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Determination of Tensile Strength of a given specimen using UTM (25KN)
Experiment Findings · September 2023
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Khulna University of Engineering and Technology
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
SESSIONAL REPORT
Course Code
MSE 2208
Course Title
Material Testing Sessional
Sessional No. 01
Determination of Tensile Strength of a given specimen using UTM (25KN)
Remarks
Name: Md. Sakib Hasan Saikot
Date of Performance: 21 August, 2023 Department: MSE
Date of Submission: 28 August, 2023 Roll: 2027018
Year: 2nd
Term: 2nd 0
Group: A-3
Objectives:
To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following properties of
that specimen:
1. Elastic limit
2. Yield strength
3. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
4. Breaking stress
5. Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
Apparatus:
1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
2. Mild steel specimen
3. Scale
4. Slide calipers
5. Marker
Theory
A tensile test, also known as a tension test, is a fundamental mechanical test used to evaluate
the mechanical properties of materials, particularly their tensile strength, yield strength, and
elongation.
In this test, the ends of the specimen are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to
a load device. If the load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic.
An elastically deformed solid will return to its original shape as soon as the load is removed.
However, if the load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of
the tension curve which is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed. As elastic and
the rest of the curve which represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation
essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of material. In some material the onset
of the plastic deformation is denoted by the sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and
lower yield point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic
deformation at larger extensions, strain hardening can not compensate for the decrease in
section and thus the load passes through a maximum and then begin to decrease. This stage is
the “Ultimate Strength” which is defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original
cross section area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading will eventually cause ‘neck’
formation and rupture.
1
(b)
Fig 1: (a) Universal Testing Machine Fig 1: (b) Stress-Strain curve
A stress-strain diagram, also known as a stress-strain curve, is a graphical representation of
how a material responds to an applied load or force. It illustrates the relationship between the
stress (σ) applied to a material and the corresponding strain (ε) it undergoes as a result of that
stress.
In the initial portion of the stress-strain curve, as stress is applied to the material, it deforms
elastically, meaning it returns to its original shape once the load is removed. Within this region,
the relationship between stress and strain is linear, following Hooke's law: σ = E ε
At a certain stress level, known as the yield point, the material begins to exhibit plastic
deformation. After the yield point, as more stress is applied, the material continues to deform
plastically. The stress-strain curve in this region is no longer linear, and the material's shape
changes significantly.
The maximum stress that a material can withstand before it fails or fractures is known as the
ultimate tensile strength (UTS). This point represents the peak of the stress-strain curve.
Beyond the UTS, the material starts to weaken and eventually ruptures.
In some materials, particularly ductile ones like metals, there is a phenomenon called necking
that occurs after the UTS. The cross-sectional area of the specimen reduces significantly at one
localized region, causing a narrowing or neck to form. This necking is followed by a rapid
decrease in stress. The stress-strain curve terminates at the fracture point, which is the point
where the material completely fails or ruptures. The stress at this point is typically lower than
the UTS due to the necking and weakening that may have occurred.
2
Procedure
1. The gauge length, width and thickness of the specimen was measured at first.
2. The specimen was inserted into the grips of the UTM.
3. After continuous loading the fracture occurred.
Experimental Results
i. Observation:
a. Initial gauge length of the specimen, l1= 49.87 mm
b. Initial cross-sectional area of the specimen, A1= 4.2 mm2
c. Load at yield point, Ft= 386N
d. Ultimate load after specimen breaking, F=-378N
e. Elongation of the specimen, Δl = 2.52mm
ii. Observation Table:
Thickness Width Area Load at yield point (N) UTS Yield Strength
(mm) (mm) (mm2) (MPa) (MPa)
0.27 15.5 4.2 386 627 91.9
iii. Calculation:
Load at elastic limit 386
a. Elastic limit= = = 91.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Initial Area 42
∆l
b. %percentage of elongation = x100%
l1
2.52
= x100%
49.87
= 5.05%
Stress
c. Young’s Modulus of elasticity =
Strain
52 − 25.2
= = 520.388 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.109 − 0.0575
3
Stress vs Strain
800
700
600
500
Stress (MPa)
400
300
200
100
−100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Strain(%)
Fig 1: Stress vs Strain graph
Force vs Position
3000
2750
2500
2250
2000
1750
1500
Force (N)
1250
1000
750
500
250
−250
−500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Positon (mm)
Fig 2: Force vs Position graph
4
Discussion
After this experiment we came to know about how we can perform tensile testing of different
composite materials using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). We performed tensile test and
calculated other properties from this experiment. For mild steel tensile test a computerized data
was provided , by these data we have plotted the stress-strain curve and found UTS point. In
this graph, we found detached curve after a certain value when the specimen got fractured.
Conclusion
Tensile testing using a UTM is a versatile and essential tool in materials science and
engineering. It provides critical data that informs material selection, design, quality control,
and research and development efforts, ultimately contributing to the safety and performance of
a wide range of products and structures.
Reference
[1] Callister, W. D., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2018). Materials Science and Engineering: An
Introduction (10th ed.). Wiley.
[2] Dieter, G. E. (2012). Mechanical Metallurgy. McGraw-Hill Education.
[3] ASTM International. (2018). ASTM E8/E8M-16a: Standard Test Methods for Tension
Testing of Metallic Materials. ASTM International.
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