TECHNICAL DRAWING 8
FIRST QUARTER
Key Pointers to Review:
A. Introduction to Drawing
• Drawing – representation of an object/idea using lines, arcs, shapes, sizes, symbols.
• Freehand Drawing (Sketching) – drawing without instruments, usually informal and
quick.
• Technical Drawing (Instrumental drawing) – precise, uses tools and instruments,
formal and accurate.
• Artistic Drawing – focuses on creativity and expression.
• Difference: Technical = accuracy & tools; Freehand = informal sketch.
• Value of Artistic Drawing – allows creativity, expression beyond accuracy.
B. Drawing Instruments and Materials
• Ruler – most popular measuring tool (usually 12 inches).
• Triangles – 30°×60° and 45°×45° used for vertical & oblique lines.
• Compass – for arcs & circles; Circular Template can also be used.
• T-square – for horizontal lines (alternative: book edge/ruler).
• Protractor – for measuring angles.
• Eraser & Erasing Shield – for removing lines.
• Drawing Tape – secures paper on the board.
• Pencils –
o Hard pencils (H) = light construction lines.
o Soft pencils (B) = dark, visible lines.
• Care of Tools – well-kept tools = accurate, last longer, safe.
C. Mensuration & Systems of Measurement
• Mensuration – process of measuring.
• English System – uses inch, foot.
• Metric System – mm, cm, m, km.
• Conversions:
o 1 inch = 2.54 cm
o 1 cm = 10 mm
o 1 m = 100 cm
o 1 km = 1000 m
• Ruler graduations:
o 1 inch = 17 lines, 16 graduations
o 2 inches = 33 lines, 32 graduations
o 1 cm = 11 lines, 10 graduations
o 2 cm = 21 lines, 20 graduations
• Conversion Rule:
o Larger → Smaller = multiply
o Smaller → Larger = divide
• Reading of Metric System in Decimal
D. Dimensioning
• Definition – adding size information to a drawing.
• Methods:
o Aligned Method – numbers aligned with dimension line (read from
bottom/right).
o Unidirectional Method – numbers written horizontally, read from one
direction only. (easier to read dimensions)
o Baseline Method – dimensions parallel to one reference line.
o Location Dimension – shows position/location of features.
o Size Dimension – shows overall size/shape.
• Elements of Dimensioning:
o Dimension line – carries the measurement.
o Extension line – constructed or drawn extending from the ends of a part of
a drawing so that the dimension can be written in between them
o Arrowheads – shown at the end of a dimension line. They show where the
dimension begins and where it ends.
o Leader line – points to notes/symbols.
o Numbers – actual measurement.
• Purpose of Dimensioning
o To provide accurate and precise measurements that define the size, shape,
and location of objects.
• Steps in Applying Dimensions (Isometric Drawing):
1. Draw extension line
2. Draw dimension line
3. Draw arrowheads
4. Write numerical value
E. Alphabet of Lines
• Border Line – heaviest line, frame of drawing.
• Visible Line – shows visible edges, darkest.
• Hidden Line – dashed, shows invisible parts.
• Center Line – shows axis of symmetry.
• Phantom Line – shows alternate positions/movements.
• Limiting Line – shortens long objects without changing scale.
• Section Line – indicates cut surfaces.
F. Orthographic Projection
• Origin: “Orthos” (straight) + “Graphos” (line).
• Definition: 2D representation of an object, with projecting lines at right angles (90°)
to the plane.
• Miter Line – 45° line in orthographic projection.
• Six Principal Views – Front, Top, Right Side, Left Side, Rear, Bottom view
• Placement:
o Front view = drawn vertically aligned and below the top view.
o Top view = drawn above front view.
o Right side view = located at the side and aligned with front view.
o Left side view = opposite of the right-side view. It is located on the left side
and aligned with the front view.
o Rear view = opposite view of the front view. It is also known as the back
view.
o Bottom view = opposite view of the top view. This must be drawn vertically
aligned and below the front view.
• Characteristics:
o Shows true size/shape.
o Different views reveal different details.
o Always drawn using perpendicular projection.
• Misconception: Orthographic projection does NOT turn 2D into 3D — it remains 2D.
• In analyzing orthographic views of an object, it should be considered the different
views may reveal unique details or features of the object not visible in other views.
