2. Theoretical Framework.

2.1. Theoretical Framework.

Agitation and mixing

Agitation and mixing is a mechanical process widely used in laboratories and companies.
industrial processes to facilitate the obtaining of multiple products that are manufactured in the
the same. If the fluid is unique, it is then a proper agitation of the
on the contrary, that is, if there are two or more components we will call it mixed. For very systems
we have the particular case of kneading. (Brito, 2006)

Types of industrial mixers

According to their mode of operation, mixers are classified into two categories:

1. Batch Type

2. Continues

Batch type mixers

In batch-type mixers, a sub-lot or the entire lot of a formula is processed at once, that is,
All the ingredients are placed in a machine, mixed, and then removed when finished.
the operation.(Brito, 2006)

Continuous mixers

In all cases of continuous mixing, the ingredients are measured carefully and exactly.
to be placed in the mixer first and then discharged as a mixture
prepared for additional processing. The batch size is determined by the time
specific to mix.

Applications of mixing and agitation:

Mixing of two miscible liquids

Dissolution of solids in liquid (For Soap)
Improve heat transfer
Dispersion of a gas in a liquid
Dispersion of fine particles in a liquid
Dispersion of two immiscible phases

Agitation

It is a mechanical Unit Operation that consists of making violent and irregular movements.
in the midst of a fluid mass or one that behaves as such to obtain a homogeneous mixture,
that is to say, to maintain a constant concentration throughout the mass. (Rivera R., 2015)
History of Soap

The oldest reference we have about the use of soap dates back to 2500 B.C. in the book
"Natural History" by Pliny the Elder, but according to him it was not used for cleaning but for the
shine and color of hair. In the second century, Galeano mentions as a means of cleaning, disinfectant and

as a medication that was produced from the fat of oxen, goats, or sheep, with lye
obtained from wood ashes. David Ramsey in 1636 in England patented the first ones.
calderines and there in 1662 I created the first soap monopoly. In the year 1824, the French chemist
Eugene Chevreul (1786-1889) offered the first knowledge about the processes
chemicals in obtaining and was the first to isolate fatty acids and glycerin (his
discoverer, the Swede G. Scheele (1742-1786), had called "sweet principle of the
oils”) of the corresponding fats. The refining process of raw materials marked the
guideline for the advanced technology in this industry, with factors such as process development
Leblanc for the production of caustic soda, the obtaining of potassium carbonate, and potassium lye
caustic by electrolytic means that, along with the evolution of the use of fats, counting from the
grease up to isolated fatty acids and going through all kinds of vegetable fats, has been
visualized in soap optimization. (Gisma, 1973)

DEFINITION

Soap, cleaning agent or detergent that is made using vegetable and animal fats and
oils. Chemically, it is the sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid that is formed by the
reaction of fats and oils with alkali. (Vanegas, 2004)

CHARACTERISTICS

Soap is a basic product with a pH between 7.5 to 9, it is a very versatile material capable of
accept a high range of solid and liquid additives, the only real limitation is that the additives
They can chemically degrade the product and cause physical damage to the equipment used in it.
process or injuries to the worker or the end user. The quality of the materials to be used has a
important effect on the color and fragrance of the finished product and it is important
choose them correctly according to the type of soap and the final use. The main characteristic
The importance of soap lies in the cleaning action, which is based on the ability that the part has.
hydrocarbon chain of the soap molecule 'dissolving' in droplets of fat or dirt, insoluble
in water. Simultaneously the -COO¯ (carboxylate) group to solubilize in water the
fat conglomerate, through the solvation of said carboxylate ions. (Téllez, 2010)
PROPERTIES AND USES

Soaps are soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether and benzene. The potassic ones are more
soluble than sodium soaps; these in turn absorb more moisture from the air than sodium ones.
That's why it's very important to take into account the behavior of soap regarding water because
this is the basis of its use as a cleaning agent. In pure boiling water, the soap dissolves in
completely clear solution, while the cold aqueous solution is cloudy. The soap that is
Produced with natural fats and oils, it has the property of being biodegradable. (Gerrero, 2014)

TYPES OF SOAP

Because soap is an organic salt with detergent properties, it can be found

in two possible solid or soft (liquid) states, this will depend on the alkali
caustic to use. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for solid soaps and potassium hydroxide (KOH)
for soft soaps.

For your use:

Soaps for washing

Toilet soaps

Shaving soaps

Abrasive soaps

Industrial soaps 2

Due to its physical form:

Bar soap

Flake soap

Liquid soaps

Powdered soaps

Paste soaps

(Vanegas, 2004)
CLASSIFICATION

Among these types of soaps, three basic types can be distinguished: natural, semi-synthetic, and
synthetics:

Natural liquid soaps: their composition is based on mixtures of fatty acids from oils.
vegetables, such as coconut and/or palm, to which small amounts of oleic acid are added
unsaturated fatty acids derived from sunflower oil, soy, or others. The latter are
rich in oleic acid triglycerides. The mixture is generally neutralized with hydroxide of
potassium. Sodium hydroxide is not used because potassium alkali generates more soluble salts than
sodium ones. Natural liquid soaps have the disadvantage of having limited solubility.
in hard water and a very high pH value (9-10) to remain stable. The continuous use of
These soaps cause dryness and irritation on the skin.

Semi-synthetic liquid soaps: they are mixtures of surfactants with neutralized oleic acid.
with an organic amine such as monoethanolamine. The monoethanolamine oleate (oleate of
(ethanolammonium) is very soluble in water and gives a feeling of smoothness on the skin.

Synthetic liquid soaps: They are based on mixtures of surfactants and agents
sparkling wines, most of them contain light fragrances and usually other ingredients
for skin care. They are compatible with all types of water and usually have
excellent cleaning properties and generate high foam even in very hard water. In addition,
they leave the skin smooth and free of irritation. (George, 1993)

Saponification

Fats and natural oils are esters of long-chain fatty acids and glycerin.
In its general structure, each of the constituent radicals R1, R2, and R3 can be any
branched alkyl group, with an odd number of carbon atoms, regardless of whether its
Links are saturated or unsaturated. When a fat or oil is heated with a solution
alkaline aqueous solution, the ester group is hydrolyzed and is commonly referred to as saponification, thus obtaining

glycerin and a mixture of alkaline salts of fatty acids derived from fat. This
the reaction is exothermic and high temperatures favor production. If they are put in
contact free fatty acids the reaction is almost immediate, unlike neutral fats
which are made up of fatty acids combined in the form of triglycerides, which
Normal conditions are difficult to react spontaneously. Saponification can
to have different connotations depending on the raw material that will be reacted
with the Hydroxide. (Téllez, 2010).
2.2. Referential Framework.

The practice of 'AGITATION AND MIXING FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF LIQUID SOAP' was carried out.

I finished on Friday, April 26, 2019, in the Industrial Processes or Operations laboratory.
Unitary (I DON'T KNOW WHICH SAME TO PUT LOVE BECAUSE WE DID IN THE PROCESSES)
Faculty of Science of the School of Chemical Engineering located at ESPOCH in the city of
1
Riobamba, located on the Pan-American South km12whose coordinates are 78°40'20" and an altitude
from 2815 meters above sea level.

10. Bibliographic References.

10.1 Citas

(Brito, 2006)

(George, 1993)

(Gerrero, 2014)

(Gisma, 1973)

(Rivera R., 2015)

(Téllez, 2010)

(Vanegas, 2004)

10.2 Bibliography:

Basic Text of Unit Operations I

Liquid Toilet Soaps in the United Kingdom

Gerrero, C. (2014). Design of a Soap Manufacturing Plant from Edible Oils

Used. Almeria: Gráficas Piquer Printing.

Téllez, G. &. (2010). Design of an antibacterial liquid soap production plant

starting from Jatropha Curcas L. oil with a natural biocide. Colombia.: miror.

10.3 Internet

Gissma T, A. (1973). Principles of Organic Chemistry. Spain: Reverte S. A. Retrieved on 05 of

May 2019 on the preparation of liquid soap for industrial use from glycerin:
Unable to access external URLs or documents.

Rivera, R.
AGITATION AND MIXINGDO:Unable to access or translate content from the specified URL.

NTC 545. Soaps and Detergents. General Definitions.

(Colombian Technical Standard) (p. 11). ICONTEC. Retrieved on May 5, 2019, from
Unit operations: Unable to access the content of the provided URL.
SUMMARY

Mixing is an operation that allows the homogenization of a series of elements.

constituents of a mixture, whether liquid or solid, by means of a rotary mechanical force
that works at different speeds to achieve the desired texture in the product. The practice
consisted, first of all, in the differential weighing of the elements for the mixture both in its
original packaging as then in precipitation vessels to know the amount of product that
it was lost by becoming embedded in the packaging; to then carry out a mixture of the
ingredients progressively in the mixer. The essence and the coloring are the last
added additives and they are the only ones that are added at the operator's discretion according to
the intensity of color and aroma that you desire in your final desired product. Finally, it is treated the
product for it to become transparent and its properties are measured.

DESCRIPTORS

AGITATED//MIXED//VISCOSITY//SAPONIFICATION//FATS//CLEANING//SOAP