ARTICLE IV : CITIZENSHIP Are foundlings natural-born citizens?

Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society. A citizen owes REPUBLIC ACT N0. 11767
allegiance to the state as a member and in turn entitled to protection of the State. A title given to
Foundling Recognition and Protection Act
you by the government of a state after you fulfill the legal formalities
AN ACT PROMOTING THE RIGHTS OF AND PROVIDING GREATER PROTECTIONS
Citizen is a person having the title of citizenship. He is a member of a democratic community
TO DESERTED OR ABANDONED CHILDREN WITH UNKNOWN PARENTS
who enjoys fall civil and political rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside the
RECOGNIZING THEIR STATUS AS NATURAL-BORN CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES
territory of the State. Along with other citizens, they compose the political community.
METHODS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP
To be a Filipino citizen, a person must belong to any of the classes of citizens enumerated in
Section 1. INVOLUNTARY - BY BIRTH
NATIONALITY  JUS SANGUINIS
 JUS SOLI
 is the legal status of belonging to a particular nation, defined as a group of people
organized in one country, under one legal jurisdiction, or as a group of people who are NATURALIZATION
united on the basis of culture.
 Relates to the place and ethnicity you are born.  ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS - REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9139
 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ACQUISITION OF PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP
Subject - a member of a monarchial state. FOR CERTAIN ALIENS BY ADMINISTRATIVE NATURALIZATION AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
VOLANTARY - BY NATURALIZATION
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution;  JUDICIAL PROCESS - COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 473
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;  AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ACQUISITION OF PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine BY NATURALIZATION
Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in the accordance with law. NATURALIZATION
 LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
Philippines adheres to the principle of Jus Sanguinis or “Law of Blood”  r.a. 10636 - andray blatche
 r.a. 10148 - marcus douthit
Jus Sanguinis - An individual acquires citizenship at birth solely by virtue of biological descent
from a father or mother. Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.

Jus Soli - the right of soil, it is the right of anyone born in the state to nationality or citizenship. Commonwealth Act No. 63 this law details the ways in which Philippine citizenship can be
lost, including through naturalization, renunciation, or other acts that imply renunciation
Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without
having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect CITIZENSHIP CAN BE LOSS BY MEANS OF
Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed VOLUNTARY/EXPATRIATION
natural-born citizens.
 Refers to the process of giving up or renouncing one's citizenship of a country. Where an
individual chooses to relinquish their nationality, often to acquire citizenship in another
country or to avoid legal obligations such as taxes or military service.
INVOLUNTARILY 4. In the case of a woman, upon her marriage to a foreigner if, by virtue of the laws in force in
her husband’s country, she acquires his nationality
 Occurs when a person's citizenship is revoked by the state without the individual's
consent.  It refers to the legal situation where a woman automatically or optionally acquires the
nationality (citizenship) of her husband upon marriage due to the laws of his country.
VOLUNTARY/EXPATRIATION
REACQUISITION OF LOST PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP
1.Naturalization in a foreign country
Republic Act No. 9225, otherwise known as the Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition
 A Filipino who acquires citizenship in another country through naturalization
Act of 2003, declares that natural born Filipinos who were naturalized in other countries could
automatically loses their Philippine citizenship.
reacquire or retain their Philippine citizenship upon taking the following oath of allegiance to the
2..Subscribing to an oath of allegiance Republic.

 A formal process where an individual pledges loyalty to a country, typically upon Repatriation
becoming a citizen of that country. This oath is a legal and symbolic commitment to
Commonwealth Act No.63 shall be effected by merely taking the necessary oath of allegiance
abide by the laws and uphold the values of the nation
to the Commonwealth of the Philippines and registration in the proper civil registry.
3. Renunciation of citizenship
The privilege of repatriation under RA 8171 is available only to natural-born Filipinos who lost
 The voluntary act of giving up one's citizenship or nationality. This process can be their citizenship on account of political or economic necessity, and to the minor children of said
undertaken for various personal, legal, or political reasons. natural-born Filipinos.

INVOLUNTARILY This means that if a parent who had renounced his Philippine citizenship due to political or
economic reasons later decides to repatriate under RA 8171, his repatriation will also benefit his
1.Cancellation of certificate of naturalization by the court minor children according to the law
 This occurs when a court invalidates a person's certificate of naturalization, which is the RE-ACQUIRING PHIIPPINE CITIZENSHIP PRIVELEGES
legal document proving that they have acquired citizenship through naturalization. This
cancellation can happen for several reasons. 1. Practice your profession in the Philippines
 This cancellation can happen for several reasons: 2. Engage in business restricted to Filipinos
 If it is shown that said naturalization certificate was obtained fraudulently; 3. Unrestricted ownership of real estate properties in the Philippines
 If the person naturalized shall, within the five years next following the issuance of said 4. Regain the right to vote in Philippine elections.
naturalization certificate, return to his native country or to some foreign country and
Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by
establish his permanent residence there.
their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
 If the person naturalized is convicted of any violation.
Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with
2. A deserter of the Philippines armed forces
by law.
 This applies to individuals who have been members of the armed forces and are found to
DUAL CITIZENSHIP - a citizen of two countries at the same time.
have deserted. Desertion is defined as abandoning one's post or duties without
permission and with no intention of returning EXAMPLE:
3. By rendering services to, or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign country American Citizenship by Birth
 It means providing any kind of support or performing duties for the armed forces of a -Jus Sanguinis Principle: In the United States, citizenship is granted based on the place of birth.
foreign country. This principle is known as jus sanguinis or "right of the soil".
Filipino Citizenship by Blood  Socio economic conditions
 Cultural and Historical Factors
-Jus Solis Principle: In the Philippines, citizenship is granted based on the nationality of the
 Weak Law Enforcement
parents. This principle is known as jus solis or "right of blood".
 Political Factors
DUAL ALlEGIANCE - it refers to a person who silmutaneously owes loyalty to a two or more  Lack of Awareness and Civic Engagement
states.
SECTION 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the
Republic Act 9225- otherwise known as the Citizenship Retention and Reacquisition Act of ballot as well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
2003
The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without the
ARTICLE V: SUFFRAGE assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and
such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot.
The word suffrage comes from Latin suffragium, which initially meant "a voting-tablet", "a
ballot", "a vote", or "the right to vote". Suffragium in the second century and later came to mean REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9189
"political patronage, influence, interest, or support", and sometimes "popular acclaim" or
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A SYSTEM OF OVERSEAS ABSENTEE VOTING BY
"applause".
QUALIFIED CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES ABROAD, APPROPRIATING FUNDS
SECTION 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOS
disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the
Philippines for at least one year, and in the place wherein they propose to vote, for at least six
months immediately preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other substantive
requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
Disqualified to vote:
 Sentenced to imprisonment for not less than one year (until the sentence is served).
 Convicted of crimes involving disloyalty to the government (until the sentence is
served).
 Declared insane or incompetent by competent authority.
Implementation
Sec. 49. Rules and Regulations. – The Commission shall promulgate the necessary rules and
regulations to implement the provisions of this Act not later than ninety (90) days before the first
day of registration as provided for in this Act.
Types of Election
 Regular Election - refers to an election participated by those who possess the right of
suffrage not disqualified by law and who are registered voters.
 Special – one held to fill in the vacancy in office before expiration of the term for which
incumbent was elected
Factors that contribute to
 Electoral Malpractices