ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Electrical Machines

COURSE PRESENTATION:

Following the electronics and electrotechnics course from the second year, this course
completes the study of the basic principles of electricity and begins those of their applications. It
comprising three (03) distinct parts, namely electromagnetism, rotating machines, and
static machines.

The primary objective of this course is to introduce electromagnetism and machines and its
applications.

COURSE OBJECTIVES

The course aims to enable the student to:

Analyze and calculate the effects of electromagnetism

Understanding the operation of an electric machine based on the parameters and the
characteristic curves
Identify the parts of a machine
Distinguish the different types of DC and AC motors and generators and explain their
principle of operation
Know the different characteristics of DC and AC machines in order to be able to make a
selection for a given installation, maintenance and repair
Recognize the different types of transformers and distinguish their open-circuit characteristics and
in charge

PROGRAMME :

CHAPTER I: MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM

CHAPTER II: FERROMAGNETISM

CHAPTER III: DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

CHAPTER IV: DC MOTORS

CHAPTER V: STATIC MACHINES

CHAPTER VI: ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTRICITY

Page1
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

CHAPTER I: MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM

LESSON 1: MAGNETISM

Introduction:

The term magnetism is derived from a mineral called iron oxide. The
Magnetism is the study of magnets and their properties.

I. TYPES OF MAGNET

The magnet can be considered as the generator of an external magnetic field, arising from
two (02) opposing magnetic poles at its ends. There are two (02) types of magnets:

Natural magnets
Artificial magnets

Nevertheless, the two (02) main classes of magnets are

Permanent magnets
Electromagnets

Natural magnets

Natural magnets are substances such as iron ore or magnetic that have the
property of attracting iron filings. They can also attract naturally magnetized stones.

2. Artificial magnets

Artificial magnets are made by man. They can be either permanent (magnets
permanent) or temporary (electromagnets). A magnet is permanent when it retains its
magnetization after being magnetized. A magnet is temporary when it temporarily retains its
aimantation.

II. POLES OF A MAGNET:

The poles of a magnet are the points of a magnet where the magnetic forces are concentrated.
capable of performing a job such as attracting iron filings.

A magnet has two poles, a north pole and a south pole.

1. Properties of the poles of a magnet

The properties of the poles of a magnet are:

Magnetic poles with the same names repel each other, while those with opposite names attract.
are attracted.

N 1 S

Magnetic bars 1 and 2 repel each other. Meanwhile, 2 and 3 attract each other.
mutually.
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page2
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

The magnetic poles of a magnet are inseparable; if you divide a magnet into several
parties, each of them will still have one (01) north pole and one (01) south pole.

N S

2. Lines of force of a magnet

The practical effects of magnetism result from the magnetic field of force between the two.
(02) poles located at opposite ends of the magnet. The magnetic force lines of a magnet
are lines that allow us to visualize the magnetic field without iron filings; although the
magnetic field is invisible (lines of force). We can observe the existence of its force when we
sprinkling of fine iron filings a glass blade or a sheet of paper placed at
on top of a magnetic bar.

N S

3. Meaning of lines of strength

To facilitate the study of magnetism, it has been established by conversion that the lines of force are
The magnetic field directs from the north pole to the south pole outside of the magnet and from the south pole to the north pole.
the inside of the magnet.

III. MAGNETIC SPECTRUM OF A MAGNET

The magnetic field of a magnet is the set of lines of magnetic force of that magnet.

IV. PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD LINES OF A MAGNET

The lines of force always go from a north pole to a south pole outside the magnet and
from the south pole to the north pole inside the magnet.
The lines of force never cross.
The lines of force tend to follow the shortest or easiest path.
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page3
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

The lines of force are similar to elastic threads between which there exists a force of
repulsion

V. MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH OR FLUX DENSITY

The induction field or magnetic flux density is the region of space traversed by the
Magnetic field lines. It is noted Best and expressed in TESLA (T).

VI. MAGNETIC FLUX

It is the number of field lines crossing a surface. It is denoted by Phi (Ø) and is expressed in
webers (Wb).

Magnetic flux crossing any surface

The magnetic flux through any surface is given by the following formula:

Ø=BScosθ

Ø = magnetic flux in Wb

B = magnetic induction fields T

S= surface enm2

θ = angle between the magnetic induction field and the normal to the surface crossed. The normal being
the line that crosses a surface perpendicularly.

Normal at S

NB: when θ=0, the magnetic induction field traverse⃗ Bperpendicularly the surface(S), or
still ⃗B
parallel to, ⃗ N then the formula above becomes Ø=BS

When(θ)=90° the magnetic induction field (B) passes parallel to the surface (S) or else ⃗B
perpendicular to so⃗ Nwe have=0

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 4
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Lesson 2: ELECTROMAGNETISM

Definition:

Electromagnetism is the study of the phenomena resulting from the interaction of currents.
electric fields and magnetic fields

I. MAGNETIC FIELD CREATED BY A CURRENT

ELECTRIC

Any electric current creates a magnetic induction field that has the same properties.
than that created by natural and permanent magnets.

1. Magnetic induction field created by a current in a conductor or by a

straight current

The magnetic flux density B created around a conductor carrying an electric current is
given by the following formula:

μ° I
B=
2πd

B = magnetic induction field in (T)

I = current in the conductors in (A)

d = distance from the center of the conductor to the induction (B) in (m)

μ° =4P10−7 Permeability of vacuum

Note: At the surface of the conductor, that is to say when d=r (radius of the conductor), the induction field
magnetic is given by the formula:

μ° I μ° I
B= =
2πr πD

D=2r=diameter of the conductor

B=μ° H μ° =4π10−7

I
H=
2πd

H = magnetic field created by a straight current in (A/m)

2. Sense of magnetic induction around a straight conductor: right-hand rule

the right hand

If you hold the conductor in your right hand with the thumb pointing in the direction of the current, the fingers
points in the direction of the flow; conversely, if one knows the direction of the magnetic flux density
We can use the same rule to deduce the direction of the current that produces it.

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page5
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

By convention, a current entering a conductor is represented by a cross, and a

outgoing current through a point.

Outgoing current

3. Magnetic induction field produced by a current in a circular coil

The magnetic induction field produced by a current in a circular loop is given

by the following formula:

I
B=μ ° =μ H
2R °

B = magnetic induction field in tesla (T)

I = current in the circular coil in (A)

R = radius of the circular coil in (m)

H = magnetic field in (A/)

Note: For a flat circular coil with a core area, the magnetic induction field is given by the
following formula:

B=μ ° ¿ =μ ° H H= ¿
2R 2R

N= number of circular turns of the flat coil

4. Magnetomotive force or magnetizing force

The product of the current and the number of turns is called the magnetomotive force, denoted by ƒ.
is expressed in ampere turns (Atrs)
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page6
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

ƒ=¿

N = number of turns

Thus for a circular flat coil we can also write:

ƒ
B=μ ° ¿ =μ ° H=μ °
2R 2R

With iron cores, the formula below becomes:

ƒ
B=μ° μ r ¿ =μ ° μ rH=μ° μ r
2R 2R

¿
B=microhenry=μμ=μ ° μ r
2R

The iron core enhances the magnetic effects of the coil.

rrelative permeability of iron

μ=μ °μ rmagnetic permeability of the material in question, which is iron here.

Permeability of a magnetic material is the degree of ease with which the magnetic field
establishes itself in this material.

5. Magnetic induction field produced by a current in a long coil or

air-cored solenoid

When the length of a coil is significantly greater than its width, this coil is said to be
long or solenoid. The magnetic induction field created by current in a long coil or
The solenoid is given by the following formula.

¿ H=μ ƒ
B=μ° =μ
l ° °
l

length of the sinusoid in (m)

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 7
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Symbol of a long coil or solenoid

For the toroid (long coil folded on itself) with a core area,

B=μ° ¿ =μ ° piD ¿ =μ° H

l my my

ƒ
l moy = pDimy B=μ°
l my

l moy =average length of the tower or average circumference of the tower

Dmoy =average diameter of the duct

D∫ ¿+D ext
Dmoy = ¿
2

Dintinner diameter

Dextouter diameter

Symbol
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………

l moy =l=π Dmy

With iron core

¿
B=μ° μr(Solenoid)
l

B=μ° μr ¿ (tore)
piDmy

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page8
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

With air core =1

r

II. DETERMINATION OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLES OF A LONG COIL OR

SOLENOID

Right-hand rule

If we imagine holding the long spool with the right hand, so that the fingers are
Directed in the direction of the current flowing through the coil, the thumb will point towards the north pole of the solenoid.

Thumb (Thumb)

III. ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

Law of the place

An electric conductor carrying an electric current and placed in a field

magnetic is subjected to an electromagnetic force or force of the place given by the formula
next

F=BILsinα

F = force of the place in newtons (N)

⃗ B et,⃗ Ior et⃗ B

α = angle between the conductor L

L = length of the conductor, length of a coil turn.

NB: for an eNpires coil,

F=BILNsinα

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page9
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

The strength of the field is maximum if the conductor is placed perpendicular to the lines.
π
of magnetic induction. α=
2

2. Force of the electric field acting between two parallel conductors carrying a
electric currents

The force of the space (or electrodynamic force) between two (02) parallel conductors is
given by the following formula:

l
F=μ° I 1I 2
2πd

ℓ = length of the conductors in (m)

d=distance between the conductors in (m)

Two parallel conductors carrying current in the same direction attract each other.
Two parallel conductors carrying current in opposite directions repel each other.

3. Meaning of electromagnetic force

The direction of the electromagnetic force is given by the right-hand three-finger rule.

The thumb will be pointed towards the induction field

The index will be pointed towards strength
The middle finger will be pointed towards the current.

One will note that the words field, path (movement), current; taken in their alphabetical order
corresponding to the first three fingers of the right hand taken in their natural order.

Champ
Thumb

IV. ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLE

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS
Page10
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

The electromagnetic coupleeis given by the following formula.

For a coil

C e =BISsinα

Ceelectromagnetic couple in N/m1

I = current in A

S = surface in m2

For N turns

C e =BISNsinα

α=angle between
(B¿) ¿ and the normal to the surface
( S ¿)¿

S=surface of a coil turn. It should be noted that in a coil all turns have the same
surface

V. Magnetic moment

The magnetic moment denoted M is given by the following formula.

Ce
M=
Bsinα

M = magnetic moment in Am2

Cein Nm

B in tesla (T)

VI. Work of an electromagnetic force

When an electromagnetic force moves perpendicularly to the induction field

magnetic, its work is given by the following formula.

W=Fd=BILd=BIS=∅I

( B) ┴ ¿

In joules (J)

F in Newton (N)

B in tesla (T)

In amperes (A)

L in meters (m)

S in square meters (m2)

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page11
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

one weber (Wb)

d = displacement of the force = distance of the displacement of the force or conductor

LESSON 3: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

I. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 12
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

When a conductor moves in a fixed or variable magnetic field, it is the seat

of an induced electromagnetic force noted. If the conductor is closed on itself, it is the seat
of an induced current noted.

When a conductor is cut by a variable or moving magnetic field, it is also the

the seat of an induced electromotive force denoted. If the conductor is closed on itself, it is the seat
of an induced current noted. The instantaneous value of the induced electromotive force is given by the
following formula:

d∅
e=
dt

one volt (V)

dØ = variation of the flux (cut flux) in webers (Wb)

dt = interval of time during which the flow is interrupted in seconds (s)

For N turns

d∅
e=N
dt

Let L be the inductance of the loop

∅=Li d∅=Ldi

dØ = variation of the flux. Final flux minus initial flux in Wb

di= variation of current in A

Thus for a coil

d∅ldi
e= =
dt dt

For N turns (coil)

d∅Ldi
e=N =
dt dt

L = inductance of the coil in henries (H)

Let a conductor of length L be moving in a magnetic induction field ⃗B à

⃗V in the conductor is given by the following formula:
a linear speed The FEM

∆∅ ∆I
E=BV l= =L
∆t Δt

E = average value of the induced EMF in volts (V)

Ư = variation of the flux in webers (Wb)

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIC

Page13
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

∆I = variation of current in amperes (A)

∆t = duration of the change in seconds

V = speed in m/s

II. Lenz's Laws

The direction of the induced current is such that it opposes the cause that produced it.

In conclusion, no variation in flow, no induced voltage, no induced current.

III. Self and mutual inductance

Self-inductance of a coil

Every coil has an inductance called self-inductance, which is the opposition of that coil.
to the variation of the current.

This flux crossing perpendicular to the right section S of a long coil of inductance L.
and crossed by a current I is given by the following formula:

∅=BSN=LI

Weber (Wb)

B in tesla (T)

S en (m2)

L and Henry (H)

In amperes (I)

Diagram
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Note: the energy stored in a coil powered by direct or alternating current is given
by the formula

12
W= LImax
2

In joules (J)

L and Henry (H)

In amperes (A)

In direct current: I = Imax

I max
In alternating current: I=
√2

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 14
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

For a circular flat coil with an air core

SN2 πRN2
L=μ° =μ °
2R 2

For a flat circular coil with an air core, the magnetic flux passing perpendicularly through it
The right section is given by the following formula.

∅=BSN=LI B=μ ° ¿
2R

LI LI
B= =μ ¿
SN SN ° 2 R

So

S N2
L=μ°
2R

With iron core we have:

πRN2
L=μ° μr
2

For a solenoid with an air core, the inductance L is given by the following formula:

S N2
L=μ°
l

L and henry (H

πD2
S= piR2= =right section
4

ℓ = length of the coil in (m)

N = number of turns

For a solenoid with a ferromagnetic core, the inductance is given by the following formula:

SN2 S N2
L=μ° μr =μ
l l

For an air-cored toroid:

SN2
L=μ°
πDmy

For a toroid with a core of iron:

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 15
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

SN2
L=μ piDmy

2. Mutual inductance between two coils

Let there be two long coils 1 and 2.

The flow produced by 1 is Ø1

∅ 1=B1S 1N 1=L1I 1

The one produced by2isØ2.

∅ 2=B2S 2N 2=L2I 2

When the two coils are placed side by side, the flux from coil 1 sent to 2 is Ø12.

∅ 12=B1S2N 2=L12I 1

The flow of the coil2sent to1isØ21

∅ 21=B2S 1N 1=L21I 2

L12etL21are the mutual inductances

Ø12 and Ø21 are the mutual flows

∅12 B 1N 2S 2 B1N 1S1

L12= = Or S1B1N 1=L1I 1 I 1=
I1 I1 L1

B12S2L1
L12=
B 1S1N1

S 2N 2
L12=L 1
S 1N 1

S 1N 12 S 1N 12S2N2
L1=μ° L12=μ° ×
l1 l1 S1N1

N 1N 2S 2
L12=μ°
l1

N 2N 1S 1
L21=μ°
l2

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page16
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

If the two coils are identical, that is to say they have the same length, the same
right section.

l=l 1=l2 S=S 1=S 2

The above formulas become:

N 1N 2S
L=L12=L21=L M =μ°
l

In conclusion, when two (2) identical coils are placed side by side, there exists between them
a mutual inductance denoted LMgiven by the following formula:

μ° S
L M =N 1N 2
l

With iron core:

μS
L M =N 1N 2
l

μ=μ ° μ r

NB: to calculate the total inductance of two identical coils connected in series and having a
mutual inductance, we apply the following formula:

LT=L1+L2± 2 L M

Mutual inductance is given a positive (+) sign when the coils are in series and with the
FMM of the same direction, and with a negative sign (-) when the coils are in series and with the FMM of direction.
opposite.

Representation

3. Coupling coefficient

The fraction of total flux from one coil that passes through the other coil is the coupling coefficient.
noted K. the mutual flow Ømis given by:

∅ m =K∅1

L=K
M L√ 1×L 2

With 0 < K < 1 For a perfect coupling K=1

CHAPTER II: FERROMAGNETISM

Lesson 1: FERROMAGNETIC MEDIA

I. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS:

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page17
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

An electrical circuit consists of a set of conductors connected to each other;

in the same way a magnetic circuit is made up of a group of bodies connected to each other and
intended to be crossed by a magnetic flux.

II. MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY

Magnetic permeability is the degree of ease with which a magnetic field is established.
in a material. Most often, it is denoted by .

Magnetic materials are those that can be easily traversed by a field.

magnetic. They have a high permeability. We can mention:

Ferromagnetic materials

They have an extremely high permeability. We have iron; nickel; steel; cobalt and
commercial alloys such as alnico, which is an alloy made of aluminum, nickel, and iron, with
cobalt, copper, and titanium addictions. It's a very common permanent magnet.

Paramagnetic materials

They are those whose magnetic permeability is greater than that of vacuum. We can
cite: aluminum manganese chromium.

Diamagnetic materials

These are those for which the magnetic permeability is less than that of vacuum. We can
cited: bismuth; antimony; copper; zinc; mercury; gold; silver.

Note: Ferrites are ceramic materials that have been developed with properties.
ferromagnetic iron. Ferrites are insulators while iron is conductive. The cores of
Ferrites are used in transformers, radio frequency of radios or receivers that
use a low current such as the RF antennas of radios. Iron is a ferromagnetic material
soft while steel is hard. Hysteresis losses are very high in materials such as
the steel.

III. RELUCTANCE OF A MATERIAL

Most often it is noted by the letter R. It is the resistance that this material offers to
the establishment of magnetic field lines. It is expressed in A/W and is given by the formula
next:

R=R fer + R e

l fer
R fer=
μS

ℓto beaverage length of the iron in (m)

e
Re =
μ° S

Rereluctance in the air gap in (A/Wb)

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTOTECHNICS

Page 18
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

e = distance between the air gap in (m)

Note: A gap is the empty space located between two opposite poles.

IV. ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT AND MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

R(Resistance) R(Reluctance)

I(current) Ø(flux)

U(tension) ƒ (magnetizing force or magnetomotive force)

U=RI

ƒ=R Ø

ƒ=(R fer + Re ) Ø

V. Magnetizing force or magnetic field H

In a vacuum, the magnetic induction field is given by the following formula:

B=μ° H

Thus in the void or in the netherworld the magnetic field H is given by the formula:

B
H=
μ°

The magnetizing force or magnetomotive force in a vacuum or in the air gap is:

B
ƒe =He= e
μ°

In a material, the magnetic field is:

B B
H= =
μ μ° μr

Schema
between
…………………

Thus, in a material such as iron, the magnetomotive force is:

ƒ fer=R fer∅=¿=Hlmy

B B
l my= l
μ μ° μr my

ℓmylength in the air gap or in the material. In a magnetic circuitTis therefore:

ƒT=ƒ fer+ ƒe =¿

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page19
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

ƒTtotal magnetomotive force.

Lesson 2: RESOLUTION OF MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

I. AMPERE'S LAW FOR MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

The Ampère's law for magnetic circuits is as follows:

¿=∑ Hl=H 1 l1 + H 2 l 2 +…+ Hl n

Note: When the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is negligible.

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 20
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

∑Hl=0

II. TYPES OF MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

1. Series magnetic circuits

In a series circuit, the current is the same everywhere.

1.1. Series magnetic circuit without air gap:

Schema:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….

ƒ1=N 1I 1 ƒ2=N 2I 2

N 1I 1−N 2I 2=Sum H l

∑Hl=Hlab+ H lbc + Hl+Hlyes

sumofHl= 2H lab+2H lbc

B
SumHl=2(l ab+ bc )
μ

1.2. Magnetic circuits in series with air gap:

Diagram
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………

¿=∑ H l

B
∑Hl=Hlab+ H lbc + e+ Hlof+ Hl+ Hlfa
μ°

B B
SumHl= ( l+l+l+l+l+ e
μ ° μ r ab bc of ef
) μ
°

∑Hl=
μ°(
B l ab +lbc +lde +l ef+l fa
μr
+e
)
2. Series parallel magnetic circuit:

In series-parallel magnetic circuits, the flux is not the same everywhere.

Diagram……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page 21
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

∅ 1=∅2 + ∅3

∅ 1=B1S∅2 =B2S∅3=B3S

BB =μH
= B3 =m i c r o h e n r y 3
1yrne2h1orc m
i 2

¿=Sum H l

∑Hl=H 1 lef+ H 1 l fa+ H 1l ab+ H 2 lbc +H 2l cd +H2 de +H 3l eb

B1 B2 B3
∑Hl= ( l+l+l+
μ ef fa ab ) μ ( l+l+l+
bc cd l of )
μ eb

Note: For magnetic materials ris sometimes given. If it is not, we find it from the
magnetization curve.

CHAPTER III: STUDY OF DC MACHINES

Lesson 1: INTRODUCTION TO DC MACHINES

INTRODUCTION :

This study, which will mainly be a mathematical study and slightly technological, does not
concerning that DC motors and DC generators; all are reversible machines that is to say
that they can operate either as a motor or as a generator and vice versa.
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page22
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Note: A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Example: the dynamo.
The alternators are generators.

A generator converts radiant thermal mechanical energy into electrical energy. Example: the
A dynamo is a direct current generator or direct current machine. The alternator is
alternating current generator or; or alternating current generator. The battery is a generator of
direct current. The battery, solar cells are generators.

I. CONSTITUTION OF DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

All direct current machines are mainly composed of a field winding, an armature,
from a collector and brushes; to all this we can add the carcass and the commutation poles,
the compensating winding, the bearing flanges.

II. DEFINITION OF THE MAIN ORGANS

The inductor: it can be an electromagnet (DC machine with electromagnet inductor) or a

permanent magnet (DC machine with permanent magnet inductor).
He is the one who produces all the inductive flow in which the armature is immersed. He is one of the components.
fixes of a DC machine.
The armature: it is the rotating part of a DC machine. The force is induced in it.
induced electromotive force (generator) or the induced back electromotive force (motor). It is
always coiled.
Collector: it is the rotating commutation organ of a DC machine. It is mounted on
the induced. It is a mechanical rectifier.
The carcass: it is the organ that channels and completes the circuit of the magnetic flow that goes from the
inductor poles to the armature. It is in a way the body of the machine.
The inductive poles: They are the polar parts.
The commutation poles: these are the poles that are placed in series with the armature. They
allow to correct the effect of induced reaction.
Compensation winding: these are the windings that are directly supported by the
Facing the expansions of the main poles of DC machines. They are connected in series.
with the rotor and allow correcting the induced magnetic reaction.
Bearing flanges: the seats of the ball bearings are in the bearing flanges that are
the machine covers. Fixed to the casing, the ball bearings of the shaft
The induced allows it to turn freely and keeps it in place.
The brushes: they allow feeding the rotor from an external continuous source. In other
terminals, they ensure the electrical connection between the rotor and the external power supply. They are mounted
fixed on the machine frame and the collector rubs against them thus allowing to supply the
windings of the armature.
III. TYPES OF DC MACHINES ACCORDING TO EXCITATION

Depending on the type of excitation, there are about five (05) types of DC machines.

DC machines with permanent magnet excitation (inductor)

DC machines with independent or separate excitation.
Shunt or derivation excited DC machines.
Series excited DC machines.
DC compound machines or DC machines with compound excitation

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page23
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

IV. SYMBOLS

The different symbols that we will use during our study are:

E=induced electromotive force (EMF)

E' = counter electromotive force (CEMF)

Ø=induced flux

U=induced tension

u = inductor tension

I=induced current

i = excitation current or inducing current

r = inductance resistance

R=induced resistance; total series resistance of all the elements of the induced circuit which are: the
resistance of the conductors of the armature, the resistance of the brushes, the resistance of the winding
commutation, the resistance of the compensation winding,

Rh = excitation rheostat

Bipolar direct current machine diagram

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….

LESSON 2: SEPARATE EXCITATION GENERATOR OR EXCITATION

INDEPENDENT

INTRODUCTION :

A separately excited generator is one whose exciter is powered separately from

the induced one. It has the same characteristics as the permanent magnet excited generator except that
In the case of the permanent magnet, all the inducing flux is provided by it.

I. PRINCIPAL SCHEME

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page24
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

-
Inductor Induit

II. EQUATIONS OF TENSIONS

Inductor:

u=( Rh+r )i

When Rh=0u=ri

Indigenous

E=U+ RI

Rh, r, R in ohms (Ω)

E, U, you are wrapped (V)

I, in ampere (A)

NB: At the temperature θ, the resistance of inuit notedθRis given by the following formula

Rθ=R 0 (1+αθ)

R0induced resistance at 0°C

α = temperature coefficient

θ = temperature in degrees

For any direct current generator:

P
E=U+ RI= Nn∅=k∅n=Zn∅
a

P = number of pole pairs

a = number of pairs of lanes (notches)

n = rotational speed turns/min

N = number of active strands per; number of active conductors on the armature; number of active turns on
the induced.
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page25
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Ø = induced flux per pole in weber (Wb)

k = constant dependent on the machine

Z = total number of conductors on the armature; number of slots * number of turns per coil * 2

III. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATORS

The characteristics are curves representing the variations of the quantities of a machine such as
what: the EMF, the DC current, the induced current, the induced voltage, the excitation current, the speed of
rotation, torque, power…

1. Unloaded characteristics
)
It is the characteristic0depending on the excitation current 0 =f ( i
And
constant. It gives us the magnetization curve or saturation curve of the machine.
It traces itself at speed N
E0 =k∅n 0

E0open-circuit electromotive force, that is to say when the generator does not deliver any current (I=0)
To the blank, I=0 therefore

E=U=E 0=k∅n0

The appearance of the empty characteristic is as follows:

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 26
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3 i

Note: most often the no-load characteristic does not start at zero, due to the induction field.
permanent.

A DC machine is saturated when any increase in the inductive flux (excitation current)
does not necessarily lead to an increase in the induced electromotive force.

2. Characteristic under load

It is the characteristic of the induced voltage as a function of the induced current U=f ( I )She
trace at constant speed N and at constant excitation current. Its equation is as follows.

E=U+ RI U=E−RI=k∅N−RI

U=−RI+ unknown

Attraction of the curve:

U=f(I)
3. Rate of change of the output voltage

Let it be‫ﺡ‬ this rate of change

E 0−U ch
‫=ﺡ‬
Uch

tension video−tension charge

‫=ﺡ‬
tensions charge

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page27
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

4. Powers and efficiency

4.1. Powers

The power supplied by a separately excited generator is provided by its motor.

training and the nutrition of its inductor.

Let Pa be this absorbed power

Pa=P UM +ui

PUMuseful power of the drive motor in Watts (W)

PUM =Pe+ P0'

Peelectromagnetic power

Pe =EI

P0' empty losses = iron losses + mechanical rotation losses

P0' =P fer + Pm é ca

P=¿
fer Hysteresis losses + eddy current losses in the rotor

NB: Eddy currents are swirling currents that arise in masses.

metal objects in motion in a fixed or variable magnetic field or placed in a field
variable magnetic. There are no iron losses in the inductor of DC machines (shunt inductor,
separately excited inductor) since iron losses only exist if the flux is variable; the inductor of the
DC machines are powered by DC which creates a fixed flow; although the armature is powered by DC,
As it rotates in a fixed magnetic field of the inductor, this rotation causes in it some
iron losses.

PUuseful power

PU =UI

The sum of the losses ΣPest equals:

Losses=PJI+ P Ji +P'0

PJIinduced joule losses

PJI=RI2

PYeslosses joules inductor

PJi =ui

NB: PYes= ri2if and only if Rh=0

P'0losses at idle
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS
Page 28
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Pa=P U + Losses

4.2. Yield

The efficiency of an electric machine or industrial efficiency is equal to:

PUPa−Losses PU
η= = =
Pa Pa PU+ Losses

NB: the electrical efficiency ηe is given by the following formula:

PU
ηe =
Pe

For any vacuum machineU= 0 (I=0), Pa= ΣLosses.

Thus, when idle, the drive motor of a separately excited generator supplies it with the losses.
see.
Pa=P UM +ui=P U + RI2+P '0 A videoU=0 ; I=0 Pa=P UM +ui=0+0+ui+ P'0

PUM =P0'

4.3. Maximum yield

For a separately excited generator, the efficiency is maximal when the variable losses are
equal to the constant losses.

Variable losses=RI2

Constant losses=ri2+ P'0

ri² is a constant loss if and only if it is constant.

The armature current for which the efficiency is maximal is:

I max=
√ Constant losses
R

P Umax UImax
ηmax = 2
=
POnex +2RI max UImax +2 R I 2max

Attraction of the maximum yield curve:

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page29
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

5. POWER TREE OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR OR

POWER BALANCE

LESSON 2: SHUNT EXCITATION GENERATOR OR SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

EXCITE

When the inductor is connected in parallel with the armature, it is referred to as a shunt generator or
derivation or self-excited.

I. SCHEMA OF PRINCIPLE

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page30
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

II. EQUATIONS OF TENSIONS AND CURRENTS

1. Stress equations
Inductor

u= ( Rh+r ) i=U

Indigenous

P
E=U+ RI=u+RI=K Ø n= NnØ=Zn Ø
a

2. Current equations

I =I+i

I = charge current or flow current.

III. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SHUNT GENERATOR

1. Unladen characteristics

It is the characteristic0It is always drawn when the generator is connected to

separate excitation. Thus its appearance is the same as its counterpart with separate excitation.

2. Load characteristics

It is the characteristic U = f(i), induced voltage as a function of induced current, or induced voltage.
depending on the load current U = f(Ich). It is plotted at constant excitation current i.
allure is the same as its counterpart in separated excitation.

3. Shunt generator startup

It is said that a shunt generator starts when it generates a usable voltage. For
For a shunt generator to start, the following conditions must be met:

Existence in the machine of a small remanent field (magnetization that persists in the circuit
magnetic
The flow circuit is open (no load at the end)
The rotation speed should be sufficient
The excitation rheostat should be zero to have a large excitation current.

When these conditions are met and the generator does not start, the direction can be changed.
connection of the armature. If not, consult an electrical engineer.

4. The line of inductors

It is the right that allows us to find the tension E0empty of the machine knowing the
total resistance of the inductive circuit and the magnetization curve of the machine. An equilibrium is achieved.
when the magnetization curve meets the line of inductors.

When the charging current is zero Ich=0 I=i

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page 31
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

E0 =U+ RI=U+ Ri=u+ Ri=(r + Rh)i+ Ri

A video

E0 = ( R+ Rh+ r ) i≅( Rh+r ) i

E0
≈ r +Rh
i

r+Rh=total resistance of the inductor circuit; it is the slope of the inductor line.

Example:

A shunt generator has a total resistance of the field circuit equal to 100Ω. Find the EMF (E)0)
in open circuit for an excitation current i=2A. You will use the following magnetization curve.

Magnetization curves:

200

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page32
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

E0 E0
=r +Rh→ =100; E0=200V
i 2

For the curveE0260V

Note: The magnetic reaction of the induced is the action of the magnetomotive force of the induced on the inductor.
For generators, it causes a drop in voltage across the load, for motors
it causes a decrease in the FCEM thus an increase in speed.

5. Powers and efficiency

5.1. Powers

For a shunt generator, the power absorbed is provided by the driving motor of the
generator.

Pa=P UM

PUMuseful power of the drive motor

Pa=P e + 0' =PU + Sum Lost

Pe =EI PU=UIch

P0' = lost= collective losses= constant losses= mechanical losses+iron losses

2
Total Losses=RI +ui+P'0=PJI+ P hi+P'0=PJT+ P'0
2
NB : P yes=r i s s i R h =0

A video PU= 0 Pa = ∑losses

5.2. Yield

The industrial or commercial yield is given by the following formula:

PUPa−Sum of losses PU
η= = =
Pa Pa PU+sum loss

Note: the electrical yield is:

PU
ηe =
Pe

For a shunt generator, the efficiency is maximum if the variable losses are
substantially equal to the fixed losses.

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page33
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

P Umax PUmax
ηmax = =
2
POnex +2RImax POnex +2Pconst

Imax = armature current at maximum efficiency.

dη
Note: to find the exact formula for ηmax, it is necessary to calculate. =0
dI

PUmaxI

I = current of charge at maximum yield

I=
√ Constant losses
R

I ch=I −i

6. Power tree of a shunt generator

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page34
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Pa' =UI= power at the level of' Induced

PJT =P JI+ PYes

TP No. 1:

1. HIGHLIGHT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERATOR

2. MEASUREMENT OF THE SHUNT INDUCTOR RESISTANCE BY THE METHOD
VOLT-AMPEROMETRIC.

ASSEMBLY SCHEMA

3. MEASUREMENT OF THE ARMATURE RESISTANCE BY THE VOLT METHOD

AMPEROMETRIC

U
The generator is connected as a DC motor R=
I

MONTAGE SCHEMA

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page35
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Feed the armature in such a way that it does not rotate. Measure the voltage U and the current I.
U
correspondent. Then calculateR= What is the total resistance of all the elements in the circuit?
I
(armature resistance).

TP No. 2

PLOTTING OF THE EMPTY CHARACTERISTIC E0=F(i) FROM A GENERATOR TO

SEPARATE EXCITATION

I. ASSEMBLY DIAGRAM

It is

-
The tracing of the characteristic will be done at constant speed.

I (mA) E(V) I (mA) E(V) I (mA) E(V)

0 20 90 100 330 290
10 31 120 150 340 295
20 40 180 180 350 300
40 60 300 280 360
60 80 320 285 370
Question :

Plot the open-circuit characteristic using the obtained readings and then conclude.

LESSON 3: GENERATOR SERIES

When the armature is connected in series with the shunt inductor, it is referred to as a series generator.
talks about a series generator. It is rarely used because it must necessarily operate on a
Charge to provide a significant voltage at its terminals. When unloaded, its EMF is almost zero.

I. PRINCIPLE SCHEMA

II. EQUATIONS OF TENSIONS

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page 36
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

P
( S)
E=U+ R+I=Gender= NnØ=ZnØ
a

Here the excitation current is equal to the charge current.

i=I =I

III. POWER AND YIELD

Powers

Pa = PUMabsorbed power = useful power of the drive motor

Pa=P U +Total Losses=Pe +P '0

PU =UI=UIch=Ui

Total Losses=¿

Pe =EI

2. Yield

PUPa−Total Losses PU
η= = =
Pa Pa PU+ Total Losses

IV. POWER TREE OF A SERIES GENERATOR

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page37
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

LESSON 4: COMPOUND EXCITATION GENERATOR OR GENERATOR

COMPOUND

There are two types of compound generators:

The compound cumulative generator or additive flow generator (long or short derivation)
The differential compound generator or subtractive flux generator (long or short derivation)

For the cumulative compound generator or additive flow, the total flow is given by the formula
next

Ø T=Ø shunt +Ø series

Regarding the differential compound generator or the subtractive flux generator, the total flux
is given by the following formula:

Ø T=Ø shunt −Ø series

I. PRINCE SCHEMA

Short compounded cumulative generator

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page38
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Here the induced is in parallel with the inductor, all in series with the series inductor.

2. Long shunt cumulative compound generator

Here the inducer is in series with the series inductor, all in parallel with the shunt inductor.

II. EQUATIONS OF THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT OF A GENERATOR

CUMULATIVE SHORT DERIVATION COMPOUND

1. Tension equations

P
E=U+r s I ch + RI=KØT= NnØT=ZnØT
a

E=u+ RI

u=r s I ch+ U= ( Rh+r ) i

2. Current equations

I =I ch +I

III. POWER AND EFFICIENCY OF A COMPOUND GENERATOR

CUMULATIVE SHORT DERIVATION

Powers

PU =UIch
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page39
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Pa=P UM =PU +Spertes

Losses=ui+ R I 2 +r s I 2ch + P0' =P Jish+ P JI+ P0'

2 2 2
P=EI=
e u+( RII= RI+
) (r I+ I syou=uI+) R I=R I+r I+UI
ch ch

2. Yield

PUPa−Losses PU
η= = =
Pa Pa PU+ Surprises

Pa=P UM =Pe + P'0=UIch + RI2 +r sI c2h +ui+ P 0'

The yield is maximum when variable losses equal fixed losses.

CHAPTER IV: DC MOTORS

INTRODUCTION

Direct current motors are devices that convert electrical energy into energy.
mechanics they receive in mechanical energy. The construction of the engines is identical to that
generators, so that a direct current machine can serve equally as a motor
and as a generator.

The use of direct current motors is rather limited, as construction is done with alternating current.
The superiority of its engines lies in the fact that they easily lend themselves to smooth control,
continuous and almost instantaneous of their speed.

LESSON 1: INDEPENDENT EXCITATION MOTOR

I. MOUNTING SCHEMA

-
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Inductor Page40
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

II. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR

Characteristic of speed as a function of excitation current n=f(i)

It is traced at I and U constant.

U−RI
E' =kØn=U−RI→n=
kØ

1
Ø=lin= (U−RI)
kØ

Her look is as follows:

n=f(i)

We can vary the speed of a direct current motor by varying the current.
of excitation therefore the inductive flux.

2. Characteristic of speed as a function of armature current n=f(i)

It is traced with a constant excitation current and a constant induced voltage U.

His equation:

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 41
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

U−RI
E' =kØn=U−RI→n=
kØ

−RI U
n= +
kØ kØ

Her appearance is as follows:

I0

Due to no-load losses, the armature current is not zero when the motor is operating without load. Thus

U−R I 0 U
N 0= ≈
kØ kØ

3. Characteristic of speed as a function of electromagnetic torque n=f(ce) or n=f(Te)

It is traced at a constant excitation current and constant induced voltage U, namely:

Pe = electromagnetic power, electric power, mechanical power. In Watt (W)

Ce = electromagnetic torque, mechanical torque, <moment of the electromagnetic torque>. In Nm

ouJ/rad.

CUuseful couple EnNmouJ/rad.

CPcouple of losses due to no-load losses EnNmouJ/rad.

PUuseful power in Watts (W)

P'0=iron losses + mechanical losses, no-load losses, collective losses, <constant losses> in Watts (W)

The characteristic equation of speed as a function of the electromagnetic torque is the

following = f(This).

2πnCe
Pe =2 π n C e =ΩCe =
60

On Watt

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page42
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

n in tr/s

Ω in rad/s

This in N/m-1

2πnCe
Pe =
60

On Watt

n in rpm

Ω=2πn

Ω = angular velocity in rad/s

Pe =E' I =kØn=2πnCe

2 π n C e =E' I

E' I ( U−RI ) I
N= =
2πCe 2π C e

Her appearance is as follows:

n = f(Ce)

PU =2πnCU =P e−P'0=ΩCe

P0' =2π n0C P=E'0I 0

C e =CU+C P

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page43
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

A vide PU=0 therefore CU=0 then Ce=CP

Note: at the start of a direct current motor and other motors, the rotation speed is zero (n=0).
So E' = 0.

An engine is in equilibrium when the motor torque (electric torque) is equal to the resisting torque.
(useful couple) due to the mechanical load. At this moment the motor is operating at its nominal speed.

4. Characteristics of the electromagnetic couple as a function of the induced current ce=f(i)

It is traced at a constant excitation current and with a constant induced voltage U. Its equation
is the following.

Pe =2 π n C e =E' I =k∅∋¿

2 π n C e =k∅∋¿

kØ kØ
C e= I C = AI with A=
→
2π e 2π

NB: for separately excited direct current motors, the electromagnetic torque is
proportional to the induced current.

C e =AI

C e =CU+C P→C U =C e −C P

C U = AI−CP

Allure of the curve:

5. Characteristic of the yield as a function of the armature current η=f(I)

It is traced at a constant current of excitation and a constant voltage U.

Her appearance is as follows:

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Page 44
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

η=f(I)

I1induced current at maximum efficiency.

III. POWER AND PERFORMANCE

POWERS

The power absorbed by a separately excited motor is given by the following formula:

Pa=UI+ui=Pa' + PYes

Pa' =UI

P'a = power provided to the rotor or power absorbed by the rotor.

PYesLosses in joules inductor or power absorbed by the inductor.

Pa=P U + Spertes

Pe =E' I =2 π n C e=PU+P'0

PU =2πnCU =P a−Spertes=Pe −P'0

P0' =E '0I 0=2πn0C P=Pe −PU

Spertes=ui+ R I 2 + P0' =P JI + PJI+ P'0=PJT+ P0'

2. YIELD

PUPa−Experience PU
η= = =
Pa Pa P U + spertes

NB :

Yield is maximized when variable losses equal fixed losses.

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 45
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

IV. INVERSION OF THE ROTATION DIRECTION OF DC MOTORS

To reverse the direction of rotation of any DC motor, you must change the direction of the current either in
the induced should be in the inductor. But not in both at the same time.

V. POWER TREE OF A DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

INDEPENDENT EXCITATION (POWER BALANCE)

LESSON 2: SHUNT MOTOR OR SERIES EXCITATION MOTOR

It is a direct current motor operating at a relatively constant speed when the flux of the poles
inductors is constant. It is used to drive variable loads at practically
constants such as: elevators, escalators, paper machines, rollers.

A flux constant has the same characteristics as its counterpart with separately excited flux.
constant or excited by permanent magnet.

I. SCHEMA OF PRINCE

II. EQUATIONS OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE ELECTROTECHNICS

Page 46
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

II.1. TENSIONS

U=E' +RI

U=u

E' =gender=U−RI

II.2. CURRENTS

I ch=I+I

III. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SHUNT MOTOR

1. Characteristics of speed as a function of excitation current n=f(i)

It is traced at a great rate and at a constant rate. Its equation is as follows.

E' U−RI
E' =U−RI=gender= =
line queue

1
= (U −RI)
queue

Her appearance is as follows:

n=f(i)

Note: it is never advisable to open the inductor of a shunt motor while it is running, as the flux would cancel out and the
The engine could run away, meaning it will reach an extremely high speed which could
train its destruction.

2. Characteristic of speed as a function of armature current n=f(I)

It is traced at Uet and at constant.

U−RI
E' =U−RI→n=
queue
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page 47
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

−RY U
= queue
+ queue

Her appearance is as follows:

I0

3. Characteristic of the electromagnetic couple as a function of the induced current Ce = f(I)

It is traced at Uet and at constant. Its equation is as follows:

E' I gender
Pe =E' I =2 π n C e→C e = =
2πn2πn

køI
C e= →C e =AI
2π

K = constant.

Note: for a shunt motor, the electromagnetic torque is proportional to the armature current.

C e =AI

Her appearance is as follows:

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE I

Page48
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

C e =CU+C P

IV. POWER AND YIELD

Powers

Pa=UIch =u I ch

Pa=P U + Stray

Pe =E' I =PU + P '0=2 π n C e

PU =P e−P'0=Pa−Sparks=2πnCU

P0' =P e −P U =2π n 0 C P =E0' I 0

E0' =U−RI0

spertes=ui+ R I 2 + P0' =P yes+ P JI+P0' =P JT+ P'0

Let P'a = power supplied to the armature by the power source.

Pa' =uI=UI

2. Yield

PUPa−Losses PU
η= = =
Pa Pa PU+ Losses

Note: the yield is maximized if the variable losses are equal to the fixed losses.

The useful couple can be measured by:

A balance generator

C u=P l

P = weight

ℓ = length of the lever arm

A Prony brake

C u=FR

F = braking force

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page49
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

R = lever arm radius

3. An electrodynamometer

Lecture direct PU =2πnCU The rotation speed is measured using a tachometer.

V. STARTING OF DC MOTORS

At the startup of a direct current motor, the rotation speed is zero, which means
that the FCEM of the engine is null E' = 0.

Since it is zero, the induced current is limited at startup only by the resistance of the armature R.R.
When small, by applying the voltage U directly to the armature at startup, the current becomes too
large and can lead to the destruction of the motor's armature windings. To reduce the current
induced at startup, we connect in series with the armature a pull-in resistance
starting our starting rheostat.

Schematic diagram with series starting rheostat with the armature

NB: At startup, the resistance R is at its maximum so that the induced current I is the highest.
small possible. After startup, Rdest is gradually removed from the circuit by short-circuiting.

U
Without starting resistance I =I=d
R

E'=U-RI. At startup E'=0. With starting resistance R mounted in series with the armature.
U
startup. I =I=d
R+ R d

The starting torque of a separately excited shunt motor:

C ed =AId = Id
2π

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page50
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

VI. POWER TREE OF A SHUNT MOTOR

LESSON 3: DC SERIES MOTOR

It is an engine for heavy loads or for loads requiring a strong starting torque.
for rapid acceleration. It is commonly used in lifting devices (cranes) or in
the attraction (electric train, electric vehicles).

I. PRINCIPLE SCHEMA

U'

II. EQUATIONS OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

II.1. TENSIONS

( S I)
U=E' + r+R

P
E' =a= Nn∅=Zn∅
a

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page51
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

(
E' =U− R+r I)
S

U ' =U−r SI

II.2. CURRENT

I =I=I ch

III. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SERIES ENGINE

For a series motor, the flux is proportional to the armature current before the saturation of the circuit.
magnetic.

∅= AI

A = constant

The characteristic of the electromagnetic couple as a function of the induced current Ce= f(I) has for
equation:

Pe =E' I =k∅∋ ¿2πnCe

2 π n C e =k∅∋¿

Or ∅= AI

2π C e =kAI2

KAI2
C e= =BI2
2π

KA
With B=
2π

For a series motor, the electromagnetic torque is proportional to the square of the current.
induced before saturation of the magnetic circuit.

C e =BI2=C U +CP

NB:

One should never start a series motor at no load, powered under full voltage because it could
To get carried away means to reach an extremely high speed that can lead to its destruction.

The racing of a series engine in idle is due to the flow being too small at idle.0=AI0
flux being small when empty, the speed is therefore very high when empty.

IV. POWER AND PERFORMANCE

IV.1. Powers

Pa=UI=PU+ Losses
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS
Page 52
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Pe =E' I =2 π n C e=PU+ P'0

P0' =2π n0C P=E'0I 0=Pe −PU

Losses= r+( RI
S
2
+) P' =P+P
0
'
JT 0

Let P'a = power supplied to the armature by the power source.

Pa' =UI−r SI 2=U' I =Pa−P He

IV.2. YIELD

PUPa−Losses PU
η= = =
Pa Pa PU+ Losses

The yield is maximal when variable losses equal fixed losses.

V. POWER TREE OF A SERIES ENGINE

TP N°3 :

MEASURING THE ROTATION LOSSES OF A DC MOTOR

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 53
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

I. MONTAGE SCHEMA

II. TABLE OF REPORTS

U(V) I0(mA) R(Ω) P0(W) n0(tr/s) Cp(Nm)

80 75 890
160 90 1760
220 95 2445

III. CALCUL

'
Σ P0'
P=
0 '
number P0

R= 33.33Ω

TP No. 4:

PLOTTING THE CHARACTERISTIC n=f(i) OF A SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR

I. PRINCIPLE SCHEMA

II. TABLE OF STATEMENTS

u(V) i (mA) n (tr/mn)

20 25 6500
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page 54
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

30 50 4520
60 100 2770
90 150 2110
122 200 1765
160 250 1540
175 300 1445

III. PLOTTING THE CHARACTERISTIC n=f(i)

LESSON 4: COMPOUND MOTOR OR COMPOUND EXCITATION MOTOR

It is a motor for very high resistant loads and of short duration. It excites two (02) types of
compound engine.

Cumulative compound engine or additive flux engine (long or short derivation)

∅ T=∅ shunt + ∅ series

Differential compound motor or subtractive flux (long or short shunt)

∅ T=∅ shunt −∅series

I. PRINCIPLE SCHEMA

Schematic diagram of a cumulative compound engine with long derivation

2. Schematic diagram of a cumulative compound engine with short shunt

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page 55
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

II. EQUATIONS OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN A MOTOR

Cumulative Short Derivation

1. Tension equations

U=r sI ch + u=r sI ch + RI+ E'

E' =U−r sI ch−RI

P
E' =K∅Tn= Nn∅T=ZN∅T
a
'
( i )
u=U−r sI ch=E+ RI= Rh+r

2. Current equations

I ch=I+I

3. Powers

Pa=P U + Losses=UIch

( I sI ch )
P'a=uI= U−r

Pe =E' I =PU + P '0=2 π n C e

PU =P e−P'0=2 π n C U

P0' =E '0I 0=P e−P U =2π n0C P

Losses=Pa−PU=r sI 2ch+ ui+ RI2+ P '0

4. Yield

PU PU Pa−Losses
η= = =
PaPU+ Losses Pa

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page 56
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

TP No. 5

PLOTTING THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A COMPOUND CUMULATIVE ENGINE

LONG DERIVATION : n=f(I) ; n=f(CU) ; CU=f(I) ; η=f(I) ; η=f(PU).

A U and i constant.

I. MONTAGE SCHEMA

II. TABLE OF RECORDS

U(V) Ich(A) I(A) n (tr/mn) Cu(nm) PU(W) Pa(W) η

220 0.25 0.1 1340 CP0.04 0 0 0
220 0.9 0.25 1140 0.84
220 1,2 0.35 1075 1.35
220 1.4 0.45 1060 1.88
220 1.7 0.55 870 2.51
220 1.8 0.6 830 2.8
220

III. QUESTIONS

Trace the characteristics of the machine based on the obtained readings.

LESSON 4: INDUCTION ROLLING

It primarily excites two (02) armature windings.

The nested winding

This is the one where one or more trapezoidal shaped spirals can be found. The two ends of
the windings are close to each other.

The Wavy Winding

It is the one where one or more trapezoidal coils are found. The two (02) ends.
the winding are separated from each other.

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 57
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

The nested winding

The Wavy Wrapping

CHAPTER V: STATIC MACHINES

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

I. DEFINITION

The transformer is a simple, reliable, and efficient device that allows for the conversion of voltage.
alternative in another alternating current with a different amplitude.

II. PRINCE

The transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetism, which states that:

When a variable flux passes through a fixed coil, there is an induction of voltage in that coil.

Generally, every transformer is composed of two (02) coils (primary and secondary)
magnetically connected to a laminated magnetic circuit (iron core). No connection.
electric does not connect the two (02) coils. When one of the two coils is powered by a voltage
a magnetic flux resulting from the current created by this variable voltage circulates in the core
of puff pastry. This variable flux passes through the second coil and induces a voltage in it.

The amplitude of the induced voltage (primary or secondary) depends on the maximum flux passing through the
coil of the frequency and the number of turns of the concerned coil. Every transformer works
under the principle of variable flow.

III. TYPES OF SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Industrially, it primarily excites, depending on the magnetic circuit (iron core), two (02) types
single-phase transformers: the pole transformer and the shell transformer.

Column transformer
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page58
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

It is a transformer, so the core has a rectangular shape. Its first branch bears the
primary and the second branch the secondary. It is widely used for high voltage services,
because it has more space for insulation. Its leak flow is greater than that of its counterpart
curassé.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………..

2. Curassed transformer

It is a transformer, so the core is shaped like a lying 8 with two (02) coils wrapped around it.
concentrically around the central branch. Commonly, it is used for services to
low voltage and its leakage flow is smaller than that of its column counterpart. Generally, the
The secondary is wound over the primary in this type of transformer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………….

Note: A transformer is a reversible device, meaning that the primary can become the
secondary and vice versa.

To reduce losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis, the magnetic circuit is laminated.
(core) of transformers.

IV. TENSION IN A TRANSFORMER

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Primary winding
In elementary school, we have:

u1=Û 1 sinωt

u1instantaneous tension alternative supplying the primary.

i1=Î 1sin(ωt−φ1)

i1instantaneous current passing through the primary coil.

The current i1create a Øi flow1

∅ i1=L1 i 1

L1= inductance of the primary coil. The instantaneous voltage induced in the primary e1:

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page 59
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

dρ of of2
e 1=N 1i 1=L11=L
dt dt dt

L=Mutual inductance.

The effective value of the induced voltage at the primary is given by the following formula:

^m
E1=4.44.N1 . f . ∅

2π 2π ^ m .S.f
E 1= . N 1 . f .^∅ m= . N 1 . B
√2 √2
E1Effective value of the voltage at the primary winding (V).

N1Number of turns of the primary coil.

f=Frequency of the primary current or voltage in hertz (Hz).

ØmMaximum mutual circulating flux in the core enweber (Wb).

^ m =B. S
∅

BmMaximum mutual induction field entesla (T).

S=Section of the magnetic circuit core (cross-section) in m²

Secondary coil

By supplying the primary, a flux φi1 is born within it, which generates a mutual flux Ø.m

^ m =K .^∅ 1
∅

K=Coupling coefficient. The mutual flux Øminduced in the secondary a voltage with a value
instantaneous.

dØ m 1 of Kd∅1
e 2=N 2 =L =N 2
dt dt dt

The induced voltage at the secondary2has an effective value given by Boucherot's formula
next.

^m
E2=4.44.N2 . f . ∅

2π 2π ^ m. S . f
E2= . N 2 . f .^∅ m= . N 2 . B
√2 √2
E2Effective value of the voltage at the secondary winding (V).

N2Number of turns in the secondary coil.

The tension at the secondary2for instantaneous value:

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page60
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

u2=Û 2 sin(ωt+ φu 2 )

i 2=Î 2sin(ωt−φ2)

For any transformer, the mutual flux ∅m =K∅1 Mutual inductanceL=k L √.L
.1 2

K=coupling coefficient.

For a leakage-free transformer or a perfect transformer commonly known as transformers

industrial, k=1 ∅1 =∅m.

LESSON 2: INTRODUCTION TO PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TENSIONS

I. RELATION BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TENSION

^ m =k.1^
∅

For k=1 ∅1 =∅m

d∅ d∅m
e 1=N 1m2=N 2
dt dt

d∅m e 1e 2
= =
dt N 1N 2

Let it∆∅
bem variation of mutual flow

Let ∆t = duration of the variation.

∆ ∅m E 1E2
= =
∆t N 1N 2

E1effective value of the induced voltage at the primary.

E2effective value of the induced voltage at the secondary.

II. TRANSFORMATION REPORT

For any transformer, the induced voltages at the primary and secondary are related by a
report called transformation report, or report of the number of turns (turn ratio).

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 61
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

N 2E 2
m= =
N 1E 1

U 20N 2
m= =
E 1N 1

U 20=E 2

E1effective value of the induced voltage at the primary.

E2effective value of the voltage induced at the secondary.

U20=E2No-load secondary voltage of the transformer.

NB :

U2Voltage at the secondary of the transformer under load.

U1Primary supply voltage.

III. RELATIONS BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CURRENTS

For any well-designed transformer, that is to say a perfect transformer or transformer without
magnetic losses, without ohmic losses (joule losses), and thus the magnetic current is
negligible when the transformer is loaded, the apparent power of the primary is practically
equal to that of secondary education.

S1=U1 I1

S2=U2 I2

S1=S 2

The magnetomotive force (MMF) of the primary (N1I1) is equal to that of secondary (N2I2).

FMM1=N 1. I 1

FMM2=N 2I 2

FMM1=FMM2

NB:

when the transformation ratio m > 1 the transformer is said to be a step-up transformer.
When the transformation ratio is less than 1, the transformer is said to be a step-down transformer.

For a perfect or ideal transformer;

E 2U 2 U I 1N 2
m= = = 20= =
E1U 1U 1I 2N 1

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 62
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Exact formula dem.

U N2E2
m= 20= =
E 1N1E1

Approximate demand formula.

U20N 2
m≅ =
U 1N 1

When the transformer is under load;

U2I 1
m≅ =
U1I 2

When the primary voltage of a transformer is given, the secondary voltage as well as the power
apparent (characteristic at nominal load)

m=¿

U 2I 1
= =
U 1I 2

Example:

220/24V Transformer 100VA

U1N= 220V; U2N=24V; S1N=S2N=SN=100VA.

U 2 24
m= =
U 1220

m=0.11

S1N 100
I 1 N= =
U 1N220

I1N0.45A

S2N 100
I 2 N= =
U 2N24

I2N=4,17A

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Page63
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

LESSON 3: MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF A TRANSFORMER

I. Schematic diagram of a single-phase transformer

I’m

U 1=Z 1I 1+ E1

U 2=Z 2I 2−E 2 ⇒E 2 =Z 2I 2 +U 2

I 1=I ' + I m

Z1 =r 1+ X L1j

Z 2=r 2 +X L2j

U1primary supply voltage

r1resistance of the primary coil

XL1reactance of the primary coil due to leakage flux. X=L

L1 ω1
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page64
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

E1induced tension at the primary

I1primary current

Immagnetizing current

ImAactive component of the magnetizing current

IRmreactive component of the magnetizing current

Rmmagnetizing resistance

XLmmagnetizing reactance

E2induced tension at the secondary

U20no-load secondary voltage of the transformer

r2secondary coil resistance

XL2reactance of the secondary coil due to leakage flux. X=

L2L ω2

I2secondary current

U2secondary voltage under load

Z1primary impedance

Z2secondary impedance

II. SIMPLE SCHEMA OF A TRANSFORMER

Under load, the magnetizing current is negligible. Thus, we will work under load with the diagram.
simplified real and empty with the actual diagram.

I1 r1 XL1 I2 r2 XL2
m

U1 E1 U2
E2=U20

1. Relationship between primary and secondary impedance

Let it be:

Z1Primary impedance

Z2Secondary impedance

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page 65
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

U1
Z1 =
I1

U2
Z2 =
I2

U 2I 1
m= =
U 1I 2
⇒ U 2=mU 1; I 1=mI2

U 2mU 1 2 U 1
Z2 = = =m
I2 I1 I1
m

Z2 =m 2Z1

NB :

With this relationship, a transformer can be used as an impedance adapter.

2. Equivalent circuit of a single-phase transformer referred to the primary

r1 XL1 R2/m² XL2/m²
I1

U1 E2/m U2/m Zch/m²

r2
Req1=r 1 +
m2

X L2
x eq1= X L1+
m2

Z eq 1=Req1+ jXeq1

eq1R √
2 2
Z= + Xeq1 eq1

Req1 Xeq1
I1

U1 U2/m Zch/m²

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 66
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Req1equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to the primary

Xeq1equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to the primary

Zeq1Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to the primary.

3. Equivalent circuit of a single-phase transformer referred to the secondary

Req2 Xeq2
I1

U20=mU1 U2 Zch

Req2=r 2 +r 1m2

Xeq2=X 2+ X 1 m2

Z eq2=Req2+ jXeq 2

eq2R √
2 2
Z= + Xeq2 eq2

Req2equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to the secondary

Xeq2equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to the secondary

Zeq2equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to the secondary.

Note:

Req 2=m 2Req1

X eq 2=m2X eq1

Z eq 2=m2Z eq 1

III. PERCENTAGE OF IMPEDANCE OF A TRANSFORMER

The impedance percentage of a transformer is noted and given by the following formula:

Z eq1Z eq 2
K= =
Z1 Z2

Just like the power and nominal voltages, the percentage of impedance is displayed on the
nameplate and on it we can find:

The nominal voltage of the primary U1N

The nominal voltage of the secondary U2N
The nominal apparent power SN
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS
Page67
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

The operating frequency, if possible the percentage of impedance.

LESSON 4: TESTS IN A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

I. EMPTY TESTS

The no-load test in a transformer helps to determine the magnetic losses, which are the
core losses, which include hysteresis losses and eddy current losses. This test at
Video also allows determining the transformation ratio.

U 20
m=
U1

U20Secondary voltage of the transformer on no load.

1. Equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the primary with magnetic circuit

I1 r1 XL1 r2/m² XL2/m²

I'
I'm
ImA IRm

U1 U20/m U2/m Zch/m²

Rm XLm

Since no current flows in the load, hence:

I 2=I ' =0

I 1=I m+ I ' I1 =I m

We therefore have the primary current equal to the magnetizing current.

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page68
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

I 1=I m

SoitI10the current flowing in the primary of the transformer when the secondary is open circuit.

I 10=I m

Powers

SoitP10the power absorbed at no load on the primary.

P10=U 10I 10cosφ10

U10primary voltage when the secondary is open circuit

Cosine of phi (φ)10power factor of the primary when the secondary is open-circuit.

I1 r1 XL1
I'm
AI IRm

U1 U20/m
Rm XLm

The power consumed at no load is also called no-load losses.

2
P10=U 10I 10cosφ10=r 1I 10 + R mI 2A

P10=Pj10+ P iron

Pj10 =r 1I 210

Pj10Joule losses in the primary when the secondary is open-circuited

Pfer=RmI 2A

Pfermagnetic losses

As the Joule losses in the primary when the secondary is idle are negligible, the
losses are approximately equal to the power absorbed at no load Pj10or losses at idle.

Pfer=P10=U 10I 10cosφ10

Exact formula:

Pbear=P10−Pj10

NB:
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS
Page69
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

At each voltage U10corresponds to its losses iron

2 2 2
U 10 U 101U 102
Rm = = =
P10P101P102

Example:

U10=110V, P10=8W

Calculate the no-load losses at 220V

11022202 2202.8
= ⇒P 101=
8 P101 1102

P101=32W
Q10=U 10I 10sinφ10

S=I
10 U=
10 P
2
√ 2 10
10 +Q 10

S10apparent power at no load in VA

Q10reactive power at no load in VAR

II. SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST

The short-circuit test allows to determine the equivalent resistance of the primary or the
secondary of the transformer, and the total copper losses of the transformer (joule losses).

The short circuit test is always done at: I 1CC ≤ 1N I ;

2CC I2N , this
≤ toI avoid destruction
the transformer windings.

Secondary in short circuit

I1CC Req1 Xeq1

U1CC Zch/m²

U1CCtension at the primary when the secondary is short-circuited

I1CCcurrent in the primary when the secondary is short-circuited

P1CCactive power measured at the primary with secondary short-circuited

P1 CC
P1 CC=R eq 1I 12 CC⇒R eq1= 2
I 1CC

Q1 CC
Q1 CC= X eq 1I 21 CC⇒Xeq1=
I 21CC
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page70
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

S 1 CC
S1 CC =Z eq1I 12 CC =U 1 CCI 1 CC⇒Z eq 1=
I 12 CC

NB:

= Z 2√−Req1
Xeq1 2
eq1

Q1 CC=U 1CCI 1 CCsinφ1 CC =S 1 CCsinφ1 CC

2. Primary and short-circuit

Req2 Xeq2 I2CC

U2CC

U2CCtension at the secondary when the primary is short-circuited

I2CCcurrent in the secondary when the primary is short-circuited

P2CCactive power measured at the secondary with primary short-circuited.

P 2CC
P2 CC =R eq2I 22 CC⇒R eq2=
I 22 CC

Q 2 CC
Q 2 CC =X eq2I 22 CC⇒Xeq2=
I 22 CC

2
S2 CC
S2 CC =Z eq2I 2CC =U 2 CCI 2CC⇒Z eq 2= 2
I 2CC

Note:

X= 2
√ eq2
eq2Z −R
2
eq2

Q2 CC =U 2 CCI 2 CCsinφ2 CC =S 2 CCsinφ2 CC

I 1CC
m=
I 2CC

2
P1 CC=P 2CC =Req1I 1CC =Req2I 22 CC=r 1I 21CC + 2I 22 CC

R=2=2Req1

X eq 2=m2X eq1

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page 71
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Z eq 2=m2Z eq 1

III. CHARGE TEST

The load test allows determining the power factor of the secondary (Cosφ)2or of primary
(Cosφ1), the useful power and the efficiency of the transformer.

Transformer supplying a resistive load

I2 Req2 Xeq2

mU1 U2 Zch

Zch= Rch, Cosφch= Cosφ2

U20= mU1no-load secondary voltage with transformer referred to the secondary.

U2secondary voltage under load (voltage across the load).

1.1. Determination of the expression of U20by Boucherot

2 2
( I=20RI22)+ You( ) ( )
2
eq2 I2+
and XI22 2 eq2 2

2 2 2
U 20= R( I+U+
eq22 X2 ) (I eq2 2 )

U=20 R ( I+U+ √
eq2 2 X 2
2
)I ( eq2 2 )
2

1.2. Determination of the expression of U20by the Kapp diagram

U20
Xeq2I2

θ2
U2 Req2I2

2 2 2
U 20 ( R
= U+ 2 eq2 X2 )
I+ I( eq2 2 )
θ2phase shift between U20and U2.

φ2phase shift between U2and I2

1.3. Determination of the expression for the total voltage drop at the secondary by the method
direct

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 72
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Be ΔU2the total voltage drop when the transformer is brought to the secondary.

∆U=Z
2 eq2I 2

1.4. Determination of the secondary voltage drop by the Kapp approximation

∆U20=u20−U 2

For Kappθ2is very close to φ2.

2. Transformer supplying to an inductive load

I1 Xeq1
Requirement 1

U1 U2/m Zch/m²

2.1. Determination of the expression of U1by the Kapp diagram

ΔU1 Xeq1I1
U1
Req1I1
B

U2/m

φ2
I1
A

U 12= A 2+ B2

U
A=Req1I 1 + 2cosφ2
m

U
B= X eq 1I 1 + 2sinφ2
m
2 2
U U
U =(Req1I 1+ cos φ2) +(X eq 1I 1 + 2sinφ2)
2
1
2
m m

Cosine of phi2power factor of the inductive load.

2.2. Determination of the primary voltage drop with the transformer referred to the primary
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page 73
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Let ΔU1this voltage drop.

∆ U 1 =Z eq 1I 1

2.3. Determination of primary voltage drop by the Kapp diagram

U2
∆ U 1 =U 1−
m

According to Kapp, the phase shift between U2/m et U1is too small.

∆U=m
2 ∆U1

3. Transformer supplying a capacitive load

I2 Req2 Xeq2

mU1 U2 Zch

3.1. Determination of U20by the Kapp diagram

U20
B

Xeq2I2
I2
φ2

U2
Req2I2

2
U 20 = A 2+ B2

A=Rq 2I 2 +U 2cosφ2

B= X eq 2I 2−U2 sinφ2

U 220=(Req2I 2+U2 cos(φ)2)2 +( X eq2I 2 −U 2 sinφ2)2

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page74
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

The general formula of U20is U 20=mU 1 regardless of the load.

NB:

Charge capacitive2= 0
Charge inductiveCosφ2givenSinφ2>0
Charge capacitive cos φ2givenSinφ2<0

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page75
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

LESSON 5: POWER AND EFFICIENCY

I. POWERS

Active powers

P1=U 1I 1cosφ1

P2=U 2I 2 cosφ2

P1active power absorbed by the transformer.

P2useful power of the transformer or power of the load.

P1and P2in Watts (W)

2. Reactive power

2.1. primary
Q1=U 1I 1sinφ1
2.2. Secondary
Q2=U 2I 2 sinφ2

Q1and Q2in VARS

3. Apparent powers

3.1. Primary

S1=U1I 1

3.2. Secondary

S2=U2I 2

S1and S2in VA

II. TOTAL LOSS OF JOULES OR TOTAL COPPER LOSS

PJT =r 1I 12+ r 2I 22=Req1I 21=Req2I 22

III. YIELD

PU PU P a−sum of losses
η= = =
PaPU+ Sum of losses Pa

P2 P2 P1−Sum of losses
η= = =
P1P2+ sum of losses P1

P2=PUP1=Pa
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page76
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

∑ losses=P JT +P iron

IV. MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OF A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

The yield is maximal if variable losses are equal to fixed losses.

Variable losses = Total joule losses = PJT

Constant losses = Pfer

Primary and secondary current at maximum efficiency

PJTHorse

Pfer =Req 1I 12

I 1max=
√ P fer
Req1

Pfer=Req2I 22

I 2 max=
√ P fer
Req2

PRACTICAL WORK NO. 6

SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST IN A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

I. MOUNTING SCHEMA

I1CC P1CC I2CC

A W A

U1CC

II. TABLE OF RESULTS

U1CC(V) I1CC(A) I2CC(A) P1CC(W)

III. QUESTIONS

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page77
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

P1 cc P1
1. Calculate Req1and Req2of the transformer R1= 2
Req2=
I 1 CC I 22 CC
U1
2. Calculate Z eq 1=
I 1 CC
Req 2=m 2Req1
3. Calculate the transformation ratio of the transformer
4. calculate Zeq2eq1; Xeq2.
What do you notice at the level of U?1CC.

CHAPTER VI: STUDY OF ALTERNATING CURRENT ROTARY MACHINES

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page78
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES

INTRODUCTION

Alternating current rotary machines (single-phase and three-phase motors or rotary machines
(induction), generally operate on the principle of the rotating field which is a field
rotating magnetic field at a constant speed and with a fixed or uniform amplitude. This rotating field
mobile is produced by:

Biphase currents (case of single-phase induction motors)

Three-phase currents (these are three-phase induction motors)
Phase-shifting ring (case of a single-phase motor with a phase-shifting ring).

I. TURNING CHAMP

The rotating field fulfills two (02) functions. It induces and provides energy to the
rotor. There are other methods to create a rotating field. We will limit ourselves to those mentioned here.
on top.

II. TYPES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES

Alternating current rotating machines come in several types. They include motors.
single-phase induction motors and three-phase induction motors.

1. Types of single-phase induction motors

There are several types of single-phase induction motors:

Single-phase squirrel cage rotor motors with manual start.

Single-phase squirrel cage motors with auxiliary phase starting or with
auxiliary phase and permanent or non-permanent capacitor.
Single-phase reluctance motors
Single-phase motors with phase-shifting ring
Universal motors
Repulsion and induction repulsion motors
Single-phase hysteresis motors
Single-phase synchronous hysteresis motors

2. Types of three-phase induction motors

Three-phase induction motors include:

Three-phase induction motors with squirrel cage rotor or wound rotor, commonly
called three-phase asynchronous motors
Three-phase synchronous induction motors, or synchronous motors

Note: 1 hp = 1 ch = 736 W

horsepower

LESSON 2: THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS: ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

TRIPHASES
Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page79
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

INTRODUCTION :

Three-phase induction motors are the most commonly used motors in

induction. They can have either a wound rotor or a squirrel-cage rotor. They indeed have several
simplicity, robustness, low price, and easy maintenance.

However, these engines have a practically constant speed and they are not very suitable for
speed control; that is why we usually prefer direct current motors
when we want to achieve a large variation in speed.

I. MAIN PARTS OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Every three-phase induction motor is mainly composed of two (02) parts. One part
Fixes called a stator and a mobile part called a rotor.

The stator

The stator has a steel casing containing a stack of identical sheets that
constitute an empty cylinder. These sheets are perforated with holes at their inner peripheries.
The alignment of its holes forms notches in which a winding fits.

2. The rotor

The rotor consists of a cylinder made of punched plates at their outer peripheries, for
form the slots meant to receive conductors. It is separated from the stator by a very soft iron.
court of the order of 0.4 to 2mm only. There are two (02) types of rotor: cage rotors.
of squirrels and wound rotors.

2.1. Squirrel cage rotor or short-circuit rotor

The squirrel cage rotor has a winding made of bare copper bars, inserted into the
rims. These bars are welded or riveted at each end to two (02) rings that run through them.
circuit. The assembly resembles a squirrel cage. Hence the name squirrel cage rotor.

In small and medium power engines, the bars and rings are made of a single
cast aluminum block.

2.2. Wound rotor

As its name suggests, the wound rotor includes a three-phase winding similar to that of the
stator placed in the notches. It consists of three (03) windings connected in star (Y).
The free end of each winding is connected to a ring that rotates with the shaft. The motors
three-phase induction drives have only a single power supply for powering the
stator windings. The rotor is powered by induction.

The rotor of three-phase induction motors rotates at a speed slightly lower than that of
rotating field. That's why it's called an asynchronous motor. Because the rotor does not turn at the
speed that the rotating field. Three-phase induction motors rotate in both (02) directions, and
they are the reverse drive motors.

II. SYNCHRONOUS SPEED OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page 80
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

The synchronous speed of a three-phase induction motor depends on the frequency of the network.
of power supply and the number of poles per phase of the stator. So be [Link] synchronous speed in rpm.

f
n S=
P

f = frequency of the power supply network in Hz

P = number of pole pairs per phase of the stator

ω S=2πnS

ω S=synchronous angular speed/s

III. SLIP

The slip of a three-phase asynchronous motor is given by the following formula:

n S−nrω S−ω r
g= =
nS ωS

nrrotor speed in rpm

ω r=2π nr

ω r= angular velocity of the rotor enrad/s

NB:

At startup, the speed of the rotorr=0. This means that the slip is null (g=0)

IV. ROTOR SPEED

Soitnrthe rotor speed in rpm:

r =S (1−g)

V. ROTOR FREQUENCY

Soitfrthe rotor frequency or frequency of rotor currents

fr=g fS

fs= f = frequency of the power supply network or frequency of stator currents

VI. COUPLINGS OF THE WINDINGS OF A MOTOR STATOR

ASYNCHRONOUS TRIPHASE

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page 81
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

For the proper functioning of a three-phase asynchronous motor, two (02) couplings were created.
winding: star coupling (Y) and delta coupling (Δ).

Stator windings connected in star Y

U
1U 2V 3W U

Z X
Y
V Z X Y
W
4X 5Y 6Z
Terminal plaque

2. Stator windings connected in delta Δ

U V W
U

X Y Z Z X Y

When we have the following indications on a three-phase asynchronous motor, 220V/380V;

380V/660V; 127V/220V: the smallest voltage indicates the voltage across one (01) winding,
The highest voltage indicates the voltage across two (02) windings.

In the three-phase network of 220V/380V, the motor that has the specifications 220V/380V cannot
start in star-delta (Y-Δ), it can only operate in star (Y) because the voltage across the terminals
the winding is 220V.

The motor with the ratings 380V/660V can operate in star-delta (Y-Δ) in this
network, because the voltage across a coil is 380V.

The motor with the ratings 127V/220V cannot start in star-delta (Y-Δ) in
this network. It can function neither in a star (Y) nor in a triangle (Δ) in this network. The coupling of a
The motor therefore depends on the voltage of the power supply network. The power indicated on the plate
Signage of an industrial three-phase asynchronous motor is the useful power and the speed indicated.
the rotor speed.

LESSON 3: TEST IN A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page82
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

I. EMPTY TRIAL

The no-load test is done to determine the no-load losses that are rotational mechanical components.
and iron losses, which include hysteresis losses and eddy current losses.

'
Let it Pbe
0= lost video

P0' =P iron+ Pmeca

SoitPa0absorbed power by the engine when running idle (∑idle losses).

P=U 0√
a 0 I 3cosφ 0

Pa 0=P JT0+P'0

Pa 0=P JS0 + P0'

P0' =P a 0−PJS0

P0' = lost

Pa 0= absorbed power at no load

PJS0= Pete's joules stator video

When the stator is connected in star (Y)

PJS0=3RSI 02

RSresistance per phase of the stator; resistance of a winding of the stator

When the stator is connected in a delta (Δ)

PJS0=3RSJ 20

I0line current

J0phase current

I=J3
0 0√

When the stator is coupled in a triangle or star configuration, the general formula is:

3
PJS0= RTI 02
2

RTresistance between two (02) phases of the stator or between two (02) windings of the stator

When the stator is connected in star (Y)

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 83
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

RT=2 R S

When the stator is coupled in triangle (Δ)

2
R T= R S
3
'
Let it Pbe
01= loss saved for a phase

'
P'0
P01 =
3

II. TEST IN CHARGE

The load test allows obtaining the useful power, the absorbed current, and the power factor.
of the engine.

III. POWER AND YIELD

Powers

SoitPaabsorbed power = power supplied to the stator = active power received from the network
of food.

√
P=UI3cosφ
a

Pa=3 P a1

Pa1absorbed power by a phase

U=combined tension = tension between two (02) phases = line-to-line tension.

U=V3 √

simple tension; neutral phase tension; line neutral tension.

SoitQa1reactive power absorbed

√
Q=UI3sinφ
a

Qa=3Q a1

Qa1reactive power absorbed per phase

So be it1apparent power absorbed

Sa= P√2 +Q
a
2
a

S=UI3
a √
Soit Pr = power transmitted to the rotor = power supplied to the rotor

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page84
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Pr =Pa−P JS−P fers=2π nSC e =ω SCe

Pr =Pa− stator losses

stator losses=PJS+ P fers

PJSStator joule losses when the motor is loaded.

When the stator is connected in star (Y)

3
PJS =3RSI 2= RT I 2
2

When the stator is connected in a triangle

3
PJS =3RSJ 2=R SI 2 = R TI 2
2

SoitPDrpower developed at the rotor = mechanical power produced = power

electromagnetic = mechanical power developed.

P Dr.=Pr −PJr =Pr ( 1−g )=2π nrC e

Let PJrjoules losses rotor

PJr =g Pr

Soit PUuseful power of the engine = mechanical power supplied to the load.

PU =P Dr−P meca=2π nrCU=ωrC U

PU = power transmitted to rotor− lossesrotorics

Rotational losses=P Jr + Pferr+ Pmecca

Losses of rotors=PJr+Pmechanism

With Pferr =eddy current losses=0

CUuseful torque; mechanical torque supplied to the load; resisting torque.

Ceelectromagnetic torque
<moment of the electromagnetic couple>.

An engine is in equilibrium if the useful torque, or net torque, is equal to the driving torque or
electric couple (nominal operation).

C e =CU+C P

2. Yield

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page 85
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

PUPa−sum of losses PU
η= = =
Pa Pa PU+ sum of losses

sum of losses=P JS +P fers+ PJr+ Pferr+P meca

∑ losses ≅ PJS + Pfers+ P Jr +P Meca

sum of losses= stator losses+ lossesrotoric

Pdudea =2π nrC P

Let ηSstator yield

Pr
η S=
Pa

Let ηrrotor efficiency

P DrPr (1−g)
ηr = = =1−g
Pr Pr

When mechanical losses are negligible, the overall or industrial efficiency is given
by the following formula:

PU
η=ηS. η r =
Pa

The yield is maximal if variable losses are equal to fixed losses. For a
three-phase asynchronous motor.

variable losses=P JT =PJS + P Jr

P0' = constant losses=P fers+ P ferr+ P mecca

IV. POWER TREE OF A THREE-PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ROTOR

A SQUIRREL CAGE

WithPferr=0

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 86
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1eraF3

NB :

Squirrel cage motors are generally used for low torque loads.
resistant, and wound rotor motors are used for high torque load applications.

PRACTICAL WORK N°7

MEASUREMENT OF THE POWER ABSORBED BY A THREE-PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

BY THE METHOD OF TWO (02) WATTMETERS; CALCULATION OF USEFUL POWER,
OF YIELD AND POWER FACTOR.

I. ASSEMBLY DIAGRAM

I P1
1 A W

U V
P2 M3
W
2

The engine will drive an electrodynamometer. The speed of the engine will be measured using a tachometer.

When the two (02) wattmeters deflect in the same direction, the power absorbed by the motor is:

P=P+
a 1 2 √
P=UI3cosφ

When one of the wattmeters deviates in the opposite direction:

Pa=P 1−P2siP1 > P2

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page87
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Pa=P 2−P1sip2 > P1

The reactive power absorbed is:

a √
Q=UI3sinφ=tanφ a

II. TABLE OF RECORDS

Voltage (V)1(w) P2(W) Pa(W) Qa(Var) Nr(tr/mn) CUN.m PU(W) g Cosφ η

380 0.2 -35 105 1460 0.02
380 0.3 0 150 1390 0.58
380 0.4 30 180 1330 0.84
380 0.5 55 210 1285 1,1
I = 0.2 nS1500tr/min

LESSON 4: THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

INTRODUCTION :

The synchronous motor is a motor with a strictly constant speed that depends on the
network frequency. Once launched at a speed close to synchronous speed by induction or

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page88
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

mechanically, the rotor is brought to the speed of the rotating field in the stator by an excitation at
direct current.

I. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

The synchronous motor cannot start by itself. It must be started and brought to at least
90% of synchronous speed by an auxiliary motor (start by auxiliary motor) or by
induction (induction motor start-up).

Symbol:

MS
3

II. SYNCHRONOUS SPEED OF THE ROTATING FIELD IN THE STATOR

For a synchronous motor, the synchronous speedSis equal to the speed of the rotorr.

f
η S=η=
P

nSetnrentr/s

fenHz

P=Number of pairs of poles

III. MECHANICAL POWER OF A THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Let Pemechanical power of a three-phase synchronous motor or electromagnetic power or

power supplied to the rotor.

3 V 0 Vsinθ
Pe =
XS

V0Induced voltage in the rotor per phase = excitation voltage per phase.

V0comes from the direct current source used to excite the rotor.

V = neutral phase voltage of the alternating power supply = simple voltage (V0and V in voltage).

XSsynchronous reactance per phase in ohms (Ω).

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE
Page 89
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

θ = angle of electrical displacement between the position of the rotor at rest and its position under load in degrees.

θ=phase shift between V0and V.

Pe =Pa −stator losses

Pe =2π n s C e

√
P=UI3cosφ
a

Paabsorbed power

IV. ELECTRIC AND MECHANICAL ANGLE OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Let α = mechanical offset angle in degrees

θ=electric angle in degrees

P=number of pole pairs

θ=αP

V. COUPLE DE DECROCHAGE D’UN MOTEUR SYNCHRONE

The electromagnetic pull-out torque of a synchronous motor, also called the maximum torque, is
given by the following formula:

Pe 3 V 0V
C and= = max

max
2π n S2π n sX S

3 V 0 Vsinθ
Pe =
XS

3V 0 V
P e=
max
XS

A synchronous motor drops out when it no longer runs at a constant speed; at that moment it
We must stop it.

VI. APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

Three-phase synchronous motors are used for two (02) purposes:

To train mechanical loads at a constant speed

As a synchronous comparator, to increase the power factor of large
industrial installations.

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page90
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

VII. Synchronous Comparator

A synchronous comparator is a synchronous motor that is overexcited, and most often operates at
This synchronous turbo generator provides reactive power to the power grid where it is.
connected.

Underexcited, the synchronous motor acts like an inductance, meaning it consumes the
reactive power; when overexcited, the synchronous motor acts like a capacitance, that is to say that it
provides the network with reactive power.

LESSON 5: THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS ALTERNATOR

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNICS

Page91
 ELECTRIC MACHINES 1eraF3

Course written by Gael Gilbert KENMOGNE PLET ELECTROTECHNIQUE

Page 92