
8.

181
182
9.

183
184
10.

185
11.

186
187
12.

188
13.

189
190
191
14.

192
193
15.

194
195
16.

196
197
 213

17.

198
199
18.

200
DENSITY

201
PAPER 2

202
1 The masses of a measuring cylinder before and after pouring some liquid into it are shown in the
diagram.

cm3 cm3
200 200

100 100
liquid

mass = 80 g mass = 180 g

What is the density of the liquid?

A 100 g / cm3 B 100 g / cm3 C 180 g / cm3 D 180 g / cm3

120 140 120 140

2 The diagram shows a cuboid block made from a metal of density 2.5 g / cm
.

2.0 cm 10 cm

2.0 cm

What is the mass of the block?

A 8.0 g B 16 g C 50 g D 100 g

3 A steel ball bearing has a mass of 24 g and a density of 8.0 g / cm3. It is lowered into a measuring
cylinder containing 12 cm3 of water.

What is the new water level in the cylinder?

A 3.0 cm3 B 4.0 cm3 C 15 cm3 D 16 cm3

4 A liquid has a volume of 0.040 m3 and a mass of 30 000 g.

What is the density of the liquid?

A 0.075 kg / m3 B 7.5 kg / m3 C 750 kg / m3 D 7500 kg / m3

203
5 Four different liquids are poured into four containers.
The diagrams show the depth and the density of liquid in each container.
A B C D

40 cm
30 cm
20 cm
10 cm

liquid density liquid density liquid density liquid density

= 3.1 g / cm3 = 1.2 g / cm3 = 1.3 g / cm3 = 0.8 g / cm3

6 The diagrams show an empty container, and the same container filled with liquid.

The empty container has a mass of 120 g. When filled with the liquid, the total mass of the
container and the liquid is 600 g.

empty container container filled with liquid

120 g 600 g

The volume of liquid in the container is 600 cm3.

What is the density of the liquid?

A 0.020 g / cm3 B 0.80 g / cm3 C 1.0 g / cm3 D 1.2 g / cm3

7 Why does a balloon filled with hot air rise?

A Cold air is less dense than hot air.

B Cold air is more dense than hot air.
C Heat rises.
D The density of the balloon is greater than the density of the surrounding gas.

204
8 The diagrams show an empty rectangular box, and the same box filled with liquid.

The box has a mass of 60 g when empty. When filled with liquid, the total mass of the box and the
liquid is 300 g.

empty box box filled with liquid

60 g 300 g

The density of the liquid is 1.2 g / cm3.

What is the volume of the liquid in the box?

A 50 cm3 B 200 cm3 C 250 cm3 D 300 cm3

9 The diagram shows an experiment to find the density of a liquid.

cm3 cm3
50 50
40 measuring 40
cylinder
30 30
liquid
20 20
10 balance 10

g g

What is the density of the liquid?

A 0.5 g / cm3 B 2.0 g / cm3 C 8.0 g / cm3 D 10.0 g / cm3

10 Which statement about the mass of an object is correct?

A It is equal to the density divided by the volume.

B It is equal to weight multiplied by the gravitational field strength.
C It is the effect of a gravitational field on the object.
D It is the property that resists a change in velocity.

205
 11 A student carries out experiments to find the mass and the volume of four samples of rock.

The graph shows the results.

sample P sample Q
200
mass / g

sample R sample S
100

0
0 50 100
volume / cm3

Which pair are samples of the same type of rock?

A P and Q B P and S C R and Q D Q and S

12 A student uses a measuring cylinder and a balance to find the density of oil. The diagram shows
the arrangement used.

empty measuring
measuring cylinder containing
cylinder volume V of oil

oil

m1 m2
g g

Which calculation gives the density of the oil?

A V B V C
m2
D
(m 2 − m1)
m2 (m2 − m1) V V

13 A submarine is in water of density 1.0 × 103 kg / m3. The submarine changes its depth. This causes
the pressure on it to change by 0.10 MPa.

What is the change in depth of the submarine?

A 0.10 m B 10 m C 100 m D 1000 m

206
 14 A measuring cylinder contains 30 cm3 of a liquid.

cm3

50

40

30

20

10

balance

Some more of the liquid is added until the liquid level reaches the 50 cm3 mark.

The reading on the balance increases by 30 g.

What is the density of the liquid?

A 0.60 g / cm3 B 0.67 g / cm3 C 1.5 g / cm3 D 1.7 g / cm3

15 A student investigates the rate of flow of oil through a funnel.

The diagrams show the experiment and the volume of oil in the measuring cylinder at the start of
the experiment, and one minute later.

80 80
cm3 cm3
60 60

40 40

20 20

initial after 1.0

measurement minute

What is the rate of flow of oil through the funnel during the one minute?

A 0.73 cm3 / s B 0.80 cm3 / s C 44 cm3 / s D 48 cm3 / s

207
16 A measuring cylinder containing only water is placed on an electronic balance. A small, irregularly
shaped stone is now completely immersed in the water.

The diagrams show the equipment before and after the stone is immersed.

measuring cm3 cm3

cylinder 100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40 stone
water 30 30
20 20
10 10

balance
g g

before the stone after the stone

is immersed is immersed

What is the density of the material of the stone?

A 1.7 g / cm3 B 3.3 g / cm3 C 4.5 g / cm3 D 8.7 g / cm3

17 The diagram shows four blocks of different metals. Each block has a mass of 12 g.

Which metal has the largest density?

A B

1 cm
1 cm
2 cm
1 cm
2 cm 2 cm

C D

1 cm
1 cm
2 cm
1 cm
3 cm 3 cm

208
PAPER 4

209
1.

210
2.

211
3.

212
213
4.

214
215
5.

216
PRESSURE

217
PAPER 2

218
1 A dam across a lake is divided into two sections by a rock. Section X is longer than section Y but
the two sections are otherwise identical. The water in the lake by the dam is the same depth
everywhere. The diagram shows a view from above of the lake and the dam.

section X of dam

water in
lake
rock

section Y of dam

The water creates a total force on each section of the dam and an average pressure on each
section of the dam.

Which statement is correct?

A The average pressure on X equals the average pressure on Y.

B The average pressure on X is less than the average pressure on Y.
C The total force on X equals the total force on Y.
D The total force on X is less than the total force on Y.

3 An oil tank has a base of area 2.5 m2 and is filled with oil to a depth of 1.2 m.

The density of the oil is 800 kg / m3.

What is the force exerted on the base of the tank due to the oil?

A 940 N B 2400 N C 9400 N D 24 000 N

219
4 In which pair are both quantities measured in newtons?

A force and pressure

B force and weight
C mass and pressure
D mass and weight

5 The diagram shows a dam holding back water.

65 m water
dam

The depth of the water is 65 m.

The density of the water is 1000 kg / m3. The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.

What is the pressure exerted at the base of the dam due to the water?

A 15.4 Pa B 154 Pa C 65 000 Pa D 650 000 Pa

220
6 The equation used to find the pressure caused by a liquid can be written as

p=h×Y×Z

where p is the pressure and h is the depth of the liquid.

Which row gives the quantities Y and Z?

Y Z

A cross-sectional area gravitational field strength

B cross-sectional area volume
C density cross-sectional area
D density gravitational field strength

7 Four different liquids are poured into four containers.

The diagrams show the depth and the density of liquid in each container.

In which container is the pressure on its base the greatest?

A B C D

40 cm
30 cm
20 cm
10 cm

liquid density liquid density liquid density liquid density

= 3.1 g / cm3 = 1.2 g / cm3 = 1.3 g / cm3 = 0.8 g / cm3

8 Four identical beakers are filled with equal volumes of liquids P or Q, as shown. Liquid P is more
dense than liquid Q.

At which point is the pressure the least?

liquid P B liquid Q D

A C

9 An oil tank has a base of area 2.5 m2 and is filled with oil to a depth of 1.2 m.
The density of the oil is 800 kg / m3.
What is the force exerted on the base of the tank due to the oil?

A 940 N B 2400 N C 9400 N D 24 000 N

221
10 Identical toy bricks are placed one on top of another to make a tower on a table.

bricks

tower of bricks

table

Which graph shows the relationship between the pressure P that the tower exerts on the table
and the weight W of the tower?

A B C D
P P P P

0 0 0 0
0 W 0 W 0 W 0 W

11

12 A washbasin has an exit pipe covered with a plug of area 12 cm2. A chain is attached to the
centre of the plug to assist in pulling the plug away from the exit hole. The washbasin contains
water to a depth of 0.080 m.

The density of the water is 1000 kg / m3.

chain

plug

What is the force acting on the plug due to the water?

A 0.96 N B 800 N C 9600 N D 80 000 N

222
13 A column of liquid has height h, mass m and density ρ. The gravitational field strength is g.

Which expression gives the pressure due to the column of liquid?

A hρ B mρ C mgh D ρ gh

14 A container is filled with liquid to a certain depth h.

container
h
liquid

The pressure of the liquid at the bottom of the container depends on several factors.

Which is one factor on which the pressure does not depend?

A the strength of the Earth’s gravitational field

B the density of the liquid
C the depth of the liquid
D the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field

15 A submarine is a boat that can travel below the surface of the sea.

A submarine is 20 m below the surface of the sea. The pressure due to the sea water at this
depth is P.

On another day, the submarine is 26 m below the surface of fresh water.

The density of sea water is 1.3 times the density of fresh water.

What is the pressure due to the fresh water at a depth of 26 m?

P
A B P C 1.3 P D 1.7 P
1 .3

223
16 A simple barometer includes a column of mercury.

Which property of this column of mercury is used to give a measurement of atmospheric

pressure?

A its cross-sectional area

B its height
C its temperature
D its thermal capacity

17 A force acts on an area to produce a pressure.

Which changes produce the same pressure?

A double the area and double the force

B double the area and halve the force
C double the area and make the force four times bigger
D halve the area and double the force

224
PAPER 4

225
1.

226
2.

227
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3.

229
230
4.

231
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5.

233
234
6.

235
236
7.

237
8

238
9

239
MOMENTUM

240
PAPER 2

241
1 Which quantity is measured in newton seconds (N s)?

A impulse
B moment
C power
D work done

2 A moving body undergoes a change of momentum.

What is a unit for change of momentum?

A Nm B N/m C Ns D N/s

3 Which list contains only scalar quantities?

A acceleration, energy, force, mass

B acceleration, force, momentum, velocity
C distance, energy, mass, speed
D distance, momentum, speed, velocity

4 A ball of mass 0.16 kg is moving forwards at a speed of 0.50 m / s. A second ball of mass 0.10 kg
is stationary. The first ball strikes the second ball. The second ball moves forwards at a speed of
0.50 m / s.

What is the speed of the first ball after the collision?

A 0.0 m / s B 0.19 m / s C 0.31 m / s D 0.50 m / s

5 A girl of mass 50 kg runs at 6.0 m / s.

What is her momentum?

A 300 J B 300 kg m / s C 900 J D 900 kg m / s

242
6 An object of mass 50 kg accelerates from a velocity of 2.0 m / s to a velocity of 10 m / s in the same
direction.

What is the impulse provided to cause this acceleration?

A 250 N s B 400 N s C 850 N s D 2500 N s

7 A scalar quantity has

A magnitude and direction.
B no magnitude and no direction.
C magnitude but no direction.
D direction but no magnitude.

8 A moving ball with a momentum of 25 kg m / s collides head-on with a wall.

wall
ball

It rebounds from the wall with the same speed but in the opposite direction. The time of collision
is 50 ms.

What is the average force exerted on the wall by the ball during the collision?

A 0.50 N B 1.00 N C 500 N D 1000 N

9 A visitor to a fairground throws a soft object of mass 0.12 kg at a coconut of mass 0.48 kg. The
soft object stops moving when it hits the coconut. In order to dislodge the coconut, it must be
made to move at 0.10 m/s.

What is the minimum speed with which the visitor should throw the soft object in order to dislodge
the coconut?

A 0.20 m/s
B 0.40 m/s
C 2.0 m/s
D 4.0 m/s

10 A vehicle of mass 900 kg is travelling with a velocity of 20 m / s.

What is the momentum of the vehicle?

A 45 kg m / s B 450 kg m / s C 18 000 kg m / s D 180 000 kg m / s

243
11 An electron is moving at a speed of 5 × 106 m / s.
A neutron is moving at a speed of 5 × 104 m / s.

The mass of the electron is m.

The mass of the neutron is 2000m.

Which row is correct?

greater greater
momentum kinetic energy

A electron electron
B electron neutron
C neutron electron
D neutron neutron

12 An object of mass 3.0 kg, travelling at a speed of 6.0 m / s, collides with an object of mass 2.0 kg,
travelling in the opposite direction at a speed of 2.0 m / s.

6.0 m / s 2.0 m / s

3.0 kg 2.0 kg

The objects stick together during the collision.

What is the speed and direction of the combined mass after the collision?

A 4.4 m / s to the left

B 4.4 m / s to the right
C 2.8 m / s to the left
D 2.8 m / s to the right

13 A bullet of mass 0.10 kg travels horizontally at a speed of 600 m / s. It strikes a stationary wooden
block of mass 1.90 kg resting on a frictionless, horizontal surface.

The bullet stays in the block.

What is the speed of the bullet and the block immediately after the impact?

A 30 m / s B 32 m / s C 60 m / s D 134 m / s

14 A car of mass 1000 kg travelling at 8.0 m / s collides with a lorry of mass 3000 kg that is travelling
at 2.0 m / s in the same direction. After colliding, the two vehicles stick together.

What is their speed after the collision?

A 2.0 m / s B 2.5 m / s C 3.5 m / s D 5.0 m / s 244

 15 Two cars, P and Q, have different masses and different speeds as shown.

mass mass
1000 kg 500 kg
speed speed
10 m / s 20 m / s

car P car Q

Which row correctly compares the momentum and the kinetic energy of P with the momentum
and the kinetic energy of Q?

momentum kinetic energy

A P greater than Q P equal to Q

B P equal to Q P equal to Q
C P equal to Q P less than Q
D P less than Q P greater than Q

16 A tennis ball of mass 0.060 kg travels horizontally at a speed of 25 m / s. The ball hits a tennis
racket and rebounds horizontally at a speed of 40 m / s.

racket
ball
25 m / s 40 m / s

before hitting racket after hitting racket

The ball is in contact with the racket for 50 ms.

What force does the racket exert on the ball?

A 0.018 N B 0.078 N C 18 N D 78 N

17 A car has a mass of 1000 kg and a momentum of 12 000 kg m / s.

What is its kinetic energy?

A 6 kJ
B 12 kJ
C 72 kJ
D 144 kJ

245
 18 A gas molecule strikes the wall of a container. The molecule rebounds with the same speed.
wall wall
gas molecule gas molecule

before hitting the wall after hitting the wall

What happens to the kinetic energy and what happens to the momentum of the molecule?

kinetic energy momentum

A changes changes
B changes stays the same
C stays the same changes
D stays the same stays the same

19 A beam is pivoted at one end, as shown.

40 cm beam
X
pivot

6.0 N

The beam weighs 6.0 N and its weight acts at a point X 40 cm from the pivot.

A force of 4.0 N is applied to the beam causing it to balance horizontally.

In which direction and where is the 4.0 N force applied?

A vertically downwards at 20 cm to the left of X

B vertically downwards at 20 cm to the right of X
C vertically upwards at 20 cm to the left of X
D vertically upwards at 20 cm to the right of X

20 A resultant force of 4.0 N acts on an object of mass 0.50 kg for 3.0 seconds.

What is the change in velocity caused by this force?

A 4.0 m / s B 6.0 m / s C 12 m / s D 24 m / s
21 The diagram shows a man holding a sack and barrow stationary. He applies a vertical force to
the handle.

The centre of mass and the weight of the sack and barrow are shown. The wheel acts as a pivot.

force
exerted
by man

centre of mass
of sack and barrow

20 cm
80 cm

15 cm 45 cm

weight of
sack and barrow
200 N

What is the magnitude of the vertical force exerted by the man?

A 38 N B 50 N C 67 N D 200 N

22 A ball of mass 2.0 kg is travelling at a speed of 12 m / s. It moves towards an object of mass 3.0 kg
which is at rest.

12 m / s
3.0 kg
2.0 kg at rest

The ball hits the object and sticks to it.

Which row gives the total momentum, and the speed of both objects immediately after the
collision?

total momentum speed

kg m / s m/s

A 0 4.8
B 0 8.0
C 24 4.8
D 24 8.0

247
PAPER 4

248
1. The engine of an unpowered toy train is rolling at a constant speed on a level track, as shown in
Fig. 3.1. The engine collides with a stationary toy truck, and joins with it.

moving
ving e
engine

statio
ationary
y tru
uck
k

track
tr k

Fig. 3.1

Before the collision, the toy engine is travelling at 0.32 m / s. The mass of the engine is 0.50 kg.

(a) Calculate the momentum of the toy engine before the collision.

momentum = [2]

(b) The mass of the truck is 0.30 kg.

Using the principle of conservation of momentum, calculate the speed of the joined engine
and truck immediately after the collision.

speed = [3]

[Total: 5]

249
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a hammer being used to drive a nail into a piece of wood.

hammer head

nail

wood

Fig. 2.1

The mass of the hammer head is 0.15 kg.

The speed of the hammer head when it hits the nail is 8.0 m / s.
The time for which the hammer head is in contact with the nail is 0.0015 s.

The hammer head stops after hitting the nail.

(a) Calculate the change in momentum of the hammer head.

change in momentum = ...........................................................[2]

(b) State the impulse given to the nail.

impulse = ...........................................................[1]

(c) Calculate the average force between the hammer and the nail.

average force = ...........................................................[2]

[Total: 5]
3. Fig. 2.1 shows a dummy of mass 70 kg used in a crash test to investigate the safety of a new car.

passenger dummy
barrier compartment
windscreen

Fig. 2.1

The car approaches a solid barrier at 20 m / s. It crashes into the barrier and stops suddenly.

(a) (i) Calculate the momentum of the dummy immediately before the crash.

momentum = ................................................................. [2]

(ii) Determine the impulse that must be applied to the dummy to bring it to rest.

impulse = ................................................................. [1]

(b) In the crash test, the passenger compartment comes to rest in 0.20 s.

Calculate the deceleration of the passenger compartment.

deceleration = ................................................................. [2]

(c) The seat belt and air bag bring the dummy to rest so that it does not hit the windscreen.
2
The dummy has an average deceleration of 80 m / s .

Calculate the average resultant force applied to the dummy, of mass 70 kg.

force = ................................................................. [2]

(d) The deceleration of the dummy is less than the deceleration of the passenger compartment.

Explain why this is of benefit for the safety of a passenger.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

252
4. (a) Explain why momentum is a vector quantity.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The crumple zone at the front of a car is designed to collapse during a collision.

concrete wall
crumple
zone

Fig. 2.1

In a laboratory test, a car of mass 1200 kg is driven into a concrete wall, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

A video recording of the test shows that the car is brought to rest in 0.36 s when it collides
with the wall. The speed of the car before the collision is 7.5 m / s.

Calculate

(i) the change of momentum of the car,

change of momentum = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the average force acting on the car.

average force = ...........................................................[2]

253
(c) A different car has a mass of 1500 kg. It collides with the same wall and all of the energy
transferred during the collision is absorbed by the crumple zone.

(i) The energy absorbed by the crumple zone is 4.3 × 105 J. Show that the speed of the car
before the collision is 24 m / s.

[2]

(ii) Suggest what would happen to the car if it is travelling faster than 24 m / s when it hits
the wall.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 8]

254
.2 Fig. 2.1 shows two railway trucks on a track.

5.0 m / s

buffer truck B truck A

5000 kg 6000 kg track

Fig. 2.1

Truck A of mass 6000 kg is moving at 5.0 m / s. It is approaching truck B of mass 5000 kg, which is
stationary.

(a) Calculate the momentum of truck A.

momentum = ................................................................. [2]

(b) The trucks collide, their buffers compress and then they bounce off each other, remaining
undamaged.

After the collision, truck B has a momentum of 27 000 kg m / s.

(i) Determine the impulse applied to truck B.

impulse = ................................................................. [2]

(ii) The trucks are in contact for 0.60 s.

Calculate the average force on truck B.

force = ................................................................. [2]

(iii) Calculate the final speed of truck A.

speed = ................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

256
6. Fig. 2.1 shows two cars, A and B, before they collide.

18 m / s
stationary

car B car A
Fig. 2.1

Car B, of mass 1200 kg, is stationary. Car A, of mass 2000 kg, is travelling towards car B at 18 m / s.

(a) Calculate the momentum of car A.

momentum = ................................................................. [2]

(b) The cars collide and car B experiences an impulse. Car A continues to move in the same
direction, with a momentum of 21 000 kg m / s.

(i) Calculate the momentum of car B immediately after the collision.

momentum = ................................................................. [1]

(ii) Determine the average impulse experienced by car B during the collision.

impulse = ................................................................. [1]

 (iii) The cars are in contact for 0.20 s.

Calculate the average resultant force experienced by car B during the collision.

force = ................................................................. [2]

(c) A modern car is designed so that, during a collision, the front section of the car is crushed and
the time of contact increases.

Explain the benefit of increasing the time of contact for the people in the car.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

258
2 (a) (i) State an expression for the kinetic energy of an object of mass m that is moving with a
speed v.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State and explain whether kinetic energy is a scalar quantity or a vector quantity.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows two fairground “bumper” cars.

stationary moving
empty car car
50 kg 2.5 m / s 200 kg
springs

Fig. 2.1

The car with passengers, of total mass 200 kg, is moving in a straight line. It is travelling at
2.5 m / s when it hits a stationary empty car of mass 50 kg.

After the collision, the empty car moves forwards in the same direction at a speed of 4.0 m / s.

For the car with passengers, determine

(i) its momentum when it is travelling at 2.5 m / s,

momentum = .......................................................... [2]

(ii) the speed and direction of its motion immediately after the collision.

speed = ...............................................................

direction: ...............................................................
[3]

259
(iii) Fixed to the front and the back of the cars are large springs.

When the cars collide the springs compress.

The total kinetic energy of the cars after the collision is equal to the total kinetic energy
before the collision.

Describe the energy transfers that occur as the cars collide and then separate.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

260
CHAPTER 2
Thermal

261
 KINETIC
THEORY
OF
MATTERS

262
PAPER 2

263
 1 Diagram 1 shows apparatus being used to observe smoke particles.

Diagram 2 shows how a smoke particle moves randomly.

diagram 1 diagram 2

random
movement
microscope

air molecules
light and
smoke particles

Why do the smoke particles move randomly?

A They are hit by air molecules.

B They are less dense than air.
C They are moved by convection currents.
D They gain energy from the light.

2 Very small pollen grains are suspended in water. A bright light shines from the side.

When looked at through a microscope, small specks of light are seen to be moving in a random,
jerky manner.

eye

microscope

bright light

pollen grains
in water

What are the moving specks of light?

A pollen grains being hit by other pollen grains

B pollen grains being hit by water molecules
C water molecules being hit by other water molecules
D water molecules being hit by pollen grains
264
3 Which diagram best represents the movement of a smoke particle displaying Brownian motion?

A B

smoke smoke
particle particle

C D

smoke
particle

smoke
particle

4 What causes the random, zig-zag movement (Brownian motion) of smoke particles suspended in
air?

A air molecules colliding with smoke particles

B convection currents as the hot smoke rises
C smoke particles colliding with each other
D smoke particles reacting with oxygen molecules in the air

5 A liquid is at a temperature below its boiling point.

The liquid is then heated so that it becomes a gas at a temperature above its boiling point.

Which row correctly compares the liquid with the gas?

average distance average speed

between the particles of the particles

A greater in the liquid greater in the liquid

B greater in the liquid smaller in the liquid
C smaller in the liquid greater in the liquid
D smaller in the liquid smaller in the liquid

265
6 Brownian motion is observed when looking at smoke particles in air using a microscope.

What causes the smoke particles to move at random?

A Smoke particles are hit by air molecules.

B Smoke particles are moved by convection currents in the air.
C Smoke particles have different weights and fall at different speeds.
D Smoke particles hit the walls of the container.

7 A pollen grain in a beaker of still water is viewed through a microscope.

Which diagram shows the most likely movement of the pollen grain?

A B C D

8 Which line in the table shows the relative expansion of the three states of matter from the most
expansion to the least expansion?

most expansion least expansion

A solids > liquids > gases

B solids > gases > liquids
C gases > liquids > solids
D gases > solids > liquids

266
 9 When molecules of a gas rebound from a wall of a container, the wall experiences a pressure.

What is the cause of this pressure?

A the change in energy of the molecules

B the change in momentum of the molecules
C the change in power of the molecules
D the change in speed of the molecules

10 Gases can be compressed, but liquids cannot.

Which statement explains this difference?

A Each molecule in a gas is more compressible than each molecule in a liquid.

B Molecules in a gas are further apart than molecules in a liquid.
C Molecules in a gas attract each other more strongly than molecules in a liquid.
D Molecules in a gas move more slowly than molecules in a liquid.

11 Smoke particles, illuminated by a bright light, are seen through a microscope. They move about
randomly.

What causes this motion?

A attraction between the smoke particles and the molecules of the air
B collisions between the smoke particles and the molecules of the air
C evaporation of the faster-moving smoke particles
D warming of the smoke particles by the lamp

267
PAPER 4

268
1 (a) Fig. 3.1 represents the path taken in air by a smoke particle, as seen in a Brownian motion
experiment. The smoke particles can be seen through a microscope, but the air molecules
cannot.

Fig. 3.1

(i) State what causes the smoke particles to move like this.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What conclusions about air molecules can be drawn from this observation of the smoke
particles?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A can, containing only air, has its lid tightly screwed on and is left in strong sunlight.

Fig. 3.2

(i) State what happens to the pressure of the air in the can when it gets hot.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

269
(ii) In terms of molecules, explain your answer to (b)(i).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 7]

[Turn
270over
2 Fig. 4.1 shows a small, closed, transparent chamber containing smoke.

microscope
smoke in chamber

closed
transparent bright light
chamber

Fig. 4.1

The chamber is brightly lit and observed through a microscope. The smoke particles are
seen as very small, bright dots.

(a) Describe the movement of the dots.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Explain, in terms of molecules, how this movement is caused.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Describe what is seen as the smoke particles move towards and away from the observer.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

[Turn
271
3 (a) In the space below, draw a simple labelled diagram of the apparatus used to demonstrate
Brownian motion.

[2]

(b) State what is observed.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Explain what is observed in terms of molecules.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 6]

[Turn
272over
Evaporation

273
PAPER 2

274
1 The diagrams show four open dishes. Each dish contains water at the same temperature.

The dishes are different shapes and a draught blows over two of them.

From which container does the water evaporate at the greatest rate?

A B C D
draught

draught

no draught no draught

2 Liquid evaporates from a beaker.

What happens to the temperature of the remaining liquid and how does this temperature change
affect the rate of evaporation?

rate of
temperature
evaporation

A decreases decreases
B decreases increases
C increases decreases
D increases increases

3 A puddle of water is formed after a rain shower on a windy day.

Which statement explains the effect of the wind on the rate of evaporation of the water in the
puddle?

A The wind gives molecules in the water extra kinetic energy and so increases the rate of
evaporation.
B The wind removes evaporated water from near the surface and so decreases the rate of
evaporation.
C The wind removes evaporated water from near the surface and so increases the rate of
evaporation.
D The wind takes energy from molecules near the surface and so decreases the rate of
evaporation.

275
4 A student blows air through a liquid using a straw. This causes the liquid to evaporate quickly and
therefore to cool.

Which statement explains why the remaining liquid cools?

A Slower-moving molecules are carried away by the air bubbles.

B The air molecules conduct heat from the liquid.
C The air sets up convection currents in the liquid.
D The molecules with most energy leave the liquid.

5 A cup contains hot liquid.

Some of the liquid evaporates.

What happens to the mass and what happens to the weight of the liquid in the cup?

mass weight

A decreases decreases
B decreases stays the same
C stays the same decreases
D stays the same stays the same

6 A beaker of liquid is left on a laboratory bench. There is an electric fan in the laboratory causing a
draught over the liquid.

The liquid evaporates.

Which row shows two changes that will both cause the liquid to evaporate more quickly?

change to
change to
surface area
speed of fan
of the liquid

A decrease decrease
B decrease increase
C increase decrease
D increase increase

276
7 Which statement about evaporation is correct?

A Evaporation causes the temperature of the remaining liquid to decrease.

B Evaporation does not occur from a cold liquid near its freezing point.
C Evaporation does not occur from a dense liquid, such as mercury.
D Evaporation occurs from all parts of a liquid.

8 The diagram shows four beakers A, B, C and D. The beakers contain different amounts of the
same liquid at the same temperature. The beakers are left next to each other on a laboratory
bench overnight. The diagrams are all drawn to the same scale.

From which beaker does the largest quantity of liquid evaporate?

A B C D

277
EXPANSION
OF SOLIDS

278
PAPER 2

279
1 What happens when a metal bar is heated?

A The distance between the molecules increases, making the bar longer.
B The molecules get larger, making the bar longer.
C The molecules vibrate more quickly, making the bar denser.
D The speed of the molecules increases, making the bar thinner.

3 What is caused by the thermal expansion of a substance when heated?

A a decrease in the resistance of a tungsten-filament lamp when switched on

B a rise in the pressure of the gas trapped in a gas cylinder placed in hot water
C the blowing of the fuse in a circuit when the current becomes too large
D the upward movement of the air above a Bunsen burner when it is lit

280
4 The table shows the increase in length of four metals when heated through the same temperature
rise. Each metal initially has the same length.

metal increase in length / m

aluminium 0.000030
copper 0.000020
platinum 0.000009
steel 0.000010

A bimetallic strip is made from two of the metals. When heated, it bends in the direction shown.

metal X

metal X

metal Y

at room temperature after heating metal Y

Which metals produce the above effect?

metal X metal Y

A aluminium platinum
B copper aluminium
C steel copper
D platinum steel

281
 The fillings for a hole in a tooth should be made from a material that

6 ATheexpands more
fillings for than
a hole inthe hole should
a tooth in the tooth.
be made from a material that

A expands more than the hole in the tooth.

B expands by the same amount as the hole in the tooth.

C expands less than the hole in the tooth.
D does not expand when heated.

7 An axle is too large to fit into the hole in a wheel that is made of the same metal.

How can the axle be made to fit into the hole?

A by cooling the axle alone

B by cooling the wheel alone
C by cooling both the axle and the wheel
D by heating both the axle and the wheel
B expands by the same amount as the hole in the tooth.

8 A glass jug is designed so that it does not break when boiling water is poured into it.
What sort of glass should be used?

thickness expansion

A thick expands greatly when heated

B thick expands little when heated

C thin expands greatly when heated

D thin expands little when heated

282
 9 What is a property of both liquids and gases?

A They always fill their containers.

B They are incompressible.
C They can flow.
D They have molecules in fixed positions.

10 A substance consists of particles that are close together and moving past each other at
random. The average speed of the particles is gradually increasing.

What best describes the substance?

A a liquid being boiled to form a gas
B a liquid being heated
C a solid being heated
D a solid being melted to form a liquid

11 What describes the molecular structure of a liquid?

distance between motion of the strength of forces

the molecules molecules between the molecules

A close together stationary very strong

B close together random fairly strong
C far apart stationary fairly strong
D far apart random weak

12 Which of the following correctly compares the forces between the molecules in steam, water and
ice?

283
13 According to the kinetic theory, matter is made up of very small particles in a constant state of
motion.

Which row best describes the particle behaviour in the liquid state?

forces between
motion of particles
particles

A strong move randomly at

high speed
B strong vibrate but are free to
move position
C strong vibrate to and fro
around a fixed position
D weak move randomly at
high speed

14 A balloon filled with air is gently heated.

What happens to the mass and the density of the air inside the balloon?

15 When ice melts to become water, which force must be overcome?

A the attraction between electrons and the nucleus

B the attraction between the atoms in a molecule
C the force between molecules
D the force of gravity

284
 16 Which row explains why a liquid has a fixed volume but does not have a fixed shape?

force between molecules movement of molecules

in the liquid in the liquid

A large move throughout the liquid

B large vibrate at fixed positions
C small move throughout the liquid
D small vibrate at fixed positions

17 The fillings for a hole in a tooth should be made from a material that

A expands more than the hole in the tooth.

B expands by the same amount as the hole in the tooth.

C expands less than the hole in the tooth.
D does not expand when heated.

18 A liquid is heated.

Which statement is incorrect?

A The molecules expand.

B The molecules gain energy.
C The molecules move further apart.
D The molecules move faster.

19 A gas in a container of fixed volume is heated.

What happens to the molecules of the gas?

A They collide less frequently.

B They expand.
C They move faster.
D They move further apart.

285
20 A person cannot unscrew the metal lid of a pot of jam. The lid can be unscrewed after it has been
held under hot, running water for a few seconds.

Why is this?

A The air pressure in the jar falls.

B The glass expands.
C The jam melts.
D The metal lid expands.

21 What conditions of temperature and surface area would produce the most rapid evaporation from
a pool of water on a road surface?

temperature surface area

A high large
B high small
C low large
D low small

286
22 A strip of iron and a strip of brass are firmly attached to each other along their entire length. This
combination is a bimetallic strip.

iron strip

brass strip

This bimetallic strip is heated and it bends as shown.

iron

fixed support

brass

The bimetallic strip is now cooled and becomes straight again.

What causes the bimetallic strip to become straight again?

A The brass contracts more than the iron.

B The brass expands more than the iron.
C The iron contracts more than the brass.
D The iron expands more than the brass.

23 Which row shows the relative order of thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases?

most expansion least expansion

A solids liquids gases

B solids gases liquids
C gases solids liquids
D gases liquids solids

24 The distance between two electricity pylons is 60 m. An engineer fits a cable of length 62 m
between the pylons.

Why does the engineer choose a cable that is longer than the distance between the two pylons?

A to allow for contraction of the cable in cold weather

B to create a slope in the cable for electrons to flow down
C to keep the current low and the voltage high
D to reduce magnetic fields around the cable

287
Modes of
heat
transfer
288
PAPER 2

289
 1 A teacher demonstrates an experiment to a class. A boiling tube is filled with water and some ice
cubes are trapped at the bottom of the tube. The teacher then heats the boiling tube in the
position shown until the water at the top boils.

water

ice heat

metal mesh

The ice does not melt.

What does this demonstrate?

A Water is a good conductor of thermal energy.

B Water is a good convector of thermal energy.
C Water is a poor conductor of thermal energy.
D Water is a poor convector of thermal energy.

2 One end of a copper bar is heated to a high temperature.

Which mechanism is responsible for the transfer of thermal energy to the other end of the copper
bar?

A the lattice vibrations of copper ions only

B the lattice vibrations of copper ions and the movement of high energy electrons along the bar
C the movement of high energy copper ions along the bar
D the movement of high energy electrons along the bar only

3 The diagrams show four spherical objects of the same colour and same type of surface. Two of
the objects are small and two are large. Two of the objects are at the same high temperature and
two are at the same low temperature.

Which object emits infra-red radiation at the greatest rate?

A B C D

high low high low

temperature temperature temperature temperature

290
4 An object of mass 800 g and specific heat capacity 250 J / (kg °C) is heated. It absorbs 5300 J of
energy.

What is the increase in temperature of the object?

A 0.027 °C B 17 °C C 27 °C D 17 000 °C

5 A wooden beam is painted part black and part white. The beam absorbs infra-red radiation from
the Sun during the day, and loses infra-red radiation to the surroundings at night.

wooden beam

Which part of the beam heats up more quickly during the day, and which part cools down more
quickly at night?

part heating up part cooling down

more quickly more quickly

A black black
B black white
C white black
D white white

6 The diagrams show four spherical objects at the same temperature. Two of the objects are small
and two are large. Two of the objects are white and two are black.

Which object emits infra-red radiation at the greatest rate?

A B C D

7 Which row shows the surface that is the better absorber and the surface that is the better emitter
of infra-red radiation?

better absorber better emitter

A black surface black surface

B black surface white surface
C white surface black surface
D white surface white surface

291
8 One end of a shiny metal rod is heated and the other end quickly gets hot.

Which statement describes why the other end quickly gets hot?

A Metals are good thermal conductors.

B Metals are poor thermal conductors.
C Shiny surfaces are good emitters of infra-red radiation.
D Shiny surfaces are poor emitters of infra-red radiation.

9 A student suggests some uses for containers made from good thermal conductors and for
containers made from poor thermal conductors.

In which row are both suggested uses correct?

good thermal conductor poor thermal conductor

A keeping a cold liquid at transferring thermal energy

a low temperature quickly from a hot liquid
B keeping a hot liquid at keeping a cold liquid at
a high temperature a low temperature
C transferring thermal energy transferring thermal energy
quickly from a hot liquid quickly to a cold liquid
D transferring thermal energy keeping a hot liquid at
quickly to a cold liquid a high temperature

10 A beaker contains 0.500 kg of water at a temperature of 3.0 °C. The beaker is heated, and the
internal energy of the water increases by 21.0 kJ.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

What is the temperature of the water after it has been heated?

A 5.5 °C B 10.0 °C C 13.0 °C D 31.5 °C

11 One end of a copper rod is heated.

What is one method by which thermal energy is transferred in the copper rod?

A Free electrons transfer energy from the cooler end to the hotter end.
B Free electrons transfer energy from the hotter end to the cooler end.
C Molecules of copper move from the cooler end to the hotter end.
D Molecules of copper move from the hotter end to the cooler end.

292
 12 Which statement about convection is not correct?

A It enables water in a pan on a cooker to get evenly heated.

B It happens in liquids and gases.
C It means that heat rises.
D It occurs because the density of a fluid decreases when it is heated.

13 The diagrams show four spherical objects of the same size. Two of the objects are white and two
are black. Two of the objects are at the same high temperature and two are at the same low
temperature.

Which object emits infra-red radiation at the greatest rate?

A B C D

high high low low

temperature temperature temperature temperature

14 Which statement about convection currents is correct?

A Convection currents occur because, when cooled, liquids contract and become more dense.
B Convection currents occur because, when warmed, liquids expand and become more dense.
C Convection currents only occur in liquids.
D Convection currents only occur in solids and liquids.

15 A metal cup has a plastic lining. The cup is filled with hot water and held by a hand.

Which statement about the transfer of thermal energy from the water to the hand is correct?

A In the plastic, no energy is transferred directly between adjacent molecules.

B In the plastic, fast moving molecules interact with free electrons, making the electrons move
very quickly.
C In the metal, energy is transferred only by electrons.
D In the metal, energy is transferred by electrons and by vibrations of the lattice.

16 In which type of substance are free electrons involved in the transfer of thermal energy?

A all liquids
B all solids
C metals only
D plastics only

293
17 Which processes occur in a metal to cause thermal conduction?

electron proton lattice

transfer transfer vibration

A


key
B


= process occurs

C

= process does not occur

D 

18 A liquid is heated in a beaker.

liquid

heating

The density of the liquid changes as its temperature increases. This causes energy to be
transferred throughout the liquid.

How does the density change and what is this energy transfer process?

energy transfer
density
process

A decreases conduction
B decreases convection
C increases conduction
D increases convection

294
 19 The thermal transfer of energy through a copper rod involves electrons.
A second process is also involved.

What is this method of thermal energy transfer, and what is the second process?

method second process

A conduction density change

B conduction lattice vibration
C convection density change
D convection lattice vibration

20 Two plastic cups are placed one inside the other. A small spacer keeps the two cups separated.

Hot water is poured into the inner cup and a lid is put on top, as shown.

lid

small spacer

small air gap

hot water

bench

Which statement is correct?

A The bench is heated by convection from the bottom of the outer cup.
B The lid reduces the energy lost by convection.
C There is no thermal conduction through the sides of either cup.
D Thermal radiation is prevented by the small air gap.

21 Four different surfaces are at the same high temperature.

Which surface will emit thermal radiation at the slowest rate?

colour of texture of surface

surface surface area / cm2

A black dull 10
B black dull 100
C white shiny 10
D white shiny 100

295
 22 On a cold day, a metal front-door knob X and a similar plastic knob Y are at the same
temperature.

Why does X feel cooler to the touch than Y?

A X convects thermal energy better than Y.

B X is a better thermal conductor than Y.
C X is a better insulator than Y.
D X is a better radiator of thermal energy than Y.
23 The diagram shows some ice being used to lower the temperature of some warm water.

ice

warm water
glass

What is the main process by which the water at the bottom of the glass becomes cool?

A condensation
B conduction
C convection
D radiation

24 The diagram shows a pan used for cooking food.

handle of pan

base of pan

Which row is correct for the materials used to make the base and the handle of the pan?

base of pan handle of pan

A good thermal conductor good thermal conductor

B good thermal conductor poor thermal conductor
C poor thermal conductor good thermal conductor
D poor thermal conductor poor thermal conductor 296
25 On a cold day, a shiny metal rod feels colder to the touch than a black plastic rod.

Which statement explains this observation?

A The metal rod is a better absorber of infra-red radiation than the plastic rod.
B The metal rod is a better thermal conductor than the plastic rod.
C The metal rod is a worse absorber of infra-red radiation than the plastic rod.
D The metal rod is a worse thermal conductor than the plastic rod.

26 A copper bar and a wooden bar are joined. A piece of paper is wrapped tightly around the join.

The bar is heated strongly at the centre for a short time, and the paper goes brown on one side
only.

wood paper copper

heat

Which side goes brown, and what does this show about wood and copper?

brown side wood copper

A copper conductor insulator

B copper insulator conductor
C wood conductor insulator
D wood insulator conductor

27 Two otherwise identical cars, one black and one white, are at the same initial temperature. The
cars are left in bright sunshine and their temperatures increase. During the night their
temperatures decrease.

Which car shows the greater rate of temperature increase and which car shows the greater rate
of temperature decrease?

greater rate of greater rate of

temperature temperature
increase decrease

A black black
B black white
C white black
D white white

297
PAPER 4

298
1 (a) Four identical metal plates, at the same temperature, are laid side by side on the ground.
The rays from the Sun fall on the plates.

One plate has a matt black surface.

One plate has a shiny black surface.

One plate has a matt silver surface.

One plate has a shiny silver surface.

State which plate has the fastest-rising temperature when the sunlight first falls on the
plates.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The apparatus shown in Fig. 4.1 is known as Leslie’s Differential Air Thermometer.

glass bulb
radiant heater
painted shiny
matt black glass bulb

air
T

liquid

Fig. 4.1

The heater is switched off. Tap T is opened so that the air on the two sides of T has the
same pressure. Tap T is then closed.

(i) The heater is switched on. On Fig. 4.1, mark clearly where the two liquid levels
might be a short time later. [1]

(ii) Explain your answer to (b)(i).

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 4]

299
2 Fig. 4.1 shows a cross-section of a double-walled glass vacuum flask, containing a hot liquid.
The surfaces of the two glass walls of the flask have shiny silvered coatings.

silvered
surfaces

vacuum

hot liquid

Fig. 4.1

(a) Explain

(i) why the rate of loss of thermal energy through the walls of the flask by conduction
is very low,

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) why the rate of loss of thermal energy through the walls of the flask by radiation is
very low.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[3]

300
(b) Suggest, with reasons, what must be added to the flask shown in Fig. 4.1 in order to
keep the liquid hot.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 6]

301
3 (a) Puddles of water form on a path after rainfall on a windy day.

In terms of molecules, state and explain how the rate of evaporation of the puddles is
affected by

(i) a reduction of wind speed,

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) an increase of water temperature.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows two puddles.

large puddle

small puddle

Fig. 5.1

State and explain how the rate of evaporation from the large puddle compares to that from the
small puddle under the same conditions.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

302
(c) Describe an experiment to demonstrate the difference between good and bad emitters of
infra-red radiation. You may include a diagram to help your description. State what readings
should be taken.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 9]

[Turn
303over
4 (a) (i) Name the process by which thermal energy is transferred through a metal rod.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe how this process occurs.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) An iron rod and a copper rod of equal length are each held by hand at one end, with the other
end in the flame from a Bunsen burner, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

iron rod copper rod

Fig. 4.1

The copper rod becomes too hot to hold much sooner than the iron rod.

What does this information tell you about iron and copper?

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

304
(c) Gas has to be above a certain temperature before it burns.

Fig. 4.2 shows two similar wire gauzes, one made of iron wire and one made of copper wire.
Each is held over a Bunsen burner. When the gas supply is turned on and ignited below the
gauze, the effect is as shown in Fig. 4.2.

iron gauze copper gauze

observation: observation:
flame appears both flame only
above and below appears below
the gauze the gauze

Fig. 4.2

How can these observations be explained?

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 8]

[Turn
305over
5 Fig. 5.1 shows two identical metal cans, open at the top, used in an experiment on thermal
energy. The outside of can A is polished and the outside of can B is painted black.

polished black
surface surface

can A can B

Fig. 5.1

(a) The cans are heated to the same temperature. Predict and explain the relative rates of
loss of thermal energy by infra-red radiation from the two cans.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) A student is provided with the two cans, a supply of hot water and two thermometers.

Describe the experiment he should carry out to test your answer to (a).

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [4]

306
 (ii) Another student is given the same equipment but finds two polystyrene tiles.
Fig. 5.2 shows the tiles alongside the cans.

polished black
surface surface

polystyrene can A can B

tiles

Fig. 5.2

State how she could use the tiles to improve the experiment, and explain why this
is effective.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The two cans are now filled with cold water and placed equal distances from a strong
source of infra-red radiation.

State and explain which can of water heats up more quickly.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

307
6 An archaeologist digging at an ancient site discovers a spoon. The spoon is made from an
unidentified material.

(a) The archaeologist suspects that the spoon is made of metal. She places it above a
flame, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1

(i) She notices that the handle of the spoon quickly becomes very hot.

State why this observation supports the suggestion that the spoon is made of
metal.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Describe, in terms of its atoms, how thermal energy is transferred through a metal.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

308
(b) The archaeologist hopes that, by determining its density, she will be able to identify the
metal.

Describe a method for determining the density of the metal from which the spoon is
made.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 8]

309
Gas Laws

310
PAPER 2

311
 1 A sealed bottle of constant volume contains air.

The air in the bottle is heated by the Sun.

What is the effect on the average speed of the air molecules in the bottle, and the average
distance between them?

average distance
average speed
between air
of air molecules
molecules

A decreases decreases
B decreases stays the same
C increases increases
D increases stays the same

2 A gas at a constant temperature is in a container of fixed volume. The gas exerts a pressure on
the walls of the container. The pressure is caused by the gas molecules striking the walls.

Which statement about the gas molecules when they strike the walls is correct?

A The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules changes.

B The average momentum of the gas molecules changes.
C The average speed of the gas molecules changes.
D The chemical energy of the gas molecules changes.

3 A closed container of gas is heated. The pressure of the gas increases.

Which statement explains this increase in pressure?

A The changes in the momentum of the gas molecules striking the walls of the container
increase.
B The forces of attraction between the gas molecules and the walls of the container increase.
C The gas molecules collide with each other more frequently.
D The gas molecules lose more energy when they strike the walls of the container.

4 Gas molecules striking a container wall cause a pressure to be exerted on the wall.

Which statement explains this?

A When a molecule rebounds there must be a change in its energy.

B When a molecule rebounds there must be a change in its momentum.
C When a molecule rebounds there must be a change in its speed.
D When a molecule rebounds there must be a change in its temperature.

312
 5 The volume of a gas is measured at different pressures.

The pressure p and the volume V of the gas are found to be related by the equation:

pV = constant.

Which quantities are kept constant and which quantities change?

density of gas mass of gas temperature of gas

A    key
B    = constant
C    = changed
D   

6 The diagram shows a gas that is trapped in a cylinder by a piston. The volume of the gas is
120 cm3 and the pressure of the gas is P.

gas piston

The piston is moved slowly to the left so that the volume of the gas is reduced to 30 cm3. The
temperature of the gas does not change.

What is the new pressure of the trapped gas?

P P
A B C P D 4P
4 2

7 A diver under water uses breathing apparatus at a depth where the pressure is 1.25 × 105 Pa.

A bubble of gas breathed out by the diver has a volume of 20 cm3 when it is released. The bubble
moves upwards to the surface of the water.

At the surface of the water, the atmospheric pressure is 1.00 × 105 Pa.

The temperature of the water is the same at all depths.

What is the volume of this bubble when it reaches the surface?

A 15 cm3 B 16 cm3 C 20 cm3 D 25 cm3

313
8 The diagram shows an air-filled rubber toy. A child sits on the toy and its volume decreases.

The temperature of the air in the toy does not change.

How does the air pressure in the toy change and why?

pressure reason

A decreases air molecules move more slowly

B decreases air molecules strike the rubber less frequently
C increases air molecules move more quickly
D increases air molecules strike the rubber more frequently

9 The gas in a sealed container is compressed at constant temperature.

Which graph shows how the pressure of the gas changes with its volume?

A B

pressure pressure

0 0
0 volume 0 volume

C D

pressure pressure

0 0
0 volume 0 volume

10 A bubble of air has a volume of 2.0 cm3 at the bottom of a lake where the total pressure is
4.0 × 105 Pa. The temperature of the water in the lake is constant. The atmospheric pressure at
the surface is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

What is the volume of the bubble when it rises to the surface?

A 0.13 cm3 B 0.17 cm3 C 6.0 cm3 D 8.0 cm3

314
11 A cylinder with a tap contains a fixed mass of gas X. The gas is contained by a piston which can
move freely towards or away from the tap.

atmosphere
gas X
tap closed
piston

cylinder

When the tap is opened, the piston moves slightly to the right, towards the tap.

atmosphere
gas X
tap open

What can be deduced about the pressure of gas X?

before opening tap after opening tap

A less than atmospheric pressure more than atmospheric pressure

B same as atmospheric pressure more than atmospheric pressure
C more than atmospheric pressure less than atmospheric pressure
D more than atmospheric pressure same as atmospheric pressure

12 Air is trapped in a cylinder by a piston. The original volume of the trapped air is V and the original
pressure of the trapped air is P. The piston is pushed to the left. The temperature of the gas does
not change.

before piston is pushed in after piston is pushed in

piston
cylinder 25 50 25 50

trapped air trapped air

What is the new volume and what is the new pressure of the trapped air?

new volume new pressure

P
A 2V
2
B 2V 2P
V P
C
2 2
V
D 2P
2

315
13 The diagram shows a quantity of gas trapped in a cylinder. The piston is pushed in slowly and the
gas is compressed. The temperature of the gas does not change.

gas piston pushed in

piston

Which graph shows the relationship between the pressure and the volume of the gas?

A B

pressure pressure

0 0
0 volume 0 volume

C D

pressure pressure

0 0
0 volume 0 volume

14 A piece of melting ice at 0 C and a beaker of boiling water are both in a laboratory. The
laboratory is at 20 C.

boiling water

melting ice
Bunsen burner
heating water

What is happening to the temperature of the melting ice and what is happening to the
temperature of the boiling water?

temperature of temperature of
melting ice boiling water

A constant constant
B constant increasing
C increasing constant
D increasing increasing

316
PAPER 4

317
1 (a) (i) State two ways in which the molecular structure of a gas differs from the molecular
structure of a liquid.

1. ..............................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Compressibility is the ease with which a substance can be compressed.

State and explain, in terms of the forces between the molecules, how the
compressibility of a gas differs from that of a liquid.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Fig. 6.1 shows a weather balloon being inflated by helium from a cylinder.

HELIUM

Fig. 6.1

(i) The helium that inflates the balloon had a volume of 0.035 m3 at a pressure of
2.6 × 106 Pa, inside the cylinder.

The pressure of the helium in the balloon is 1.0 × 105 Pa and its temperature is the
same as it was when in the cylinder.

Calculate the volume occupied by the helium in the balloon.

volume = .................................................. [3]

(ii) As the balloon rises up through the atmosphere, the temperature of the helium
decreases.

State the effect of this temperature change on the helium molecules.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
318
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a cylinder containing gas compressed by the movement of a piston.

compressed gas

final position of piston

cylinder

initial position of piston

Fig. 2.1

Initially the volume of the gas was 470 cm3. The piston moves up and compresses the gas to a
volume of 60 cm3. The whole arrangement is left for some time until the gas cools to its original
temperature. The pressure of the gas is now 800 kPa.

(a) Calculate the initial pressure of the gas.

pressure = .........................................................[3]

(b) Explain, in terms of molecules, the effect on the pressure of the gas if it was not given time to
cool to its original temperature.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) The area of the piston is 5.5 × 10–3 m2 (0.0055 m2).

Calculate the force exerted by the gas on the piston when the pressure is 800 kPa.

force = .........................................................[2]

[Total: 8]

[Turn
319over
3 A sealed balloon containing some helium gas is released and rises into the upper atmosphere. As
the balloon rises the temperature of the helium falls and the balloon expands.

Explain, in terms of atoms,

(a) the effect of the fall in temperature on the helium pressure,

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) the effect of the expansion of the balloon on the helium pressure.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 6]

[Turn
320over
4 Fig. 5.1 shows a thin plastic cup containing hot coffee, which an IGCSE Physics student gets
from a machine.

Fig. 5.2 shows how another student, who finds an empty second cup, has placed his identical
cup of coffee inside this second cup.

thick rim

coffee
coffee

thin cup

single cup double cup

Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2

(a) Suggest and explain a difference that the students will feel when holding the cups.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

321
(b) The students discuss this experience with their teacher, who makes hot drinks the
subject of an experiment.

The same volume of hot water at the same temperature is placed in the single cup and
in the double cup.

The temperature of the water in each cup is recorded for 10 minutes.

Fig. 5.3 shows the cooling curve for the water in the single cup.

single cup
80

70
temperature
/ °C 60

50

40
0 2 4 6 8 10
time / minutes

Fig. 5.3

On Fig. 5.3, sketch and label a possible cooling curve for the water in the double cup.
[2]

(c) Explain why a cup of coffee cools more slowly when a lid is placed over the cup.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

322
5 A child’s toy launches a model parachutist of mass 0.40 kg vertically upwards. The model
parachutist reaches a maximum height of 8.5 m.

(a) Calculate

(i) the gravitational potential energy gained by the model parachutist,

energy = ................................................. [2]

(ii) the minimum possible speed with which the model parachutist was launched.

speed = ................................................. [3]

(b) In practice, the launch speed must be greater than the value calculated in (a)(ii).

Explain why.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) As the model parachutist returns to the ground, it loses gravitational potential energy.

Explain what happens to this energy as the model parachutist falls through the air at
constant speed.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

323
6 During a period of hot weather, the atmospheric pressure on the pond in Fig. 3.1 remains constant.
Water evaporates from the pond, so that the depth h decreases.

force due to
air pressure

Fig. 3.1

(a) Study the diagram and state, giving your reason, what happens during this hot period to

(i) the force of the air on the surface of the pond,

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) the pressure at the bottom of the pond.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) On a certain day, the pond is 12 m deep.

(i) Water has a density of 1000 kg / m3.

Calculate the pressure at the bottom of the pond due to the water.

pressure due to the water = ...........................................................[2]

324
(ii) Atmospheric pressure on that day is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

Calculate the total pressure at the bottom of the pond.

total pressure = ...........................................................[1]

(iii) A bubble of gas is released from the mud at the bottom of the pond. Its initial volume is
0.5 cm3.

Ignoring any temperature differences in the water, calculate the volume of the bubble as
it reaches the surface.

volume = ...........................................................[2]

(iv) In fact, the temperature of the water is greater at the top than at the bottom of the pond.

Comment on the bubble volume you have calculated in (b)(iii).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 8]

[Turn
325over
8 Fig. 6.1 shows a quantity of gas in a cylinder fitted with a piston P.

gas

Fig. 6.1

(a) Describe the motion of the molecules of the gas.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The piston is now slowly pushed down to decrease the volume of the gas. The temperature of
the gas does not change.

(i) State and explain, in terms of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Before pushing the piston down, the pressure of the gas was 1.0 × 105 Pa. Pushing the
piston down reduces the volume of the gas from 500 cm3 to 240 cm3.

Calculate the final pressure of the gas.

pressure = ................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]

[Turn
326over
9 A small cylinder of compressed helium gas is used to inflate balloons for a celebration.

(a) (i) In the box below, sketch a diagram to represent the arrangement of helium molecules in
a balloon.

[2]

(ii) State and explain how the size of the attractive forces acting between the molecules of a
gas compares with the size of the attractive forces between the molecules of a solid.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The helium in the cylinder has a volume of 6.0 × 10–3 m3 (0.0060 m3) and is at a pressure of
2.75 × 106 Pa.

(i) The pressure of helium in each balloon is 1.1 × 105 Pa. The volume of helium in an inflated
balloon is 3.0 × 10–3 (0.0030 m3). The temperature of the helium does not change.

Calculate the number of balloons that were inflated.

number of balloons = ................................................[3]

(ii) Later, the temperature increases and some of the balloons burst.

Suggest and explain why this happens.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 9]

327
Specific
Heat
Capacity

328
PAPER 2

329
 1 The metal lid on a glass jar is difficult to unscrew.

The jar is placed in a warm oven until the jar and the lid reach the same temperature. The lid is
now easily unscrewed.

Which property accounts for this?

A thermal capacity of the jar

B thermal capacity of the lid
C thermal conduction
D thermal expansion

2 Which quantity does not change when there is an increase in temperature?

A the density of a steel block

B the diameter of the hole in a metal nut
C the length of an iron rod
D the mass of a metal coin

3 Equal masses of two different liquids are put into identical beakers.

Liquid 1 is heated for 100 s and liquid 2 is heated for 200 s by heaters of the same power.

Each liquid has the same rise in temperature.

different liquids
of same mass
liquid 1 liquid 2

heating time = 100 s heating time = 200 s

Which statement is correct?

A Each beaker of liquid has the same thermal capacity.

B Each beaker of liquid receives the same energy.
C Liquid 1 receives more energy than liquid 2.
D The thermal capacity of liquid 1 is less than the thermal capacity of liquid 2.

330
4 A student wishes to calculate the specific heat capacity of copper.

He has a block of copper and an electrical heater. He knows the power of the heater.

Which other apparatus does he need?

balance stop watch thermometer

A 9 9 9 key
B 9 9 8 9 = needed
C 9 8 9 8 = not needed
D 8 9 9

5 At –39 °C, liquid mercury solidifies without a change of temperature.

Which row shows whether the mercury absorbs or releases energy and what happens to the
bonds between the mercury atoms?

bonds between
energy
atoms

A absorbed stronger
B absorbed weaker
C released stronger
D released weaker

6 A lamp has a metal filament that glows when heated by an electric current.

The middle of the filament is at a very high temperature. The ends of the filament, which are
connected to the base of the lamp, are cooler.

Which statement is correct?

A Some thermal energy is conducted to the base of the lamp.

B The filament radiates energy equally at all points along its length.
C The lamp transfers all of the electrical energy it receives into light energy.
D When the voltage across the filament is halved, the power output is halved.

7 A metal has a specific heat capacity of 360 J / (kg °C). An object made of this metal has a mass of
2.0 kg.

What is the thermal capacity (heat capacity) of the object?

A 180 J / °C B 180 J / kg C 720 J / °C D 720 J / kg

331
 8 A piece of melting ice at 0 °C and a beaker of boiling water are both in a laboratory. The
laboratory is at 20 °C.

boiling water

melting ice
Bunsen burner
heating water

What is happening to the temperature of the melting ice and what is happening to the
temperature of the boiling water?

temperature of temperature of
melting ice boiling water

A constant constant
B constant increasing
C increasing constant
D increasing increasing

9 A substance loses thermal energy (heat) to the surroundings at a steady rate.

The graph shows how the temperature of the substance changes with time.

temperature
P

0
0 time

What could the portion PQ of the graph represent?

A gas condensing
B gas cooling
C liquid cooling
D liquid solidifying

332
 10 Which quantity gives the thermal capacity of a solid object

A the energy lost by radiation from the object in 1.0 s

B the energy needed to melt the object

C the energy needed to raise the temperature of the object by 1.0 °C

D the total amount of thermal energy in the object

11 A student uses an immersion heater to heat some water in a beaker.

The water is heated from 20 C to 80 C.

The energy supplied to the water is 60.0 kJ.

What is the thermal capacity of the water? (Ignore any heat loss.)

A 667 J / C B 750 J / C C 1000 J / C D 3000 J / C

12 A block of iron of mass M is heated and gains 10 kJ of internal energy. The temperature of the
block rises by θ °C.

A second block of iron of mass 2M is heated and gains 5.0 kJ of internal energy.

What is the temperature rise of the second block in °C?

A θ B θ C 2θ D 4θ
4 2

13 In an experiment, an object is heated.

The data from the experiment is shown.

● The energy transferred to the object is 3.0 kJ.

● The mass of the object is 2.0 kg.
● The rise in temperature of the object is 10 C.
● The specific heat capacity of the object is 150 J / (kg C).

What is the thermal capacity of the object?

A 30 J / C B 300 J / C C 3000 J / C D 9000 J / C

14 Copper is a type of metal.

A block of copper has a mass of 2.0 kg.

The block of copper absorbs 12 000 J of thermal energy.

The specific heat capacity of copper is 385 J / (kg °C).

What is the temperature rise of the copper? 333

A 15.6 °C B 31.2 °C C 46.8 °C D 62.4 °C

15 In an experiment, a liquid is heated at a constant rate.

The temperature of the liquid increases and eventually becomes constant.

Which statement about the experiment is correct?

A Boiling occurs at all temperatures but only on the liquid surface.

B Boiling occurs throughout the liquid but only at the constant temperature.
C Evaporation occurs throughout the liquid and at all temperatures.
D Evaporation occurs only at the constant temperature and only on the liquid surface.

16 A copper container of mass 0.20 kg contains 0.10 kg of water.

The specific heat capacity of copper is 385 J / (kg °C) and the specific heat capacity of water
is 4200 J / (kg °C).

How much energy, in joules, is needed to raise the temperature of the copper container and the
water by 10 °C?

A (0.20 × 385 × 10) – (0.10 × 4200 × 10)

B (0.20 × 385 × 10) + (0.10 × 4200 × 10)

 4200 + 385 
C (0.10 + 0.20) ×   × 10
 2 
D (0.10 + 0.20) × (4200 + 385) × 10

17 On a very cold day, a boy puts one hand on the metal handlebars of his bicycle. He puts the
other hand on the rubber hand grip.

The metal feels colder than the rubber hand grip, although they are both at the same
temperature.

Why is this?

A The metal has a higher melting point than the rubber.

B The metal has a lower thermal capacity than the rubber.
C The metal is a better thermal conductor than the rubber.
D The metal radiates more infra-red radiation than the rubber.

334
18 Which statement describes what happens as ice at 0 °C starts to melt to become water?

A Energy is absorbed and the temperature remains constant.

B Energy is absorbed and the temperature rises.
C Energy is released and the temperature remains constant.
D Energy is released and the temperature rises.

19 Four objects, made of the same material and having the same mass, are at the same
temperature. The objects have different surfaces and different surface areas.

Which object emits infra-red radiation at the greatest rate?

surface surface area

A dull large
B dull small
C shiny large
D shiny small

20 Aluminium has a specific heat capacity of 900 J / (kg C).

The internal energy of a 2.0 kg block of aluminium increases by 13 500 J.

By how much does the temperature of the block increase?

A 0.067 C B 0.13 C C 7.5 C D 15 C

21 The temperature of the water at the bottom of a waterfall is greater than the temperature of the
water at the top.

The gravitational potential energy of the water at the top is transferred to thermal energy at the
bottom.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

What is the temperature difference for a waterfall of height 21 m?

A 0.005 °C B 0.05 °C C 20 °C D 200 °C

335
22 Which statements about boiling and about evaporation are both correct?

boiling evaporation

A takes place only at the surface takes place only at the surface
B takes place only at the surface takes place throughout the liquid
C takes place throughout the liquid takes place only at the surface
D takes place throughout the liquid takes place throughout the liquid

23 A block of ice is at a temperature of –100 °C. Energy is supplied at a constant rate. The graph
shows how its temperature changes.

200
temperature
/ °C 3
100
4

1
0
2

–100
time

At which points has the ice completely changed state to water and all the water completely
changed state to steam?

completely completely
changed to water changed to steam

A 1 3
B 1 4
C 2 3
D 2 4

24 An aluminium block has a mass of 200 g.

The specific heat capacity of aluminium is 900 J / (kg °C).

How much energy is needed to raise the temperature of the block from 20 °C to 110 °C?

A 2.0 J B 200 J C 16 200 J D 16 200 000 J

336
PAPER 4

337
1 Fig. 5.1 shows a saucepan of boiling water on an electric hotplate.

Fig. 5.1

As time passes, thermal energy (heat) is constantly supplied to the water but its temperature
remains at 100 °C.

(a) State two ways in which boiling differs from evaporation.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Explain, in terms of the water molecules, what happens to the thermal energy supplied
to the water as it boils.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

338
2 (a) Define the specific heat capacity of a substance.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a cylinder of aluminium heated by an electric heater.

electric heater
C.I.E. Power Pack

thermometer
V
+ –

aluminium cylinder

Fig. 4.1

The mass of the cylinder is 800 g. The heater delivers 8700 J of thermal energy to the cylinder
and the temperature of the cylinder increases by 12 °C.

(i) Calculate a value for the specific heat capacity of aluminium.

specific heat capacity = ........................................................ [2]

(ii) Calculate the thermal capacity (heat capacity) of the aluminium cylinder.

thermal capacity = ........................................................ [2]

(c) State and explain a method of improving the accuracy of the experiment.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]
[Turn
339over
3 (a) State what is meant by the specific heat capacity of a substance.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A student carries out an experiment to find the specific heat capacity of aluminium. He uses
an electric heater and a thermometer, inserted into separate holes in an aluminium block.

The following data are obtained.

mass of aluminium block = 2.0 kg

power of heating element = 420 W
time of heating = 95 s
initial temperature of block = 19.5 °C
final temperature of block = 40.5 °C

Calculate the value of the specific heat capacity of aluminium given by this experiment.

specific heat capacity = ............................................... [4]

(c) In the experiment in (b), no attempt is made to prevent loss of thermal energy from the
surfaces of the block.

Suggest two actions the student could take to reduce the loss of thermal energy from the
surfaces of the block.

1. ..............................................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

[Turn
340over
4 A solar panel is mounted on the roof of a house. Fig. 4.1 shows a section through part of the solar
panel.

sunlight

trapped
air copper pipe,
painted black
water
glass sheet

insulating metal backing sheet,

material painted black

Fig. 4.1

A pump makes water circulate through the copper pipes. The water is heated by passing through
the solar panel.

(a) Suggest why

(i) the pipes are made of copper,

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the pipes and the metal backing sheet are painted black,

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) an insulating material is attached to the metal backing sheet,

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) the presence of the glass sheet increases the energy collected by the water.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

341
(b) During one day, 250 kg of water is pumped through the solar panel. The temperature of this
water rises from 16 °C to 38 °C.

The water absorbs 25% of the energy falling on the solar panel, and the specific heat capacity
of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the energy falling on the solar panel during that day.

energy = ......................................................... [4]

[Total: 8]

[Turn
342over
5 (a) Define specific heat capacity.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Solar energy is striking the steel deck of a ship.

(i) Describe how the colour of the deck affects the absorption of the solar energy.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The solar energy strikes the deck at the rate of 1400 W on every square metre.

The steel plate of the deck is 0.010 m thick.

Steel has a density of 7800 kg / m3 and a specific heat capacity of 450 J / (kg °C).

13% of the solar energy striking the deck is absorbed and the rest is reflected.

Using these figures, calculate

1. how many joules of solar energy are absorbed by 1.0 m2 of the deck in 1.0 s,

number of joules = ......................................................... [1]

2. the mass of 1.0 m2 of deck,

mass = ......................................................... [2]

3. the rate of rise in temperature of the deck, stating the equation you use.

rate of rise = ................................................. °C / s [3]

[Total: 9]

343
6 (a) (i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to measure
the specific heat capacity of a liquid. If you choose an electrical method, you must include
the circuit.

[3]

(ii) List the quantities you would need to measure, or previously know, in order to calculate
the specific heat capacity of the liquid.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Some sea water has a specific heat capacity of 3900 J / (kg °C) and a boiling point of
100.6 °C.

(i) Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of 0.800 kg of this sea water from
12.0 °C up to its boiling point. State the equation that you use.

energy = ...........................................................[4]

344
(ii) The energy to raise the temperature in (b)(i) is supplied at the rate of 620 W.

Calculate the time taken to raise the sea water to its boiling point.

time = ...........................................................[2]

[Total: 12]

[Turn
345over
7 Solar panels are positioned on the roof of the house shown in Fig. 6.1. They use thermal
energy from the Sun to provide hot water in an environmentally friendly way.

solar
panels

Fig. 6.1

Cold water flows to the panels at 15 °C. During the day, the panels supply 3.8 kg of hot water
at 65 °C every hour.

(a) Calculate the average energy that the solar panels deliver to the water in one hour.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / (kg °C).

energy = ................................................. [3]

(b) The solar power incident on the roof during this heating period is 170 W / m2. The solar
panels have a total area of 8.0 m2.

Calculate the solar energy incident on the panels in one hour.

solar energy = ................................................. [2]

(c) Calculate the efficiency of the solar panels, stating the equation you use.

efficiency = ................................................. [2]

346
(d) Explain why solar energy is called renewable energy.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) State one disadvantage of using solar energy.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

347
8 (a) In the box below, sketch a diagram to represent the molecular structure of a liquid. Show the
molecules as small circles of equal size.

[2]

(b) A teacher in a school laboratory pours liquid ethanol from a bottle into a glass dish. The
glass dish rests on an electronic balance. Although the temperature of the laboratory is below
the boiling point of ethanol, the mass of ethanol in the dish quickly decreases as ethanol
evaporates.

(i) State the effect of this evaporation on the temperature of the remaining ethanol.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain, in terms of the ethanol molecules, why this is happening.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of ethanol is 850 J / g.

Calculate the thermal energy required to evaporate 3.4 g of ethanol.

thermal energy = ............................................... [2]

(iv) Suggest two ways in which the rate of evaporation of ethanol from the dish can be
reduced.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

348
9 (a) An object of mass m and specific heat capacity c is supplied with a quantity of thermal
energy Q. The temperature of the object increases by Δθ.

Write down an expression for c in terms of Q, m and Δθ.

c = ............................................................[1]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows the heating system of a hot water shower.

power supply

cold water in hot water out

heating element

Fig. 4.1

Cold water at 15 °C flows in at the rate of 0.0036 m3 / minute. Hot water flows out at the same
rate.

(i) Calculate the mass of water that passes the heating element in one minute. The density
of water is 1000 kg / m3.

mass = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) The power of the heating element is 8.5 kW.

Calculate the temperature of the hot water that flows out. The specific heat capacity of
water is 4200 J /(kg °C).

temperature = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 7]

[Turn
349over
10 (a) On a hot day, sweat forms on the surface of a person’s body and the sweat evaporates.

Explain, in terms of the behaviour of molecules,

(i) the process of evaporation,

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) how this process helps the body to cool down.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) The temperature of a person of mass 60 kg falls from 37.2 °C to 36.7 °C.

(i) Calculate the thermal energy lost from the body. The average specific heat capacity
of the body is 4000 J / (kg °C).

thermal energy lost = .................................................. [2]

350
Chapter 3

Electricity
&
Magnetism
351
MAGNETISM

352
PAPER 2

353
1

354
4

355
7

356
10

11

12

357
13

14

358
15

16

17

359
18

360
STATIC ELECTRICITY

361
PAPER 2

362
1

363
4

364
6

365
 9

10

11

12

366
PAPER 4

367
1 (b) (i) On Fig. 7.3, draw lines of force with direction arrows to represent the electric field
pattern in the plane of the paper around a negative point charge at point X.

Fig. 7.3

(ii) State what is represented by the directions of the arrows on the lines.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 5]

368
2.

369
370
3

371
372
4

373
374
5

375
376
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 1

377
PAPER 2

378
 1

379
4

380
7

381
10

11

382
12

13

14

15

383
16

17

18

384
19

20

21

385
22

23

24

386
25

26

27

387
28

29

30

31

388
32

33

34

35

389
36

37

38

390
39

40

41

42

43

391
44

45

46

47

392
48

49

50

51

52

393
53

54

55

394
56

57

58

395
59

60

61

62

396
63

64

65

397
 66

67

68

398
69

70

71

72

399
73

74

400
75

76

77

78

401
PAPER 4

402
1.

403
404
2.

405
406
3.

407
408
4.

409
410
5.

411
6.

412
413
7.

414
415
8.

416
417
418
9.

419
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 2

420
1.

421
422
2.

423
424
3.

425
4.

426
5.

427
6.

428
429
430
431
8.

432
9.

433
10.

434
435
11.

436
437
12.

438
13.

439
14.

440
ELECTRONIC
DEVICES

441
PAPER 2

442
1

443
3

444
5

445
7

446
9

10

11

447
 12

13

448
14

15

16

449
17

18

450
19

20

21

451
PAPER 4

452
1.

453
454
2.

455
456
3.

457
4.

458
5 (b) A very low frequency alternating voltage is applied between A and B in the circuit shown in
Fig. 10.2.

A B

A
centre-zero
ammeter

Fig. 10.2

On each diagram, draw a possible position of the indicator needle of the ammeter at the time
in the cycle when

(i) A is positive and B is negative,

–1 0 +1
–2 +2

(ii) there is no p.d. between A and B,

–1 0 +1
–2 +2

(iii) A is negative and B is positive.

–1 0 +1
–2 +2

A
[3]

[Total: 6]

459
(b) In the space below, draw the symbol for a fuse.

[1]

(c) Fig. 9.2 shows a circuit.

A
6V

Fig. 9.2

Component A is not emitting light. It only emits light when the p.d. across it is greater than 1 V.

(i) A change to the environment around component B causes component A to emit light.

State the environmental change.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

460
 (ii) Explain your answer to (i).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(d) The combined resistance of the two resistors shown in Fig. 9.3 is 4.0 Ω.

6.0 1

Fig. 9.3

Calculate the resistance of resistor R.

resistance of R = ...........................................................[2]

[Total: 9]

461
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

462
PAPER 2

463
1

464
4

465
7

466
9

10

467
 11

12

468
13

14

469
15

16

470
17

18

471
19

20

472
21

22

473
PAPER 4

474
1.

475
476
2.

477
478
3.

479
480
4.

481
482
5.

483
6.

484
485
7.

486
8.

487
488
9.

489
490
10.

491
492
11.

493
12.

494
495
13.

496
14.

497
15.

498
16.

499
500
17.

501
502
18.

503
19.

504
DC MOTOR

505
PAPER 2

506
507
508
509
510
511
PAPER 4

512
1.

513
514
2.

515
3.

516
517
473

518
4.

519
520
5.

521
522
CHAPTER 1:Mechanics (Measurements)
Questions Answers
1 C
2 D
3 A
4 A
5 C
6 B
7 C
8 A
9 B
10 A
11 A
12 B

523
 CHAPTER 1: Mechanics (Motion)
Questions Answers
1 C
2 B
3 C
4 A
5 A
6 A
7 B
8 C
9 D
10 B
11 A
12 B
13 C
14 D
15 B
16 B
17 B
18 A
19 A
20 B
21 A
22 A
23 C

524
 CHAPTER 1:Mechanics (forces)
Questions Answers
1 D
2 C
3 C
4 C
5 A
6 B
7 A
8 C
9 C
10 A
11 C
12 B
13 C
14 B
15 A
16 D
17 B
18 B
19 A
20 B
21 C
22 B

525
23 A
24 C
25 B
26 C
27 D
28 C
29 D
30 C
31 D
32 C
33 C
34 C
35 A
36 A
37 B
38 A
39 D
40 B
41 B
42 B
43 B
44 B
45 C
46 C
47 B
48 A
49 D

526
50 C
51 C
52 C
53 B
54 D
55 A

527
CHAPTER 1:Mechanics (Stretching Forces)
Questions Answers
1 A
2 A
3 B
4 B
5 A
6 D
7 D
8 D
9 B

528
CHAPTER 1:Mechanics (Moments)
1 B
2 C
3 A
4 A
5 C
6 B
7 A
8 D
9 B
10 C
11 D
12 B
13 C
14 C
15 C

529
CHAPTER 1:Mechanics (Center of the mass)
1 D
2 B
3 B
4 B
5 A
6 C
7 D
8 D
9 C
10 B
11 A
12 A
13 B
14 A
15 A
16 C
17 D
18 A
19 B

530
 CHAPTER 1:Work
Questions Answers
1 A
2 B
3 D
4 D
5 C
6 B
7 A
8 C
9 B
10 A
11 D
12 C
13 C
14 B
15 C
16 B
17 C
18 C
19 B
20 C
21 A
22 B
23 A
24 B
25 C
26 C

531
27 B
28 A
29 C
30 C
31 C
32 C
33 C
34 D
35 B
36 D
37 B
38 D
39 B
40 A
41 C
42 C
43 B
44 D
45 C
46 C
47 D
48 B
49 C
50 C
51 C
52 C
53 C
54 D

532
55 D
56 C
57 B
58 B
59 C
60 B
61 A

533
 CHAPTER 1:Density
Questions Answers
1 B
2 D
3 C
4 C
5 C
6 B
7 B
8 B
9 B
10 D
11 C
12 D
13 B
14 C
15 B
16 C
17 A

534
 CHAPTER 1:Pressure
Questions Answers
1 A
2 B
3 D
4 B
5 D
6 D
7 C
8 D
9 D
10 D
11 A
12 A
13 D
14 D
15 B
16 B
17 A

535
 CHAPTER 1:Momentum
Questions Answers
1 A
2 C
3 C
4 B
5 B
6 B
7 C
8 D
9 B
10 C
11 C
12 D
13 A
14 C
15 C
16 D
17 C
18 C
19 D
20 D
21 B
22 C

536
Kinetic theory and Brownian motion

1 A
2 B
3 D
4 A
5 D
6 A
7 A
8 C
9 B
10 B
11 B

537
EVAPORATION

1 A
2 A
3 C
4 D
5 A
6 D
7 A
8 D

538
Expansion of solid

1 A
2 B
3 D
4 A
5 A
6 B
7 A
8 D
9 C
10 B
11 B
12 C
13 B
14 C
15 C
16 A
17 B
18 A
19 C
20 D
21 A
22 A
23 D
24 A

539
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

1 C
2 B
3 C
4 C
5 A
6 D
7 A
8 A
9 D
10 C
11 B
12 C
13 B
14 A
15 D
16 C
17 C
18 B
19 B
20 B
21 C
22 B
23 C
24 B
25 B

540
26 D
27 A

541
Gas Laws

1 D
2 B
3 A
4 B
5 C
6 D
7 D
8 D
9 D
10 D
11 D
12 D
13 B
14 A

542
Quantities of heat

1 D
2 D
3 D
4 A
5 C
6 A
7 C
8 A
9 C
10 C
11 C
12 A
13 B
14 A
15 B
16 B
17 C
18 A
19 A
20 C
21 B
22 C
23 D
24 C

543
 Magnetism
Questions Answers
1 C
2 D
3 B
4 C
5 C
6 C
7 C
8 B
9 B
10 A
11 C
12 C
13 A
14 C
15 D
16 C
17 B
18 A

544
 Static electricity
Questions Answers
1 A
2 D
3 B
4 A
5 B
6 C
7 A
8 A
9 D
10 B
11 C
12 A

545
 CHAPTER 3: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Questions Answers
1 C
2 A
3 B
4 A
5 B
6 A
7 A
8 A
9 D
10 B
11 B
12 B
13 C
14 D
15 C
16 D
17 B
18 A
19 B
20 C
21 D
22 A
23 D
24 C
25 B
26 A

546
27 C
28 A
29 D
30 A
31 A
32 A
33 B
34 B
35 B
36 D
37 C
38 A
39 A
40 A
41 C
42 B
43 A
44 C
45 D
46 C
47 C
48 C
49 D
50 D
51 B
52 A
53 B
54 C

547
55 D
56 A
57 D
58 A
59 B
60 D
61 C
62 C
63 A
64 A
65 A
66 D
67 D
68 C
69 D
70 C
71 C
72 C
73 B
74 A
75 C
76 D
77 D
78 B

548
Electron devices

1 A
2 B
3 B
4 C
5 D
6 B
7 C
8 B
9 B
10 C
11 A
12 A
13 B
14 D
45 B
16 C
17 B
18 A
19 A
20 C
21 A

549
 CHAPTER 3: E.M.I
Questions Answers
1 C
2 B
3 A
4 A
5 A
6 C
7 A
8 D
9 B
10 B
11 A
12 B
13 C
14 C
15 C
16 A
17 D
18 A
19 D
20 C
21 A
22 D

550
 CHAPTER 3:D.C MOTOR
Questions Answers
1 A
2 A
3 A
4 C
5 A
6 C
7 A
8 C
9 A
10 C
11 C
12 A
13 A

551
 Mechanics paper 4 mark scheme
Ol physics

• Motion
1.

2.

552
3.

4.

553
5.

6.

554
7.

8.

555
 9.

10.

556
 11.

12.

End of motion.

557
• Forces

1.

2.

558
3.

4.

559
5.

6.

560
7.

8.

9. question 5 repeated.

561
10.

11.

12.

562
13.

14.

563
15.

16.

564
17.

18.

565
19.

20.

566
21.

End of forces.

567
• Stretching forces
1.

2.

568
Question 3 i s question 1 repeated.
End of stretching forces.

569
• Moment, Equilibrium, Center of Mass
and Stability
1.

2.

570
 3.

4.

5.

571
6.

7.

572
End of Moment, Equilibrium, Center of
mass and Stability.

• Work, Energy and power

1.

2.

573
 3. question 2 repeated
4.

5.
(a) (W.D. =) F × d or 640 × 3.5 C1
2240 J to 2 or more sig. figs. A1 [2]

(b) (i) (E =) VIt or 75 × 25 × 4.0 or 75 × 100 (accept (E =) VQ and Q = It) C1

7500 J A1 [2]
(useful) energy output
(ii) (efficiency =) (× 100%) or 2240/7500
energy input
(accept power for energy) (e.c.f. from 3(a)(i) or 3(b)(i)) C1
0.3 or 0.30 or 0.299 or 30 % or 29.9 % (e.c.f. from 3(a)(i) or 3(b)(i)) A1
(c) any two from:
electrical heating
friction
W.D. lifting supports
sound B2 [2]

574
6.

7.

575
8.

9.

576
10.

11.

577
12.

13.

578
14.

15.

579
16.

17.

18.

580
 End of work, energy and power.
• Density
1.

581
2.

3.

582
4.

5.

end of density

583
• Pressure
1.

2.

584
3.

4.

585
5.

6.

7.

586
8.

9.

587
End of pressure

588
 • Momentum
1.

2.

3.

589
4.

5.

6.

590
7.

End of Momentum.
End of mechanics…. Best of luck!

591
 Thermal physics MS
Ol physics
• Kinetic theory of matter
1.

2.

592
3.

End of kinetic theory of matter.

593
• Modes of heat transfer
1.

2.

3.

594
4.

595
5.

596
6.

End of modes of heat transfer.

597
 • Gas laws

1.

598
2.

3.

4.

599
5.

6.

600
7.

8.

601
9.

End of gas laws.

602
• Specific Heat Capacity
1.

2.

603
3.

604
4.

5.

605
6.

606
7.

607
8.

9.

608
10.

End of thermal physics.

609
 Electricity and magnetism p4
Ol. Physics
• Static Electricity
1.

2.

610
3.

611
 4.

5.

End of Static Electricity.

612
• Electric circuits (1)
1.

2.

613
3.

4.

614
5.

6.

615
7.

8.

616
9.

End of Electric Circuits 1.

617
• Electric Circuits (2)
1.

2.

618
3.

4.

619
5.

6.

620
7.

8.

621
9.

10.

622
11.

12.

623
13.

14.

End of Electric Circuits(2).

624
• Electronic Devices
1.

2.

625
 3.

4.

5.
(b) (i) needle not deflected B1

(ii) needle not deflected B1

(iii) needle deflected either way B1

(b) rectangle with longitudinal line in middle third, no input or output wire required B1

(c) (i) temperature (decreases) B1

(ii) correctly relates change of resistance to change of temperature B1

voltage of mid-point (of potential divider) / left of LED increases OR higher V across
thermistor B1
current flows through / enough V to light LED B1

(d) 1 / Rp = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 or (Rp ) = R1R2 / (R1 + R2) C1

(R = 1 / (1 / 4 -1 / 6) =) 12 Ω A1

End of Electronic Devices. 626

• Electromagnetic induction
1.

2.

627
3.

4.

628
5.

6.

629
 7.

8.

630
9.

10.

631
11.

12.

632
13.

14.

15.

633
16.

17.

18.

634
19.

End of Electromagnetic induction.

635
 • DC Motor
1.

2.

636
3.

4.

637
5.

End of DC Motor.
End of electricity and magnetism. Best of
luck!

638