5th Topic

Matrices
Consistency of linear system of equations

Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 29-07-2010)

Consistency of linear system of equations:

Let
a11x1 + a12 x 2 + .......... + a1n x n = k1 
a 21x1 + a 22 x 2 + ........ + a 2 n x n = k 2 
, (i)
....................................................... 
a m1x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ..... + a mn x n = k m 

be a system of m-non-homogenous equations in n-unknowns x1, x 2 , ........, x n .

 a11 a12 .... a1n   x1   k1 

a a 22 
.... a 2 n   x2   k 
If we write A =   , B= 
21 2
, X=
 .... .... .... ....   ....   .... 
     
a m1 a m 2 .... a mn  m×n  x n  n×1 k m  m×1
∴ (i) ⇒ AX = B .
Solution of linear system of equations:
Any set of values of x1, x 2 , ........, x n which simultaneously satisfy all these
equations is called a solution of the system of equations (i).
Consistent and inconsistent:
When the system of equations has one or more solutions, then the
equations are said to be consistent, otherwise, they are said to be inconsistent.
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Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

Augmented matrix:
 a 11 a 12 .... a 1n
k1 
a a 22 .... a 2 n
k 2 
K = [A
B] = 
21
The matrix is called the
 ..... ..... .... ....
.... 
 
a m1 a m 2 .... a mn
k m 
augmented matrix of the given system of equations.

Theorem of consistency
Statement: The system of equations AX = B is consistent, i.e., possesses a
solution iff the coefficient matrix A and the augmented matrix K =
(A:B) are of the same rank. Otherwise, the system is inconsistent.
Proof: Let
a11x1 + a12 x 2 + .......... + a1n x n = k1 
a 21x1 + a 22 x 2 + ........ + a 2 n x n = k 2 
, (i)
....................................................... 
a m1x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ..... + a mn x n = k m 

be a system of m-non-homogenous equations in n-unknowns x1, x 2 , ........, x n .

 a11 a12 .... a1n   x1   k1 

a a 22 
.... a 2 n  x  k 
If we write A =  21 , X =  2 , B =  2
 .... .... .... ....   ....   .... 
     
a m1 a m 2 .... a mn  m×n  x n  n×1 k m  m×1
∴ (i) ⇒ AX = B .
Now we consider the following two possible cases:
Case I.: When the rank of A = the rank of K = r ( r ≤ the smaller of numbers m and n).
Then by, suitable row operations, the system of equations AX = B can be reduced to
b11x1 + b12 x 2 + ....... + b1n x n = 1 
0x1 + b 22 x 2 + .......... + b 2 n x n =  2 
 (ii)
.................................................... 
0x1 + 0 x 2 + ............... + b rn x n =  r 

and the remaining (m − r ) equations being all of the form

0.x1 + 0.x 2 + .......... + 0.x n = 0 .

The equations (ii) will have a solution, by choosing ( n − r ) unknowns arbitrary.
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 3
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

The solution will be unique only when r = n.

Hence, the equations (i) are consistent, i.e., possesses solution.
Case II.: When the rank of A (i.e. r) < the rank of K.
In Particular, let the rank of K be r + 1.
Then, by suitable row operations, the e system of equations AX = B can reduced to
b11x1 + b12 x 2 + ....... + b1n x n = 1, 
0x1 + b 22 x 2 + .......... + b 2 n x n =  2 , 

.................................................... 
0x1 + 0x 2 + ............... + b rn x n =  r , 

0x1 + 0x 2 + ................. + 0x n =  r +1,

and the remaining [m − (r + 1)] equations are of the form

0.x1 + 0.x 2 + .......... + 0.x n = 0 .

Clearly, the (r+1)th equation can not be satisfied by any set of values for the unknowns.
Hence, the equations (i) are inconsistent, i.e., does not possess a solution.
This completes the proof.
Procedure to test the consistency of a system of equations in n-
unknown:
Find the ranks of the coefficient matrix A and the augmented matrix K, by
reducing A to the triangular form by elementary row operations. Let the rank of A
= r and rank of K = r ' .
(i) If r ≠ r ' , then the equations are inconsistent, i.e., there is no solution.
(ii) r = r ' = n , then the equations are consistent and there is a unique solution.
(iii) r = r ' < n , then the equations are consistent and there are infinite number
of solutions, by choosing to (n − r) unknowns arbitrary.

System of linear homogeneous equations:

Consider the homogeneous linear equations
a11x1 + a12 x 2 + .......... + a1n x n = 0 
a 21x1 + a 22 x 2 + ........ + a 2 n x n = 0 
. (i)
.......................................................
a m1x1 + a m 2 x 2 + ..... + a mn x n = 0 
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Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

Find the rank r of the coefficient matrix A by reducing it to the triangular form by
elementary operations.
Case (i): If the rank of A = n:
Then the equations (i) have only a trivial solution
x1 = x 2 = ................. = x n = 0 .
If the rank of A < n :
Then the equations (i) have (n − r ) independent solutions and r cannot be > n .
Remarks: The number of linearly independent solutions is
(n − r ) means, if arbitrary values are assigned to (n − r ) of the
variables, the values of the remaining variables can be
uniquely found.

Case (ii): When m < n:

(i.e. the number of equations is less than the number of variables)
Then the solution is always other than x1 = x 2 = ................. = x n = 0 .
Case (iii): When m = n:
(i.e. the number of equations = the number of variables).
Then the necessary and sufficient condition for solutions other than
x1 = x 2 = ................. = x n = 0 , is that the determinant of the coefficient matrix is
zero. In this case the equations are said to be consistent and such a solution is
called non-trivial solution. The determinant is called the eliminant of the equation.

Now let us examine the consistency of the following system of equations:

System of homogenous equations
Q.No.1.: Solve the equations:
(i) x + 2 y + 3z = 0 , 3x + 4 y + 4 z = 0 , 7 x + 10 y + 12 z = 0 ,
(ii) 4 x + 2 y + z + 3w = 0 , 6 x + 3 y + 4z + 7 w = 0 , 2 x + y + w = 0 .

1 2 3 
Sol.: (i). Here coefficient matrix A = 3 4 4  .
7 10 12

Find the rank of the coefficient matrix A:

Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 5
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

1 2 3
Operating R 2 → R 2 − 3R1 , we get A ∼ 0 − 2 − 5 .

7 10 12 

1 2 3
Operating R 3 → R 3 − 7R1 − 2R 2 , we get A ∼ 0 − 2 − 5 .

0 0 1 

Thus the rank of A = 3= the number of variables (i.e. r = n).

∴ The equations have only a trivial solution x = y = z = 0.
 4 2 1 3
(ii). Here coefficient matrix A is A = 6 3 4 7 .
2 1 0 1

Find the rank of the coefficient matrix:

 
4 2 1 3 
3 1  5 5 
Operating R 2 → R 2 − R1, R 3 → R 3 − R1 , we get A ∼ 0 0 .
2 2  2 2 
0 0 − 1 1
− 
 2 2 

4 2 1 3
1  5 5
Operating R 3 → R 3 + R 2 , we get A ∼ 0 0 .
5 0 0 2 2 
 0 0

Thus the rank of A = 2 < the number of variable (i.e. r < n )

∴ Number of independent solutions = 4 − 2 = 2 . Also the given system is equivalent to
4 x + 2 y + z + 3w = 0 , z + w = 0 .
∴ We have z = −w and y = −2 x − w ,
which give an infinite number of non-trivial solutions, by choosing the values of x and w
arbitrary.
Q.No.2.: Find the values of λ for which the equations
(λ − 1)x + (3λ + 1)y + 2λz = 0 ,
(λ − 1)x + (4λ − 2)y + (λ + 3)z = 0 ,
2x + (3λ + 1)y + 3(λ − 1)z = 0 ,
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 6
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

are consistent, and find the ratios of x : y : z, when λ has the smallest of
these values. What happens when λ has the greater of these values.
λ − 1 3λ + 1 2λ
Sol.: The given equations will be consistent, if λ − 1 4λ − 2 λ + 3 = 0 .
2 3λ + 1 3(λ − 1)

λ − 1 3λ + 1 2λ
Operating R 2 → R 2 − R1 , we get 0 λ −3 3−λ = 0.
2 3λ + 1 3(λ − 1)

λ − 1 3λ + 1 5λ + 1
Operating C3 → C3 + C2 , we get 0 λ−3 0 = 0.
2 3λ + 1 6λ − 2

λ −1 5λ + 1
⇒ (λ − 3) = 0 ⇒ 2(λ − 3)[(λ − 1)(3λ − 1) − (5λ + 1)] = 0 ⇒ 6λ(λ − 3)2 = 0
2 2(3λ + 1)
⇒ λ = 0 or 3.
(a). When λ = 0 , the equations become − x + y = 0 (i)
− x − 2 y + 3z = 0 (ii)
2 x + y − 3z = 0 (iii)
x y z
Solving (ii) and (iii), we get = = .
6 − 3 6 − 3 −1+ 4
Hence x = y = z.
(b). When λ = 3 , equations become identical.
Q.No.3.: Determine the values of λ for which the following set of equations may
possess non-trivial solution:
3x1 + x 2 − λx 3 = 0 , 4x1 − 2x 2 − 3x 3 = 0 , 2λx1 + 4x 2 + λx 3 = 0 .

For each permissible value of λ , determine the general solution.

Sol.: Given equations are 3x1 + x 2 − λx 3 = 0 , (i)

4x1 − 2x 2 − 3x 3 = 0 , (ii)

2λx1 + 4x 2 + λx 3 = 0 . (iii)
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 7
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

3 1 −λ
The given system of equations will be consistent, if A = 0 ⇒ 4 − 2 −3 = 0.
2λ 4 λ

⇒ 3(− 2λ + 12) − 1(4 + 6λ ) − λ(16 + 4λ ) = 0

⇒ λ2 − λ + 9λ − 9 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1, − 9 .
For λ = 1, equations (i), (ii) and (iii), becomes
3x1 + x 2 − x 3 = 0 (iv)

4x1 − 2x 2 − 3x 3 = 0 (v)

2x1 + 4x 2 + x 3 = 0 (vi)
By (iv) and (vi), we get
5x1 + 5x 2 = 0
⇒ x1 = −x 2 = k (say)
∴ x1 = k , x 2 = −k
Value of k put in equation (iv), we get
3k − k − x 3 = 0 ⇒ x 3 = 2k .

When λ = 1. Solution is x1 = k , x 2 = −k and x 3 = 2k . Ans.

For λ = −9 , equations (i), (ii) and (iii), becomes

3x1 + x 2 + 9 x 3 = 0 (vii)

4x1 − 2x 2 − 3x 3 = 0 (viii)

− 18x1 + 4x 2 − 9x 3 = 0 . (ix)
By equation (vii) and (viii), we get
x1 x2 x3
= = =k
− 3 + 18 36 + 9 − 6 − 4
x1 x 2 x
⇒ = = 3 = k ⇒ x1 = 3k, x 2 = 9k, x 3 = −2k .
3 9 −2
Hence we calculated
For λ = −9 , x1 = 3k, x 2 = 9k, x 3 = −2k ,

For λ = 1, x1 = k , x 2 = −k and x 3 = 2k , be the required general solution.

Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 8
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

Q.No.4.: Solve completely the system of equations

x + y − 2 z + 3w = 0 , x − 2 y + z − w = 0 ,
4 x + y − 5z + 8 w = 0 , 5 x − 7 y + 2 z − w = 0 .

1 1 − 2 3   x   0 
1 − 2 1 − 1  y  0
Sol.: The matrix form of the given system of equations is    =   .
 4 1 − 5 8   z   0
    
5 − 7 2 − 1  w  0
Operating R 2 → R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 − 4R1 , R 4 → R 4 − 5R1 , we get

1 1 − 2 3   x  0 
0 − 3 3 − 4   y  0 
   =   .
0 − 3 3 − 4   z  0 
    
0 − 12 12 − 16  w  0
1 1 − 2 3   x  0
0 − 3 3 − 4   y  0 
Operating R 3 → R 3 − R 2 , R 4 → R 4 − 4R 2 , we get    =  
0 0 0 0   z  0 
    
0 0 0 0   w  0 
⇒ x + y − 2 z + 3w = 0 , (i)
− 3 y + 3z − 4 w = 0 . (ii)
Suppose z = λ and w = µ
Now put the values of z and w in equation (ii), we get
3λ − 4µ 4
− 3 y + 3λ − 4µ = 0 ⇒ −3y = 4µ − 3λ ⇒ y = ⇒ y = λ− µ.
3 3
Put the value of y in equation (i), we get

x+
(3λ − 4µ ) − 2λ + 3µ = 0 ⇒ 3x + 3λ − 4µ − 6λ + 9µ = 0
3
5
⇒ 3x − 3λ + 5µ = 0 ⇒ x = λ − µ .
3
5 4
Thus x = λ − µ , y = λ − µ , z = λ and w = µ be the required solution.
3 3
Q.No.5.: Solve the equations
x1 + 3x 2 + 2x 3 = 0 , 2 x1 − 3x 2 + 3x 3 = 0 ,
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 9
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

3x 1 − 5x 2 + 4 x 3 = 0 , x1 + 17 x 2 + 4x 3 = 0 .
Sol.: In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as AX = 0
1 3 2 
 2 − 1 3  x1 
where A =   , X = x 2  .
 3 − 5 4  
   x 3 
1 17 4
1 3 2
0 − 7 − 1 
Operating R 1 − 2R 1 , R 3 − 3R 1 , R 4 − R1 , we get A ≈  .
0 − 14 − 2
 
0 14 2

1 3 2
0 − 7 − 1
Operating R 3 − 2R 2 , R 4 + 2R 2 , we get A ≈  .
0 0 0
 
0 0 0

1 − 11 0 
0 − 7 − 1
Operating R 1 + 2R 2 , we get A ≈  .
0 0 0
 
0 0 0

ρ(A ) = 2 < number of unknowns.

⇒ The system has an infinite number of non-trivial solutions given by
x1 − 11x 2 = 0 , − 7 x 2 − x 3 = 0

i.e., x1 = 11k , x 2 = k , x 3 = 7k , where k is any number. Different values of k give

different solutions.

System of non-homogenous equations

Q.No.1.: Test the consistency and solve
5 x + 3 y + +7 z = 4 , 3x + 26 y + 2 z = 9 , 7 x + 2 y + 10 z = 5 .

5 3 7   x   4 
Sol.: The given set of equations can be written as 3 26 2   y  = 9 .
7 2 10  z  5
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Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

15 9 21  x  12 

Operating R 1 → 3R 1 , R 2 → 5R 2 , we get 15 130 10  y  = 45 .
 7 2 10  z   5 

15 9 21   x  12
Operating R 2 → R 2 − R1 , we get  0 121 − 11  y  = 33 .

 7 2 10   z   5 

35 21 49  x  28

Operating R1 → R1, R 3 → 5R 3 , R 2 → R 2 , we get  0 11 − 1  y  =  3  .
7 1
3 11
35 10 50   z  25

5 3 7   x   4 
Operating R 3 → R 3 − R1 + R 2 , R1 → R1 , we get 0 11 − 1  y  = 3 .
1
7
0 0 0   z  0

Here the ranks of coefficient matrix A = the rank the augmented matrix K = 2.
Hence, the equations are consistent.
Also the given system is equivalent to
5 x + 3 y + 7 z = 4 , 11y − z = 3 .
3 z 7 16
∴y = + and x = − z , where z is parameter.
11 11 11 11
Thus, we have infinite number of solutions by choosing one unknown arbitrary.
If we put z = 0, we get
7 3
x= , y = , which is a particular solution.
11 11
Q.No.2.: Investigate for consistency of the following equations and if possible find the
solutions:
4 x − 2 y + 6 z = 8 , x − y + 3z = −1 , 15 x − 3 y + 9z = 21 .

 4 − 2 6  x   8 
Sol.: Here  1 1 − 3  y  = − 1 is the matrix representation of the given equations.
15 − 3 9   z   21

2 − 1 3   x   4 
, we get 1 1 − 3  y  = − 1 .
R1 R3
Now operating R1 → , R3 →
2 2
5 − 1 3   z   7 
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Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

2 − 1 3   x   4 
Operating R 2 → 2R 2 − R1 , we get 0 3 − 9  y  = − 6 .
5 − 1 3   z   7 

2 − 1 3   x   4 
, R 3 → 2R 3 − 5R1 , we get 0 1 − 3  y  = − 2 . (i)
R2
Operating R 2 →
3
0 0 0   z   0 

Here the rank of coefficient matrix A = 2 = the rank of augmented matrix K < 3 .
Hence the given system of equations is consistent and we have infinite number of
solutions.
Now (i) ⇒ 2 x − y + 3z = 4 , y − 3z = −2 .
Let z = k arbitrary number, hence
y = 3k − 2 and 2x − 3k + 2 + 3z = 4
⇒ 2x − 3k + 2 + 3k = 4 ⇒ 2x = 2 ⇒ x = 1 .
Hence x = 1, y = 3k − 2 and z = k for all k,
which gives an infinite no. of non-trivial solutions.
Q.No.3.: Test for consistency and solve:
(i) 2 x − 3 y + 7 x = 5 , 3x + y − 3z = 13 , 2 x + 19 y − 47 z = 32 ,
(ii) x + 2 y + z = 3 , 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 5 , 3x − 5 y + 5z = 2 , 3x + 9 y − z = 4 ,
(iii) 2 x + 6 y + 11 = 0 , 6 x + 20 y − 6 z + 3 = 0 , 6 y − 18 z + 1 = 0 .

2 − 3 − 7   x   5 
Sol.: (i) We have AX = B ⇒ 3 − 1 − 3   y  = 13 .
2 19 − 47  z  32

0 − 11 27   x  − 11
Operating R1 → 3R1 − 2R 2 , R 3 → R 3 − R1 , we get 3 1 − 3   y =  13  .
0 22 − 54  z   27 

0 − 11 27   x  − 11
Operating R 3 → R 3 + 2R1 , we get 3 1 − 3  y  =  13  .
0 0 0   z   27 

Here ρ(A) = 2 ≠ ρ(K ) = 3 .

Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 12
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

This shows that the given system of equations is not consistent, i.e., no solution for these
equations.
(ii). Given equations are
x + 2 y + z = 3 , 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 5 , 3x − 5 y + 5z = 2 , 3x + 9 y − z = 4 .

1 2 1 3
2 3  x   
2    5
Now we have AX = B ⇒  y = .
3 − 5 5    2
   z   
3 9 − 1 4
Operating R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − 3R1 and R 4 → R 4 − 3R1 , we get

1 2 1  3
0 − 1 0   x   − 1 
   y =   .
0 − 11 2    − 7
   z   
0 3 − 4   − 5
1 2 1 3
0 − 1 0   x   − 1
Operating R 3 → R 3 − 11R1 , R 4 → R 4 + 3R1 , we get    y =  
0 0 2    4 
   z   
0 0 − 4  − 8
1 2 1 3
0 − 1  x   
0   − 1
Operating R 4 → R 4 + 2R 3 , we get  y = . (i)
0 0 2    4 
 z  
0 0 0    0 
Here ρ( A ) = 3 = ρ( K ) = no. of unknowns.
Hence, the given system of equations is consistent and there is only unique solution.
Now (i) ⇒ x + 2 y + z = 3 ,
− y = −1 ⇒ y = 1 ,
2z = 4 ⇒ z = 2 .
Now putting y and z in the equation, we get x = −1 .
Hence, solution is x = −1 , y = 1 and z = 2 . Ans.
(iii). Given equation are
2 x + 6 y + 11 = 0 , 6 x + 20 y − 6 z + 3 = 0 , 6 y − 18 z + 1 = 0 .
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 13
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

2 6 0   x  − 11
Now we have AX= B ⇒ 6 20 − 6   y  =  30  .

0 6 − 18  z   − 1 

2 6 0   x  − 11
Operating R 2 → R 2 − 3R1 , we get 0 2 − 6   y  =  30  .
0 6 − 18  z   − 1 

2 6 0   x   − 11
Operating R 3 → R 3 − 3R 2 , we get 0 2 − 6  y  =  30  .
0 0 0   z  − 91

Here ρ(A) = 2 ≠ ρ(K ) = 3 .

This shows that the given system of equations is not consistent, i.e. no solution for these
equations.
Q.No.4.: Test for consistency and solve:
2x1 − 2x 2 + 4x 3 + 3x 4 = 9 , x1 − x 2 + 2x 3 + 2x 4 = 6 ,

2 x 1 − 2 x 2 + x 3 + 2 x 4 = 3 , x1 − x 2 + x 4 = 2

Sol.: Apply elementary row operation on [A B] .

2 − 2 4 3 9 
 
 1 − 1 2 2 6
Since [A B] = .
 2 − 2 1 2 3
 
1 − 1 0 1 2
Operating R 12 , R 21(− 2 ) , R 41(−1) , R 31(− 2 ) , R 2(−1) , R 3(−1) , R 4(−1) , we get

1 − 1 2 2 6
 
[A B] = 00 00 0 1 3
3 2 9
.
 
0 0 2 1 4

1 − 1 2 2 6
 
0 0 0 1 3
Operating R 34(−1) , we get [A B] =  .
0 0 1 1 5
 
0 0 2 1 4
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 14
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

1 − 1 2 2 6
 
0 0 0 1 5
Operating R 32 , R 43 , we get [A B] =  .
0 0 2 1 4
 
0 0 0 1 3

1 − 1 2 2 6
 
0 0 1 1 5
Operating R 32(− 2 ) , R 3(−1) , we get [A B] =  .
0 0 0 1 6
 
0 0 0 1 3

1 − 1 2 2 6
 
0 0 1 1 5
Operating R 43(−1) , R 4(−1) , we get [A B] =  .
0 0 0 1 6
 
0 0 0 0 3

Rank of (A) = 3 ≠ 4 = rank of [A B] .

So the given system in inconsistent and therefore has no solution.

Q.No.5.: Solve the system of equations:
2x1 + x 2 + 2x 3 + x 4 = 6 , 6x1 − 6x 2 + 6x 3 + 12x 4 = 36 ,

4x 1 + 3x 2 + 3x 3 − 3x 4 = −1 , 2x1 + 2x 2 − x 3 + x 4 = 10 .
Sol.: In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as AX = B

2 1 2 1  x1  6
6 − 6 6 12  x   
where A =   , X =  2  , B =  36  .
4 3 3 − 3 x 3  − 1
     
2 2 − 1 1  x 4  10 
2 1 2 1
6
6 − 6 6 12
35 
Augmented matrix [A
B] =  .
4 3 3 − 3
− 1
 
2 2 − 1 1
10 
2 1 2 1
6 
0 − 9 0 9
18 
Operating R 2 − 3R1 , R 3 − 2R 1 , R 4 − R1 , we get [A
B] =  .
0 1 − 1 − 5
− 13
 
0 1 − 3 1
4 
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 15
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

2 1 2 1
6 
0 1 0 − 1
− 2 
1
Operating − R 2 , we get [A
B] =  .
9 0 1 − 1 − 5
− 13
 
0 1 −3 0
4 

2 0 2 1
8 
0 1 0 −1
− 2 
Operating R1 − R 2 , R 3 − R 2 , R 4 − R 2 , we get [A
B] =  .
0 0 −1 − 4
− 11
 
0 0 −3 1
6 

1 0 1 1
4 
0 1 0 − 1
− 2 
1
Operating R 4 − 3R 3 , R 1 , we get [A
B] =  .
2 0 0 − 1 − 4
− 11
 
0 0 0 13
39 

1 0 1 −3
−7
0 1 0 − 1
− 2 
1
Operating R 1 + R 3 , R 4 , we get [A
B] =  .
13 0 0 − 1 − 4
− 11
 
0 0 0 1
3 

1 0 1 0
2
0 1 0 0
1
Operating R 1 + 3R 4 , R 2 + R 4 , R 3 + 4R 4 , we get [A
B] =  .
0 0 −1 0
1
 
0 0 0 1
3

1 0 1 0
2
0 1 0 0
1 
Operating (− 1)R 3 , we get [A
B] =  .
0 0 1 0
− 1
 
0 0 0 1
3
Hence x1 = 2, x2 = 1, x3 = 1, x4 = 3.
Q.No.6.: Using matrix method, show that the equations:
3x + 3y + 2z = 1, x + 2 y = 4 , 10 y + 3z = 2 , 2 x − 3 y − z = 5
are consistent and hence obtain the solutions for x, y and z.
Sol.: In matrix notation, the given system of equations can be written as AX = B
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 16
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

3 3 2 1 
1 2  x  4
0
where A =  , X =  y  , B =   .
0 10 3  − 2
   z   
2 − 3 − 1 5
3 3 2
1 
1 2 0
4 
Augmented matrix [A
B] =  .
0 10 3
− 2
 
2 − 3 − 1
5

1 2 0
4
3 3 2
1 
Operating R 12 , we get [A
B] =  .
0 10 3
− 2
 
2 − 3 − 1
5

1 2 0
4 
0 − 3 2
− 11
Operating R 2 − 3R 1 , R 4 − 2R1 we get [A
B] =  .
0 10 3
−2
 
0 − 7 − 1
−3

1 2 0
4 
0 − 3 2
− 11
Operating R 3 + 3R 2 , R 4 − 2R 2 we get [A
B] =  .
0 1 9
− 35
 
0 − 1 − 5
19 

1 0 − 18
74 
0 0 29
− 116
Operating R 1 − 2R 3 , R 2 + 3R 3 , R 4 + R 3 we get [A
B] =  .
0 1 9
− 35 
 
0 0 4
− 16 

1 0 − 18
74 
0 0 9
− 35 
1
Operating R 23 , R 4 , we get [A
B] = 
4 0 1 29
− 116
 
0 0 1
−4 

1 0 0
2
0 1 0
1 
Operating R 1 + 18R 4 , R 2 − 9R 4 , R 3 − 29R 4 we get [A
B] = 
0 0 0
0
 
0 0 1
− 4
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 17
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

1 0 0
2
0 1 0
1 
Operating R 34 , we get [A
B] = 
0 0 1
− 4
 
0 0 0
0

ρ(A ) = ρ(A : B) = 3 = number of unknowns.

⇒ The given system of equations is consistent and the solution is x = 2, y = 1, z = −4 .
Q.No.7.: Test for consistency and solve:
3x + 3 y + 2 z = 1 , x + 2 y = 4 , 10 y + 3z = −2 , 2 x − 3 y − z = 5 .

3 3 2 1 
 
 1 2 0 4
Sol.: [A B] = .
0 10 3 − 2
 
2 − 3 − 1 5 
1 2 0 4
 
 3 3 2 1 
Operating R12, we get [A B] = .
0 10 3 − 2
 
2 − 3 − 1 5 

1 2 0 4 
 
 0 − 3 2 − 11
Operating R 21(−3) , R 41(−2 ) , we get [A B] = .
0 10 3 − 2 
 
0 − 7 − 1 3 
1 2 0 4 
 2 11 
0 1 −
3 3 
 29 116  .
Operating R  1  , R 32(−10 ) , R 42(7) , we get [A B] =  
2 −  0 0 −
 3  3 3 
 17 68 
0 0 −
3 3 

1 2 0 4 
 2 11 
0 1 − 
Operating R  3 , R  17  , we get [A B] =  3 3 .
3  43  0 0 1 − 116 
 29   3
0 0 0
3 
 0 

r(A) = 3 = [A B] = n = number of variables.

Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 18
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

The system is consistent and has unique solution.

116
Solving, we get z = − = −4 .
29
2 11 11 2
y− z = ⇒ y = + (− 4 ) = 1
3 3 3 3
x + 2y + 0 ⇒ x = 4 − 2 = 2 .
i.e., x = 2, y = 1, z = −4 .
Q.No.8.: Solve x1 + x 2 − x 3 = 0 , 2 x1 − x 2 + x 3 = 3 , 4x1 + 2x 2 − 2x 3 = 2 .
Sol.: By applying elementary row operation
1 1 − 1 0 
[A B] = 2 − 1 1 3 .
4 2 − 2 2

1 1 − 1 0
Operating R 21(−2 ) , R 31(− 4 ) , we get [A B] = 0 − 3 3 3 .
0 − 2 2 2

1 1 − 1 0 
 
Operating R  1, R  1 , we get [A B] = 0 1 − 1 − 1 .
2 −  3 − 
 3  2 0 1 − 1 − 1

1 1 − 1 0 
 
Operating R 32(−1) , we get [A B] = 0 1 − 1 − 1 .
0 0 0 0 

r(A) = 2 = [A B] < 3 = n = number of variables.

The system is consistent but has infinite numbers of solutions in terms of n − r = 3 − 2 = 1

variable.
Choose x3 = k = arbitrary constant
Solving x 2 − x 3 = 1 ⇒ x 3 = x 3 − 1 = k − 1 .

x1 + x 2 − x 3 = 0 ⇒ x1 = − x 2 + x 3 = −k + 1 + k = 1 .
Thus the solutions are
x1 = 1, x 2 = k − 1 , x 3 = k , where k is arbitrary.
Q.No.9.: Solve, with the help of matrices, the simultaneous equations:
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 19
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

x + y + z = 3 , x + 2 y + 3z = 4 , x + 4 y + 9z = 6 .
Sol.: In this question, there is no restriction that the solution must be obtained by finding

A −1 .
1 1 1 : 3
Now here augmented matrix [A : B] = 1 2 3 : 4 .
1 4 9 : 6

1 1 1 : 3
Operating R 2 − R1 , R 3 − R 1 , we get [A : B] = 0 1 2 : 1 .
0 3 8 : 3

1 1 1 : 3
Operating R 3 − 3R 2 , we get [A : B] = 0 1 2 : 1 .
0 0 2 : 0

1 1 1 : 3
Operating R 3 , we get [A : B] = 0 1 2 : 1 .
1
2
0 0 1 : 0

1 1 0 : 3
Operating R 2 − R 3 , R 2 − 2R 3 , we get [A : B] = 0 1 0 : 1 .
0 0 1 : 0

1 0 0 : 2
Operating R1 − R 2 , we get [A : B] = 0 1 0 : 1 .
0 0 1 : 0

∴ x = 2 , y = 1, z = 0.
This method is especially useful when the number of unknown is 4, since A is order of 4

and the co-factor of its various elements are determinants of order 3.

Q.No.10.: Investigate the values of λ and µ so that the equations
2 x + 3 y + 5z = 9 , 7 x + 3 y − 2z = 8 , 2 x + 3y + λ z = µ , have
(i) no solution, (ii) a unique solution and (iii) an infinite number of solutions.
2 3 5   x   9 
Sol.: The given set of equations can be written as 7 3 − 2  y  =  8  .
2 3 λ   z  µ 
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 20
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

2 3 5   x   9 
⇒ AX = B ⇒ 7 3 − 2  y  =  8  .
2 3 λ   z  µ 

2 3 5
9 
The augmented matrix K = [A : B] 7 3 − 2
8  .
2 3 λ
µ 

2 3 5
9 
Operating R 3 → R 3 − R1 , R 2 → 2R 2 − 7R1 , we get K ~ 0 − 15 − 39
− 47 
0 0 λ − 5
µ − 9

(i). If λ ≠ 5 , we have rank of K = 3 = rank of A [i.e. r = r ' ]

⇒ The given system of equations is consistent.
Also the rank of A = the number of unknowns.
⇒ The given system of equations posses a unique solution.
Thus, λ ≠ 5 , the given equations possesses a unique solution for any value of µ .
(ii). If λ = 5 and µ = 9 , we have rank K = rank A.
⇒ The given system of equations is again consistent.
Also the rank of A < the numbers of unknowns.
⇒ The given system of equations possesses an infinite number of solutions.
(iii). If λ = 5 and µ ≠ 9 , we have rank of K = 3, and rank of A = 2 ⇒ rank K ≠ rank A.
⇒ The given system of equations is inconsistent and possesses no solution.
Q.No.11.: Investigate for what values of λ and µ the simultaneous equations
x + y + z = 6 , x + 2 y + 3z = 10 , x + 2 y + λz = µ , have
(i) no solution, (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite number of solutions.
1 1 1   x   6 
Sol.: We have AX = B ⇒ 1 2 3   y  = 10 .
1 2 λ   z   µ 

1 1 1 : 6 
The augmented matrix K = [A : B] = 1 2 3 : 10 .
1 2 λ : µ 
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 21
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

1 1 1 : 6 

Operating R 2 → R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 − R1 , we get K = [A : B] = 0 1 2: 4  .
0 1 λ − 1 : µ − 6

1 1 1 : 6 

Operating R 3 → R 3 − R 2 , we get 0 1 2 : 4  .
0 0 λ − 3 : µ − 10

(i). If λ = 3 and µ ≠ 10, then ρ(A ) = 2 ≠ ρ(K ) = 3

⇒ the given system of equations is inconsistent i.e., possesses no solution.
(ii). If λ ≠ 3 and ∀µ , then ρ(A ) = ρ(K ) = 3 = the number of unknowns.
⇒ The given system of equations is consistent, and possesses a unique solution.
Thus if λ ≠ 3 , ∀µ , the given system of equations possesses a unique solution.

(iii). If λ = 3 and µ = 10, then ρ(A ) = ρ(K ) = 2 < the number of unknowns.
⇒ The given system of equations is again consistent and possesses an infinite number of
solutions.
Q.No.12.: For what values of k the equations x + y + z = 1 , 2 x + y + 4 z = k ,

4x + y + 10z = k 2 have a solution and solve them completely in each case.

1 1 1   x   1 
Sol.: Here the matrix form of the given system of equations is 2 1 4   y  =  k  .
4 1 10  z  k 2 

1 1 1  x   1 
Operating R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 , R 3 → R 3 − 4R1 , we get 0 − 1 2  y  =  k − 2  .
0 − 3 6  z  k 2 − 4

 
1 1 1   x   1 
Operating R 3 → R 3 , we get 0 − 1 2  y  =  k − 2
1 .
 2 
3 (
0 − 1 2  z   k − 4 )

 3 

 
1 1 1   x   1 
   
Operating R 3 → R 3 − R 2 , we get 0 − 1 2  y  =  k−2 .
 2 
( )
0 0 0  z   k − 4 − k + 2
 3 
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 22
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

k2 − 4
⇒ x + y + z = 1 , − y + 2z = k − 2 and 0 = −k+2.
3

This is only possible i. e. have solution if

(k 2
−4)−k+2 = 0
3

⇒ k 2 − 3k + 2 = 0 ⇒ k = 2, 1.
Case 1: Let k = 2.
We have x + y + z = 1 , − y + 2z = k − 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 2 z
If z = c, then − y + 2c = 0 ⇒ y = 2c
and x = 1 − 3c .
∴ At k = 2, x = 1 − 3c , y = 2c , z = c,
which is the required solution when k = 1.
Case 2: Let k = 1, then − y + 2c = −1 ⇒ y = 1 + 2c
and x = 1 − 1 − 2c = −3c .
∴ At k = 1, x = −3c , y = 1 + 2c , z = c,
which is the required solution when k = 1.
Q.No.13.: Find the values of a and b for which the equations:
x + ay + z = 3 , x + 2 y + 2 z = b , x + 5 y + 3z = 9 are consistent.
Determine the solution in each case.
When will these equations have unique solution ?
1 a 1  x  3
Sol.: The matrix form of the given system of equations is 1 2 2  y  = b .
1 5 3  z  9

1 a 1  x   3 
Operating R 3 → R 3 − R 2 , we get 1 2 2  y  =  b  .
0 3 1  z  9 − b

1 a 1  x   3 
Operating R 2 → R 2 − R1 , we get 0 2 − a 1  y  =  b − 3 .
0 3 1  z  9 − b
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 23
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

1 a 1  x   3 
Operating R 2 → R 3 + R 2 , we get 0 2 − a 0  y  =  b − 3  .

0 1 + a 0  z  12 − 2b 

Case (i): When a = −1, b = 6, then equations will be consistent and have infinite number
of solutions.
Case (ii): When a = −1, b ≠ 6 , then equations will be inconsistent.
Case (iii): When a ≠ −1 ∀ b , then equations will be consistent and have a unique
solutions.
Q.No.14.: Determine the values of a and b for which the system
x + 2 y + 3z = 6 , x + 3y + 5z = 9 , 2 x + 5 y + az = b
has (i) no solution (ii) unique solution (iii) infinite number of solutions.
Find the solution in case (ii) and (iii).
1 2 3 6 
 
Sol.: [A B] = 1 3 5 9 
2 5 a b 

1 2 3 6 
 
Operating R 21(−1) , R 31(− 2 ) , we get = 0 1 2 3 
0 1 a − 6 b − 12

1 2 3 6 
 
Operating R 32(−1) , we get = 0 1 2 3 
0 0 a − 8 b − 15

Case 1: a = 8, b ≠ 15 , r(A) = 2 ≠ 3 = r[A B] , inconsistent, no solution.

Case 2: a ≠ 8 , b any value. r(A) = 3 = [A B] = n = number of variables, unique solution,

b − 15
z= .
a −8

y=
(3a − 2b + 6) , x=z=
(b − 15) .
(a − 8) (a − 8)
Case 3: a = 8, b = 15, r(A) = 2 = [A B] < 3 = n. Infinite solutions with n − r = 3 − 2 = 1

arbitrary variable. x = k, y = 3 − 2 k , z = k, with k arbitrary.

Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 24
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

Q.No.15.: Show that the equations 3x + 4 y + 5z = a , 4 x + 5 y + 6z = b ,

5x + 6 y + 7 z = c
do not have a solution unless a + c = 2b .
 3 4 5 a  x 
Sol.: Let A = 4 5 6 , B = b , X =  y  .
   
5 6 7  c   z 

3 4 5   x  a 
Then the matrix form of the equations is AX = B ⇒  4 5 6   y  =  b  .
 5 6 7   z   c 

3 4 5  x   a 
Operating, R 2 → 3R 2 − 4R1 , we get 0 − 1 − 2  y  = 3b − 4a  .

5 6 7   z   c 

3 4 5  x   a 
Operating, R 3 → 3R 3 − 5R1 , we get 0 − 1 − 2  y  = 3b − 4a  .

0 − 2 − 4  z   3c − 5a 

 
3 4 5   x   a 
1      
Operating, R 3 → R 3 − R 2 , we get 0 −1 −2   y  =  3b − 4a  .
2
0 0 0   z   3c − 6b + 3a 
 
 2 
3c − 6b + 3a
If ≠ 0 , then equations are inconsistent.
2
If ρ(A ) = ρ( K ) , then equations are consistent. This is possible only when
3c − 6b + 3a
= 0 ⇒ 3c − 6b + 3a = 0 ⇒ a + c = 2b .
2
Thus the given equations do not have a solution unless a + c =2b.
Q.No.16.: Show that if λ ≠ −5 , the system of equations
3x − y + 4 z = 3 , x + 2 y − 3z = −2 , 6 x + 5 y + λ z = −3 have a unique solution.
If λ = −5 , show that the equations are consistent.
Determine the solution in each case.
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 25
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

3 − 1 4   x   3 
Sol.: The matrix form of the given system of equations is 1 2 − 3  y  = − 2 .
6 5 λ   z   − 3

3 − 1 4  x   3 
Operating R 2 → 3R 2 − R1 , R 3 → R 3 − 2R1 , we get 0 7 − 13   y  = − 9 .

0 7 λ − 8  z  − 9

3 − 1 4  x   3 
Operating, R 3 → R 3 − R 2 , we get 0 7 − 13   y  = − 9 .
0 0 λ + 5  z   0 

Case 1. If λ ≠ −5 . Then ρ( A ) = 3 = ρ( K ) = number of unknowns.

⇒ The system of equations is consistent and have a unique solution.
9 4
Then the unique solution is z = 0, y = − , x = .
7 7
Case 2. If λ = −5 , then ρ( A ) = 2 = ρ( K ) < number of unknowns = 3.
⇒ The system of equations is consistent and have infinite number of solutions.
Put z = k for all values of k, then
1 1
y= (13k − 9 ) , x= (y − 4z + 3) ⇒ x = 1 (4 − 5k ) .
7 3 7
1
Hence when λ = −5 , then x = (4 − 5k ) , y = 1 (13k − 9 ) and z = k for all values of k,
7 7
be the required solution.
Q.No.17.: Find the values of λ for which the equations (2 − λ )x + 2 y + 3 = 0 ,

2x + (4 − λ )y + 7 = 0 , 2x + 5y + (6 − λ ) = 0 are consistent and find the values

of x and y corresponding to each of these values of λ .
2 − λ 2 3 
Sol.: Here coefficient matrix A =  2 4−λ 7  .
 2 5 6 − λ 

2−λ 2 3
The given equations are consistent if A = 0 ⇒ 2 4−λ 7 = 0.
2 5 6−λ
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 26
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

2−λ 2 3
Operating R 3 → R 3 − R 2 , we get 2 4−λ 7 = 0.
0 1+ λ −1− λ

−λ −2+λ −4
Operating R1 → R1 − R 2 , we get 2 4−λ 7 = 0.
0 1+ λ −1− λ

−λ 6+λ −4
Operating C2 → C2 + C3 , we get 2 11 − λ 7 = 0.
0 0 −1− λ

2−λ 5 3
Operating R1 → R1 + R 2 , we get 2 11 − λ 7 = 0.
0 0 1+ λ

Now expanding the determinant, we get

(1 + λ ){(2 − λ )(11 − λ ) − 10} = 0 ( )

⇒ (1 + λ ) λ2 − 13λ + 12 = 0

⇒ Either (λ + 1) = 0 or λ2 − 13λ + 12 = 0 .

⇒ λ2 − 13λ + 12 = 0 ⇒ λ = 12, 1 .
Therefore the values of λ = −1, 1, 12 .
Case 1. When λ = −1 , the equations become
3x + 2 y + 3 = 0 ,
2x + 5y + 7 = 0 ,
2x + 5y + 7 = 0 .
1 15
On solving these equations, we get x = − , y=− . Ans.
11 11
Case 2. When λ = 1, the equations become
x + 2y + 3 = 0 ,
2 x + 3y + 7 = 0 ,
2x + 5y + 5 = 0 .
On solving these equations, we get x = −5 , y = 1 . Ans
Case 3. When λ = 12 , the equations become
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 27
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

− 10 x + 2 y + 3 = 0 ,

2x + (− 8y ) + 7 = 0 ,
2x + 5y − 6 = 0 .
1
On solving these equations, we get x = , y = 1 . Ans.
2
Q.No.18.: Show that there are three real values of λ for which the equations
(a − λ )x + by + cz = 0 , bx + (c − λ )y + az = 0 , cx + ay + (b − λ )z = 0
are simultaneously true and that the product of these values of λ is
a b c
D= b c a .
c a b

a − λ b c 
Sol.: Here the coefficient matrix A =  b c−λ a  .
 c a b − λ 

a−λ b c
These equations will be consistent if A =0⇒ b c−λ a = 0.
c a b−λ

a +b+c−λ b c
Operating C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we get a + b + c − λ c − λ a = 0.
a +b+c−λ a b−λ

1 b c
Taking (a + b + c − λ ) out side, we get (a + b + c − λ )1 c−λ a = 0.
1 a b−λ

Operating R1 → R1 − R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − R 3 , we get

0 b−a c−b+λ
(a + b + c − λ ) 0c −λ −a a − b + λ = 0.
1 a b−λ

On expanding, we get
(a + b + c − λ ){(b − a )(a − b + λ ) − (c − b + λ )(c − λ − a )} = 0
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 28
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

{( ) }
⇒ (a + b + c − λ ) ab − b 2 + bλ − a 2 + ab − aλ − c 2 + cλ + ac + cb − bλ − ab − cλ + λ2 + aλ = 0
⇒ (a + b + c − λ ){λ2 − 2(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − ca − bc )} = 0

Either λ = a + b + c or λ2 − 2{a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − (ab + ca + bc )} = 0 .

± 4(a + b + c − ab − bc − ca )
2 2 2
⇒λ= = ± (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ) .
2

Thus three roots are λ1 = a + b + c , λ 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca and

λ3 = − a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca
Product of three roots of equation
λ1λ 2 λ 3 = − ( a + b + c ) a 2 + b 2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca  . (i)

a b c
Now we have given D = b c a .
c a b

a+b+c b c 1 b c
Operating R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3 , we get D = a + b + c c a = (a + b + c )1 c a .
a+b+c a b 1 a b

0 b−a c−b
Operating R1 → R1 − R 3 , R 2 → R 2 − R 3 , we get (a + b + c ) 0 c − a a − b .
1 a b

0 b−a c−b
On expanding D, we get D = (a + b + c ) 0 c − a a − b
1 a b

= (a + b + c){(b − a )(a − b ) − (c − a )(c − b)}

[( ) (
= (a + b + c ) ba − b 2 − a 2 + ab − c 2 − cb − ac + ab )]
= (a + b + c )(ab + bc + ca − a − b − c ) 2 2 2

= −(a + b + c )(a + b + c − ab − bc − ca )
2 2 2
(ii)
Hence we have found that (i) and (ii) are equal.
Hence, it is proved that product of 3 values of λ is equal to the D .
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 29
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

Q.No.19.: Show that the system of the equations 2 x1 − 2 x 2 + x 3 = λx1 ,

2x1 − 3x 2 + 2x 3 = λx 2 , − x1 + 2x 2 = λx 3 can posses a non-trivial solution

only if λ = 1, λ = −3 . Obtain the general solution in each case.

Sol.: Given equations are (2 − λ )x1 − 2x 2 + x 3 = 0 , 2x1 − (3 + λ )x 2 + 2x 3 = 0 ,

− x1 + 2x 2 − λx 3 = 0 .

2−λ −2 1
The given system of equations will be consistent, if 2 − (3 + λ ) 2 = 0 .
−1 2 −λ

( )
⇒ (2 − λ ) λ2 + 3λ − 4 + 2(− 2λ + 2 ) + (4 − λ − 3) = 0

⇒ 4 + 2λ2 + 6λ − 8 − λ3 − 3λ2 + 4λ(− 1) + 4 − λ − 3 = 3

⇒ −λ3 − λ2 + 5λ + (− 3) = 0 ⇒ λ3 + λ2 − 5λ + 3 = 0

(
⇒ (λ − 1) λ2 + 2λ − 3 = 0 )
Thus λ = 1 and λ2 + 2λ − 3 = 0 ⇒ λ = −3, 1 .
For λ = 1 and λ = −3 the given system of the equations are consistent and posses a non-
trivial solution.
If we put λ = 1 in the given equations, we get
x1 − 2x 2 + x 3 = 0 ,

2x1 − 4x 2 + 2x 3 = 0 ,

− x1 + 2x 2 − x 3 = 0 .
a+b
Let x1 = a , x 3 = b , ⇒ x2 = .
2
If we put λ = −3 in the given equations, we get
5x1 − 2x 2 + x 3 = 0 ,

2x1 + 2x 3 = 0 ,

− x1 + 2x 2 + 3x 3 = 0 .
x2
⇒ x 2 = −2 x 3 ⇒ x 3 = −
2
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 30
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

x2
x1 = = x3 = t .
2
x1 = t , x 2 = −2t , x 3 = t is the general solution.
Q.No.20.: Prove that the equations 5 x + 3y + 2 z = 12 , 2 x + 4 y + 5z = 2 ,
39 x + 43 y + 45z = c are incompatible unless c = 74 ; and in that case the
equations are satisfied by x = 2 + t , y = 2 − 3t , z = −2 + 2t , where t is any
arbitrary quantity.
Sol.: The equations are 5 x + 3y + 2 z = 12 , 2 x + 4 y + 5z = 2 , 39 x + 43 y + 45z = c .

 5 3 2   x  12
The matrix form of these equations is AX = B ⇒  2 4 5   y =  2  .
39 43 45  z   c 

 5 3 2   x   12 
Operating, R 2 → 5R 2 − 2R1 , we get  0 14 21  y  = − 14 .
39 43 45  z   c 

 5 3 2   x   12 
, we get  0 2 3   y = − 2 .
R2
Operating, R 2 →
7
39 43 45  z   c 

5 3 2   x   12 
Operating, R 3 → 5R 3 − 39R 3 , R 2 →
R2 
we get 0 2 3   y  =  − 2  .
7
0 98 147  z  5c − 468

5 3 2  x   12 
Operating R 3 → R 3 − 49R 2 , we get 0 2 3  y  =  − 2  .
0 0 0  z  5c − 370

If 5c − 370 ≠ 0 ⇒ c ≠ 74 . The equations are inconsistent (or incompatible).

If ρ(A ) = ρ( K ) , then equations are consistent.
This is possible only when c = 74. Thus the equations are incompatible unless c = 74.
IInd Part. Now when c = 74, then
5 x + 3y + 2 z = 12 and 2 y + 3z = −2 .
Now putting x = 2 + t , y = 2 − 3t , z = −2 + 2t and c = 74 in the given equations, we
obtain
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 31
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

5 x + 3y + 2 z = 12

⇒ 5(2 + t ) + 3(2 − 3t ) + 2(− 2 + 2t ) =12 ⇒ 10 + 5t + 6 − 9t − 24 + 4t = 12 ⇒ 12 = 12.

Hence equation is satisfied.
On putting the given values of x, y, z in the equation, we get
2 x + 4 y + 5z = 2

⇒ 2(2 + t ) + 4(2 − 3t ) + 5(− 2 + 2t ) = 2 ⇒ 2 = 2 .

Hence equation is satisfied.
On putting the given values of x, y, z in the equation, we get
39 x + 43 y + 45z = c

⇒ 39(2 + t ) + 43(2 − 3t ) + 4(− 2 + 2t ) = 74 ⇒ 164 − 90 = 74 ⇒ 74 = 74 .

Q.No.21.: If b = am − n , cm = bn −  , an = c − m , prove that 1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 0 .

Sol.: Given am − n − b = 0 , cm − bn +  = 0 , − m − an + c = 0 .
a −1 − b
Putting them into determinant form, we get c − b 1 = 0 .
−1 − a c

( )
⇒ a (− bc + a ) + 1 c2 + 1 − b(− ac − b )

⇒ −abc + a 2 + c 2 + 1 + bac + b 2 = 0

⇒ 1 + a 2 + b2 + c2 = 0 .
Hence, this completes the proof.
Q.No22.: Solve by calculating the inverse by elementary row operations
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = 0 , x1 + x 2 + x 3 − x 4 = 4 ,

x1 + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 = −4 , x1 − x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = 2 .
Sol.: The system is written as AX = B, where

1 1 1 1   x1  0
1 1 1 − 1 x   
A=  , X =  2, B =  4 
1 1 − 1 1  x 3  − 4
     
1 − 1 1 1  x 4  2
Inverse by elementary row operations
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 32
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
 
[A I] = 11 11 −11 −11 00 10 0
1
0
0
 
1 − 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

Operating R 21(−1) , R 31(−1) , R 41(−1) and R 2(−1) , R 3(−1) , R 4(−1) , we get

1 1 1 11 0 0 0 
 
2 1 −1 0 0 
[A I] = 00 0
0
0
2 0 1 0 −1 0 
 
0 2 0 0 1 0 0 − 1

 1 0 0 0 
1 1 1 11 1
 0 0 − 
0 1 0 02 2
Operating R 24 , R  1  , R  1  , R  1  , we get [A I] =  1 1 
2  3  4  0 0 1 0 0 − 0 
2 2 2  2 2 
0 0 0 11 1
0 −1 
 2 2 

 1 1 1 1 
 −
2 2 2 2 
1 1 1 1
1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 − 
Operating R 14(−1) , R 13(−1) , R 12(−1) , we get [A I] =  2 2 .
0 0 1 0 1
0 −
1
0 
 2 2 
0 0 0 1
1 1 
 − 0 0 
 2 2 
− 1 1 1 1 
 
1 1 0 0 − 1
Thus A −1 =  .
2  1 0 −1 0 
 
 1 −1 0 0 
The require solution is
− 1 1 1 1   0   1 
    
1 1 0 0 − 1  4   − 1 
X = A −1B =  =
2  1 0 − 1 0   − 4  2 
    
 1 − 1 0 0   2   − 2
i.e., X1 = 1, X 2 = −1 , X3 = 2, X 4 = −2 .
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 33
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

Home Assignments:
System of homogenous equations
Q.No.1.: Solve the equations
x + 3y + 2z = 0 , 2 x − y + 3z = 0 , 3x − 5 y + 4 z = 0 , x + 17 y + 4z = 0 .
Ans.: x = 11k, y = k, z = −7k , where k is arbitrary.
Q.No.2.: Solve completely the system of equations
3x + 4 y − z − 6 w = 0 , 2 x + 3 y + 2 z − 3w = 0 ,
2 x + y − 14 z − 9 w = 0 , x + 3 y + 13z + 3w = 0 .

Ans.: x = 11k 2 + 6k1 , y = −8k 2 − 3k1 , z = k 2 , w = k1 ,

where k1, k2 are arbitrary constants.
Q.No.3.: Using the loop current method on a circuit, the following equations were
obtained: 7i1 − 4i 2 = 12 , − 4i1 + 12i 2 − 6i 3 = 0 , − 6i 2 + 14i 3 = 0 .

By matrix method, solve for i1 , i 2 and i 3 .

396 24 72
Ans.: i1 = , i2 = , i3 = .
175 25 175
System of non-homogenous equations
Q.No.1.: Test for consistency and solve:
5 x + 3 y + 7 z = 4 , 3x + 26 y + 2 z = 9 , 7 x + 2 y + 10 z = 5 .

Ans.: x =
(7 − 16k ) , y=
(3 + k ) , z = k, k arbitrary.
11 11
Q.No.2.: Test for consistency and solve:
x1 + x 2 − 2 x 3 + x 4 + 3x 5 = 1, 2x 1 − x 3 + 2 x 3 + 2x 4 + 6 x 5 = 2 ,

3x1 + 2x 2 − 4x 3 − 3x 4 − 9x 5 = 3 .

Ans.: x1 = 1 , x2 = 2a, x3 = a, x 4 = −3b , x5 = b, where a and b are arbitrary constants.

Q.No.3.: Test for consistency and solve:
x1 + x 2 + 2x 3 + x 4 = 5 , 2x1 + 3x 2 − x 3 − 2x 4 = 2 , 4 x1 + 5x 2 + 3x 3 = 7
Ans.: No solution, system inconsistent.
Q.No.4.: Test for consistency and solve:
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 34
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

2x 1 + 3x 2 − x 3 = 1 , 3x1 − 4x 2 + 3x 3 = −1 ,

2x1 − x 2 + 2x 3 = −3 , 3x1 + x 2 − 2x 3 = 4 .
Ans.: No solution, system inconsistent.
Q.No.5.: Test for consistency and solve:
2x1 + 2x 2 + x 3 = 3 , 2x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 0 , 6x1 + 2x 2 + 4x 3 = 6 .
Ans.: No solution, system inconsistent.
Q.No.6.: Test for consistency and solve:
7 x + 16 y − 7 z = 4 , 2 x + 5 y − 3z = −3 , x + y + 2 z = 4 .
Ans.: No solution, system inconsistent.
Q.No.7.: Test for consistency and solve:
x + y + z = 4 , 2 x + 5 y − 2z = 3 , x + 7 y − 7 z = 5 .
Ans.: No solution, system inconsistent.
Q.No.8.: Test for consistency and solve:
− x1 + x 2 + 2x 3 = 2 , 3x 1 − x 2 + x 3 = 6 , − x1 + 3x 2 + 4x 3 = 4 .

Ans.: x1 = 1, x 2 = −1, x 3 = 2 , Unique solution.

Q.No.9.: Test for consistency and solve:
2 x + y − z = 0 , 2 x + 5 y + 7 z = 52 , x + y + z = 9 .
Ans.: Unique solution, x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.
Q.No.10.: Test for consistency and solve:
x + y + z = 6 , 2 x − 3y + 4z = 8 , x − y + 2z = 5 .
Ans.: x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3.
Q.No.11.: Show that the equations x + 2 y − z = 3 , 3x − y + 2 z = 1 , 2 x − 2 y + 3z = 2 ,
x − y + z = −1 are consistent and solve them.
Ans.: x = −1 , y = 4, z = 4.
Q.No.12.: Solve the following systems of equations by matrix method:
(i). x + y + z = 8 , x − y + 2z = 6 , 3x + 5 y − 7 z = 14
(ii). x + y + z = 6 , x − y + 2z = 5 , 3x + y + z = 8
(iii). x + 2 y + 3z = 1 , 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 2 , 3x + 3 y + 4z = 1 .
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 35
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

5 4 3 8 2
Ans.: (i). x = 5, y = , z= (ii). x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 (iii) x = − , y = , = − .
3 3 7 7 7
Q.No.13.: For what values of a and b do the equations x + 2 y + 3z = 6 , x + 3y + 5z = 9 ,
2 x + 5 y + az = b have (i) have a no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) more
than one solution.
Ans.: (i). a = 8, b ≠ 15 (ii). a ≠ 8 , b may have any value (ii) a = 8, b =15.
Q.No.14.: Find the values of a and b for which the system has (i) no solution (ii) unique
solution (iii) infinitely many solution for 2 x + 3 y + 5z = 9 , 7 x + 3 y − 2z = 8 ,
2 x + 3 y + az = b .
Ans.: (i). No solution of a = 5, b ≠ 9 .
(ii) Unique solution a ≠ 5 , b any value.
(iii) Infinitely many solutions a = 5, b = 9.
Q.No.15.: Find the values of a and b for which the system has (i) no solution (ii) unique
solution (iii) infinitely many solution for x + y + z = 6 , x + 2 y + 3z = 10 ,
x + 2 y + az = b .
Ans.: (i). a = 3, b ≠ 10 inconsistent
(ii) Unique solution a ≠ 3 , b any value.
(iii) Infinitely many solutions a = 3, b = 10.
Q.No.16.: Test for consistency − 2 x + y + z = a , x − 2 y + z = b , x + y − 2z = c ,
where a, b, c are constants.
Ans.: (i) if a + b + c ≠ 0 , inconsistent.
(ii). a + b + c = 0 , infinite solution.
Q.No.17.: Find the value of k so that the equations x + y + 3z = 0 , 4 x + 3 y + kz = 0 ,
2 x + y + 2z = 0 have a non-trivial solution.
Ans.: k = 8.
Q.No.18.: Show that if λ ≠ −5 , the system of equations
3x − y + 4 z = 3 , x + 2 y − 3z = −2 , 6 x + 5 y + λ z = −3 , have a unique
solution. If λ = −5 , show that the equations are consistent.
Determine the solutions in each case.
Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 36
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

4 9 1 1
Ans.: λ ≠ −5 , x = , y = − , z = 0: λ = −5 , x = (4 − 5) , y = (13k − 9 ) , z = k for
7 7 7 7
all k.

Q.No.19.: Solve using A −1 (inverse of the coefficient matrix):

2x1 + x 2 + 5x 3 + x 4 = 5 , x1 + x 2 − 3x 3 − 4x 4 = −1 , 3x1 + 6x 2 − 2x 3 + x 4 = 8 ,

2x1 + 2x 2 + 2x 3 − 3x 4 = 2 .

1 4
Ans.: x1 = 2, x 2 = , x 3 = 0 , x 4 = , unique solution.
5 5
Q.No.20.: Write the following equations in matrix form AX = B and solve for X by

finding A −1 :
(i). 2 x − 2 y + z = 1 , x + 2 y + 2 z = 2 , 2 x + y − 2 z = 7
(ii). 2x 1 − x 2 + x 3 = 4 , x1 + x 2 + x 3 = 1 , x1 − 3x 2 − 2x 3 = 2 .

Ans.: (i). x = 2, y = 1, z = −1 (ii). x1 = 1, x 2 = −1 , x3 = 1.

Frequently asked questions and their replies:
Q.: What are the rank conditions for consistency of a linear algebraic system?
Ans.: Well, what is your definition of "rank"? The definition I would use is that the rank of a matrix is the
number of non-zero rows left after you row-reduce the matrix. Obviously, that idea applies to non-square
matrices. In fact, if you append a new column to a square matrix, to form the "augmented matrix", any non-
zero row, after row-reduction, for the square matrix will still be non-zero for the augmented matrix- add
values on the end can't destroy non-zero values already there. The only way the rank could be changed is if
you have non-zero values in the new column on a row that is all zeroes except for that, so that the
augmented rank has greater rank than the original matrix. That tells you that one of your matrices has
reduced to 0x+ 0y+ 0z+ ...= a where a is non-zero and that is impossible. If there is no such case, you have
at least one solution to each equation. Yes, the system is consistent if and only if the rank of the coefficient
matrix is the same as the rank of the augmented matrix.

Q.: What do you mean by row reduction, please elaborate?

Ans.: Row reduction refers to the algorithmic procedure of Gaussian elimination. There are three row-
reduction techniques:
1. Swapping rows
2. Multiplying a row by a constant.
3. Adding a multiple of a row to another.

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Matrices: Consistency of linear system of equations 37
Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP)

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