SE103: COMPUTER WORKSHOP

SUBMITTED BY:
Abhi Gupta
25/B01/008
I SEM, 1st YEAR

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Abhilasha Sharma
Associate Professor
Software Engineering Department
Delhi Technological University Delhi

Delhi Technological University

(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, New Delhi - 110042

2025-26
 Table of Content

S. No. Experiments [Link] Date Signature

1 To understand basics of
computer

2 To understand about processors,

their types , core counts, and
operating frequencies

3 To understand different types of

cables and connections used in
computer system
 EXPERIMENT- 1
AIM - To understand basics of computer

INTRODUCTION - A computer is an electronic device that processes data and converts

it into useful information. It has become an essential part of modern life, helping us in
education, business, communication, research, and entertainment. The basics of computers
include understanding their main components hardware (physical parts like CPU, monitor,
keyboard) and software (programs and applications that run on the computer). A computer
works by taking input, processing it through the CPU, storing it in memory, and producing
output. Learning the basics of computers is important because it builds the foundation for
using technology effectively in our daily lives and future careers.

THEORY

1. What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to
store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type
documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create
spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.

2. What is input, output and process?

Input, output and process are a concept which describes a flow of information and material
within a system in a computer or any other physical device.

● Input - is the information or data that enters the system for processing.
● Process – it is the sequence of actions and operations which are done on input by the
processing unit of a computer and get the desired output.
● Output – it is the result which the computer gives after processing the input in an
understandable format. It can be in the foam of words, graphs and pictures etc.

[Link] are the characteristics of a computer?

The characteristics of a computer are as follows: -

● Speed - Computers can process data at incredible speeds, performing millions of

calculations per second. This rapid execution of mathematical calculations and tasks
allows them to perform operations in microseconds and nanoseconds, and faster than
 human capabilities. This characteristic makes computers valuable for time-sensitive
applications.
●
 ● Accuracy - Computers are very accurate. If the input is correct, the result will also be
correct.
● Logical Reasoning - Computers can perform logical operations based on a pre-
defined set of rules.
● Versatility - Computers can perform different types of tasks by changing the program
or software. They can handle various kinds of data, such as numbers, text, images,
sound, video, etc. They can also switch from one task to another quickly and easily.
● Consistency - Computers can produce the same results every time they perform a
task, as long as the input data and the program are the same.
● Memory - Computers can store and recall large amounts of information or data in
their memory.
1. Primary memory: such as RAM (Random Access Memory), is the main
memory of the computer where the data and programs are stored temporarily
while the computer is working.
2. Secondary memory: such as ROM (Read Only Memory), hard disk, CD,
DVD, etc., is the permanent memory of the computer where the data and
programs are stored for a long time or permanently.
● Storage Capacity - Computers can store huge amounts of data and information in
their memory and storage devices. The storage capacity of a computer is measured in
units such as byte, kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB), etc.

4. History of Computers.

The history of computers spans thousands of years, from early counting devices to the
powerful systems we use today. Here's an overview of the key milestones in the evolution of
computers:

1) Pre-Computer Era (Before 1800s)

● Abacus (c. 2400 BC): One of the earliest tools for calculations.
● Mechanical Calculators: In the 1600s, inventors like Blaise Pascal and Gottfried
Leibniz created mechanical adding machines.

2) Early Mechanical Computers (1800s)

● Charles Babbage (1830s): Designed the Analytical Engine, considered the first
concept of a general-purpose computer. It was never completed.
● Ada Lovelace: Wrote the first algorithm for Babbage’s machine, making her the first
computer programmer.
3) Electromechanical Computers (1930s–1940s)

● Konrad Zuse built the Z3 in 1941, the first programmable electromechanical

computer.
● Harvard Mark I (1944): One of the first electromechanical computers used by the U.S.
Navy.

4) First Generation Computers (1940s–1950s)

● Used vacuum tubes for processing.

● ENIAC (1945): First general-purpose electronic computer.
● Large, expensive, and generated a lot of heat.

5) Second Generation (1950s–1960s)

● Used transistors, which were smaller and more efficient than vacuum tubes.
● Faster, cheaper, and more reliable.

6) Third Generation (1960s–1970s)

● Used integrated circuits (ICs): Multiple transistors on a single chip.

● Introduced keyboards, monitors, and operating systems.

7) Fourth Generation (1970s–Present)

● Based on microprocessors: Entire CPU on a single chip.

● Personal computers (PCs) emerged in the 1980s (e.g., Apple II, IBM PC).
● Rapid development in software, networking, and the internet.

8) Fifth Generation and Beyond (Present and Future)

● Focus on AI, machine learning, quantum computing, and advanced robotics.

● Ongoing development in speed, miniaturization, and cloud computing.

5. Classifications of Computers.

Computers are classified into 3 categories: -

● Analog Computers - Analog Computers process continuous data. They work with
physical quantities like voltage, temperature, speed or pressure. For examples-
Speedometers, Thermometers, Oscilloscopes.
● Digital Computers- Digital Computers process binary data (0s and 1s). They are the
most commonly used computers nowadays. For example- Laptops, Smartphones,
computers, ATMs, Digital Watches, etc.
● Hybrid Computers- They can be called as a combination of Analog and Digital
Computers. They can process both continuous data and binary data. For Example-
ICU Monitoring systems, Weather Forecasting systems.
6. Various applications of the computer.

Computers are used in almost every field today. Some major applications of computers are: -

● Education - They facilitate online learning, virtual classrooms, digital libraries,

making education more personalized and accessible etc.
● Banking – Used for managing accounts and online banking transactions and helps in
keeping records and fast calculations etc.
● Healthcare – Used to store patient’s records and run medical equipment and diagnose
diseases and for surgery and research etc.
● Entertainment – Used for editing videos, playing games, watching movies, creating
movies, films and animations and creating music etc.
● Military and Defence – Used in missiles, G.P.S, radar tracking, controlling defence
vehicles etc.

7. What are Hardware and Software?

● Computer Hardware refers to the components which can be physically seen or

touched. For example- Keyboard, Mouse, CPU, Monitor.
● Software is a set of instructions or programs that tells a computer what to do. It runs
inside a computer.

For example- MS Word, Gmail, Google Chrome etc.

8. What are input and output devices?

● Input devices are the hardware components of the computer system that allow you to
feed raw data or resources into the system for processing and performing operations.
For example- Keyboard, mouse, touchscreens.
● Output devices are the hardware components that produce the desired results of the
computer processing. The result can be images, pictures, graphics or even sound
effects. For example- Monitor, Speakers, projectors, headphones.

9. Physical components of a computer.

● Motherboard - A motherboard is a circuit board inside general-purpose computing

systems, including personal computers, smart televisions, smart monitors, and other
similar devices, which supports communication between different electrical
components and houses components such as the CPU, memory, etc. It is typically
made of fiberglass and copper.
● Processor Chip - A processor chip is a small, square piece of silicon that contains
billions of transistors. These transistors work together to process data and execute
instructions from software and hardware. It handles all the computational tasks from
running applications to managing system operations.
● Memory - Memory is the component that stores data and instructions for the CPU to
process and access at any time.
10. What are bits, bytes and other units of measure for digital information in a computer?

A bit is a single unit of information in a computing system. It has two values- 0 and 1.

Bytes are also a unit of information. 8 bits collectively foam a byte.

Other units of measurement are:

● Kilobyte(kb) = 1,024 bytes

● Megabyte(mb) = 1,024 kilobytes
● Gigabyte(gb) = 1,024 megabytes
● Terabyte(tb) = 1,024 gigabytes

11. Types of memory

● Registers – these are the smallest and fastest memory locations inside the CPU. It
stores temporary data during processing and is very small in size.
● Cache Memory – these are the high-speed memory located between CPU and ram; it
stores frequently used data for faster access. It is faster than ram but smaller in size.
● Main Memory – it is a volatile memory directly accessible to the CPU. It holds
active data, programs and instructions that are currently being used or processed.

Types of Main Memory are:

[Link] (Random Access Memory): temporary storage for active tasks and applications.
Data is lost when the computer is turned off.

[Link] (Read Only Memory): permanent storage for essential instructions like boot-up
processes. Cannot be easily modified. Data remains even if the computer is turned off.

● Secondary Memory - It refers to the non-volatile storage devices used to store data
permanently. Data is not lost even if the computer is turned off.

Types of secondary memory are: -

[Link]: A Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a storage device that uses magnetic technology to
store and retrieve digital data.

[Link] Recording: method of preserving sounds, pictures, and data in the form of
electrical signals through the selective magnetization of portions of a magnetic material.

[Link] Disk Drive:A floppy disk is a detachable, flexible magnetic storage device that
may hold computer files or other electronic data. It is composed of a flexible and thin
magnetic storage disk that is enclosed inside a rectangular plastic carrier that has a fabric
lining for increased sturdiness.
 [Link]: Compact Disc, a physical optical disc for storing audio and data, or a Certificate of
Deposit, a financial product with a fixed interest rate for a set period.

[Link]: Universal serial bus (USB) is defined as a standard that mentions the specifications
used by cables, ports, and protocols that enable simple and universally accepted connectivity
between a host and peripheral device.

[Link]: VGA, or Video Graphics Array, is a standard display interface used to connect
video output devices to computers and projectors to displays to monitors and TVs.

[Link]: An Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a point-to-point channel that is used for
high-speed video output. This port is used to connect graphic cards to a computer's
motherboard. It increases the speed at which machines can render graphics while using the
system's resources more efficiently. The primary purpose of an AGP is to convey 3-D images
much more smoothly than is possible on a regular PC.

[Link] Card: A sound card, also known as an audio card, is a computer component that
allows the system to produce and record sound. It acts as an interface between the computer's
digital system and analog audio devices like microphones and speakers.

[Link] Card: A network interface card (NIC) is a piece of hardware that connects a
computer to a network, enabling it to send and receive data

[Link]: A modem is a hardware device that serves as a bridge between your computer
or network and analog communication lines, such as telephone or cable

CONCLUSION - The basics of computers provide the foundation for understanding how
technology works in our daily lives. By learning about hardware, software, and the input–
process–output cycle, we gain the knowledge needed to use computers more effectively. A
strong grasp of these fundamentals is essential for further studies and practical applications in
the digital world.
 EXPERIMENT- 2
AIM- To understand about professors, their types , core counts, and operating frequencies

INTRODUCTION -The processor, also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), is
often called the “brain” of the computer. It is responsible for carrying out instructions and
performing calculations that allow software and hardware to function together. Modern
processors come in different types, such as single-core, dual-core, quad-core, and multi-core,
depending on the number of processing units they contain. The core count determines how
many tasks a processor can handle simultaneously, which directly affects performance and
multitasking ability. Another important feature of a processor is its operating frequency,
measured in gigahertz (GHz), which indicates how fast it can execute instructions.
Understanding processors, their types, core counts, and operating frequencies is essential to
know how computers deliver speed, efficiency, and power for different applications.

THEORY

1. What is a Processor?

A processor, also known as a central processing unit (CPU), is the "brain" of a computer that
interprets and executes instructions from software, enabling the device to perform tasks. It
acts as the control centre, handling data processing, calculations, and overall system
coordination. Processors are the most important component of a computer system. A
Processor is a hardware that performs data input/output, processing, and storage functions for
a computer system.

2. Types of Processors

There are different types of processors in the embedded system which include the following.

1)Single Core Processors

The oldest type of computer CPUs is single core CPU. These CPUs were used in the 1970s.
these CPUs only have a single core that preform different operations. This means that the
single core CPU can only process one operation at a single time. single core CPU is not
suitable for multitasking.

2)Dual-Core Processors

Dual-Core CPUs contain a single Integrated Circuit with two cores. Each core has its cache
and controller. These controllers and cache are work as a single unit. dual core CPUs can
work faster than the single-core processors.
3)Quad-Core Processors - Quad-Core CPU contain two dual-core processors present within
a single integrated circuit or chip. A quad-core processor contains a chip with four
independent cores. Quad Core CPU increases the overall speed.
3. What is Core?

A CPU core is essentially a mini-processor within the larger CPU package, capable of
executing instructions independently.

Types of core:

1. Single-Core Processor
2. Dual-Core Processor
3. Quad-Core Processor
4. Hexa-Core Processor
5. Octa-Core Processor
6. Deca-Core and Higher(10,12,16,32+ Cores)

4. What is Core Count and Performance?

Having more cores allows a CPU to divide tasks and process them concurrently, leading to
faster execution times, especially when running multiple applications or handling large,
complex workloads.

For tasks like gaming, video editing, or running multiple applications simultaneously, a
higher core count can be beneficial. Conversely, for basic tasks like web browsing or word
processing, a lower core count might be sufficient.

5. Clock Speed (Operating Frequency)

A processor's clock speed tells you how fast it can process instructions. It’s measured in GHz
(Gigahertz), which is basically billions of cycles per second.

6. Core Count vs Clock Speed?

Clock speed (measured in GHz) refers to how fast a single core can execute instructions.
While higher clock speeds are important for single-threaded tasks, core count is more crucial
for multi-threaded workloads. Example: a dual core processor has two cores, a quad-core
processor has four, and so on. Modern CPUs can have 4, 6, 8, or even more cores.

CONCLUSION -To conclude, processors are the heart of every computer system, and
their performance depends on both core count and operating frequency. Multi-core processors
allow better multitasking, while higher frequencies enable faster execution of tasks. By
understanding the types of processors and their specifications, we can make better decisions
when choosing or upgrading computer systems for various needs.
 EXPERIMENT - 3
AIM- To understand different types of cables and connections used in computer systems.

INTRODUCTION - Cables and connections play a vital role in computer systems as

they allow different components and devices to communicate with each other. They are used
to transfer data, power, and signals between hardware parts such as the CPU, monitor,
keyboard, storage devices, and networks. There are many types of cables, including data
cables like USB, HDMI, and Ethernet, as well as power cables and internal connectors such
as SATA for storage devices. Each cable has a specific purpose and standard that ensures
smooth performance and compatibility. Understanding the different types of cables and
connections is important because it helps in setting up, maintaining, and troubleshooting
computer systems effectively.

THEORY:

1. Importance of cables and connections?

Cables and connections are crucial for the functioning of all modern electrical and electronic
systems, as they transmit power and data, ensure safety through secure and insulated
connections, and provide the physical medium for communication and energy transfer. Their
importance stems from enabling the operation of devices, protecting against electrical
hazards, increasing efficiency by minimizing signal loss, and simplifying assembly and
maintenance through modular connections.

2. Computer data cables

Data cable lengths are made of the following computer leads types:

● Twisted Pairs: Two insulated copper wires that are twisted together and can have
additional shielding to enhance signal security and quality. They have various
numbered categories, like Cat5e, Cat6, Cat7, and Cat8.
● Coaxial: These cables are a single copper wire within a durable, flexible insulating
layer. They have a higher bandwidth than twisted pairs and are often used to transmit
video signals in CCTV security systems and home TV.
● Fibre Optic: These high-performing cables feature strands of plastic or glass within a
cladding layer (along with further protective layers). Fibre optic cables transfer data
via reflected light pulses very securely at high bandwidths and speeds across
incredible distances, making them key for high-performing telecommunications.
3. Types of computer cables and ports.

Types of computer cables are:

● Ethernet Cables: - The Ethernet cable links devices like computers, routers, and
switches within a wired local area network (LAN). These cables ensure a fast and
stable data connection, making them essential for both home and commercial use.
● USB Cables: - Universal Serial Bus cables are highly standardised, easily connected,
and handle charging, data transfer, and peripheral connection. They too have subtypes
like Type-A, Type-B, Mini-USB, Micro-USB, and Type-C
● VGA Cables: - Back in the 1970s and 1980s, computers like the Acorn Electron used
coaxial cables to connect to standard, low-resolution TV sets. However, by the 1990s
most computers were using VGA cables to connect to dedicated monitors, which were
able to produce much sharper pictures. VGA cables are still widely used today,
mostly connecting older monitors or PCs. They can only carry analog signals, so the
quality can’t match digital alternatives such as DVI and HDMI.
● Optical Fibre Cable: - An essential technology for long-distance
telecommunications, they feature long, protected strands of plastic or glass and
continuously reflect light pulses along the cable’s length. They handle high speeds
and bandwidth, are highly durable and data-secure, and have no problems with
electromagnetic interference.
● DVI Cable: - The DVI cable started appearing around 2000, offering a digital and
higher-quality alternative to VGA. While modern computers mostly provide HDMI
ports for sending video signals, it’s fairly common for them to also have one or more
DVI ports.
● HDMI Cables: - HDMI cables improve on VGA and DVI by carrying audio as well
as video signals. Because of this HDMI is commonly used to connect PCs to
monitors, and TVs to DVD players or set-top boxes.
● AUX Cables: - The classic ‘headphone jack,’ auxiliary cables feature a 3.5mm male
stereo connection at both ends. They send analogue audio signals from a source (like
a mobile phone, computer, or music player) to a system with speakers (like a home
stereo, car, or headphones).
● Thunderbolt Cables: - These are versatile cables with the same small, symmetric
profile as USB-C. They support data transfer, video signals, and power delivery, and
even interconnect multiple computing devices in a daisy-chain. The arrowed lightning
bolt symbol on connectors and ports indicates Thunderbolt capability.
● Display Port Cables: - Similar to HDMI, DisplayPort cables are easily connected
computer audiovisual cables. They are used mostly for computers rather than home
theatre devices. DisplayPort connections are trapezoid-shaped, use 20 pins, and can
feature a locking mechanism for secure connections.
CONCLUSION - Cables and connections are the backbone of communication between
computer components and external devices. Each type of cable has its own role, whether for
power supply, data transfer, or networking. Knowing about these connections ensures proper
setup, smooth functioning, and easier troubleshooting of computer systems.