INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

LESSON 1: COMPUTING

2. ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator

1. COMPUTING - First programable general-purpose electrocin
- the use of computers to solve problems or digital computer, built during WWII.
complete tasks. It can be as simple as using a calculator to
add two numbers, or as complex as developing a new 3. CATHODE RAY TUBE(CRT) - Vacuume tube that
algorithm for machine learning. produces images when its phosphorescent is struck by
- using machines to process information. electron beams.
ACM - Association of Computing Machinery [Link] - semiconductor device for
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers amplifying, controlling and generating eletrical signals.
AIS - Institute for Advanced Study - Transistors are active components of integrated
circuits, or microchips.
2. COMPUTER
- a programmable device that stores, retrieves, and 3. ) SECOND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS ERA (1947-1962)
processes data.
- The term "computer" was originally given to - important improvements happened in building computer
humans (human computers) who performed numerical systems and programming languages. They used electronic
calculations using mechanical calculators, such as the abacus parts like diodes and transistors that switched quickly.
and slide rule.
1. FORTRAN (Formula Translation)
TECH TIMELINE 2. ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
3. COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language)
1.) ZEROTH GENERATION: MECHANICAL ERA (1642-1934)
- Computing machines invented on this generation 1. DOUGLAS ENGELBART - american inventor
are entirely mechanical. whose work beginning in the 1950's
- developed the computer mouse, basic graphical
1. ABACUS - a calculating instrument that uses user interface(GUI)
beads that slide along a series of wires or rods set in a frame 2. IBM 701(1953) - the first large scale electronic
to represent decimal places. computer manufactured in quantity
2. PASCALINE - also called Arithmetic Machine. - first IBM's commercially available scientific
The first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any calculator
quantity and actually used. 3. SPACEWAR(1962) - was conceived in 1961 by
- Invented by Blaise Pascal Martin Graetz, Stephen Russel and Wayne Wiitanen.
3. STEPPED RECKONER - Could add, subtract,
multiply, divide and evaluate square roots. Utilizes a movable 4. ) THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUITERA (1963-
carriage to enable long multiplication and division. 1972)
4. LOOMS - A device used o weave cloth and - computers became much more powerful. This era
tapestry. The basic purpose is to hold the warp threads under introduced integrated circuits (ICs), which are small parts
tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. with many transistors. They also started using semiconductor
5. DIFFERENCE ENGINE - an early calculating memories instead of magnetic cores.
machine, verging on being the first computer designed and - Microprogramming helped design complex
partially built during the 1820s and '30s. processors, and pipelining improved processing speed.
- Invented by Charles Babbage Operating systems and time-sharing began during this time.
6. ANALYTICAL ENGINE - considered the first
computer designed and partly built by Charles Babbage in 1. IBM 360 (1964) - made by Thomas Watson Jr.
19th century(he worked until his death in 1871) - "the most important product announcement in
comany history". It represented the revolution in compters,
affording unprecedented power, speed and compatibility
2.) FIRST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES ERA (1935-1946) 2. PDP-8 (1965) - built by Digital Equipment
- also called vacuum tube, device usually consisting Corporation (DEC)
of a sealed glass or metal-ceramic enclosure that is used in - the first computer to be mass produced at a cost
electronic circuitry to control a flow of electrons. that just anyone can afford
- These machines used electronic switches, in the 3. PDP-11 DEC (1970) -Programmed Data Processor
form of vacuum tubes, instead of electro-mechanical relays. - was one of the most successful computer of all
times
1. COLUSSUS - the first large-scale electronic 4. MACINTOSH - developed by Steve Jobs and his
computer, which went into operation on 1994 at team. The Apple Macintosh revolutionalized the entire
Britain's wartime code-breaking headquarteres at computer industry by the year 1984.
Bletchley Park

REVIEWER BY: ALQKWUIEN (2024)

THE TERM BUG WAS POPULARIZED BY GRACE MORRIS
HOPPER WHEN A MOTH GOT STUCK INSIDE THE COMPUTER

5. FOURTH GENERATION: PC & VLSI ERA (1972-PRESENT)

- super powerful computers that were really good
at solving difficult math problems quickly.
- Some computers even had a lot of memory, which
is like the computer's brainpower. Most of the important
work was still done by those super-fast computers.

PC - Personal Computer
VLSI - Very Large Scale Integration

1. CRAY 1 - regned as the world's fastest computer

from 1976 to 1982
Setmour Cray - father of supercomputing
2. CYBER 205 - a new computer systems produced
by Control Data Corporation
- a large scale vector processor with substantial
capabilities in scaler processing
3. CRAY XMP - a supercomputer designed,
manufactured and marketed by Cray Research Inc.
- Successor of Cray1. Was the world's fastest
computer from 1983 to 1985
4. CRAY 2 - provided a tenfold increase in
performance over the Cray-1
- first to successfully use multiple CPUs

WHAT ARE COMPUTER SYSTEMS?

- It is defined as a systematic interaction between
entities, processes and operations that utilizes an electronic
device known as the computer.

COMPUTING'S IMPACT ON SOCIETY AND VARIOUS

INDUSTRIES.

1. EDUCATION - Technology empowers students in their

learning journey, making education more relevant and
preparing them for the future. It encourages problem-solving,
critical thinking, and collaboration.

2. BUSINESS - Technology in business is a growing necessity.

As the years go by, the business world is leaning more and
more toward it, making it almost impossible to separate the
two from each other.

3. MARKETING - Modern marketing is deeply impacted by

technology like the internet, phones, and social media. This
tech helps businesses grow, connect with customers, and
work better.

4. MILITARY - Computer are largely used in defence. Modern

tanks, missiles, weapons etc.

5. HEALTHCARE - They are being used in hospitals to keep the

record of patients and medicines.

5. COMMUNICATION - We use computers for information,

creativity, communication, and learning. From ancient smoke
signals to today ' s digital communication tools, we've always
found new ways to connect.
REVIEWER BY: ALQKWUIEN (2024)