GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Notes by graceconquers Senior High School Notes (STEM)

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-​ There is no y-variable or output defined
LECTURE COVERAGE Function is only one to one or many to one

1 Introduction to Function Pg. 1

2 Rational Equation Pg. 2

3 Rational Inequalities Pg. 3

4 Rational Function Pg. 4

5 Simple Interest Pg. 5

6 Compound Interest Pg. 6

7 Logic Pg. 6

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTION

1A FUNCTION NOTATION
●​ A relation is a set of ordered pairs that shows
the relationship between two variables, usually
●​ Expressed using symbols like 𝑓(𝑥), which is read
x and y.
as "f of x"
○​ x variable - domain/input
●​ 𝑓(𝑥) means the value of the function f at input x
○​ y variable - range/output
●​ Can also be written as 𝑦, since 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
○​ Example: { ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) }
●​ Examples:
●​ A function is a special relationship between two
○​ If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3, then
sets of values where each input has exactly one
𝑓 (2) = 2 (2) + 3 = 4 + 3 = 7
output.
○​ If 𝑔 (𝑥) = x2− 1, find 𝑔 ( 4 )
○​ It assigns exactly one output to each
𝑔 (4) = x2 - 1 = 16 − 1 = 15
input from a given domain.
○​ Notation: If 𝑓 is a function, and 𝑥 is the
input, the output is written as: 𝑓(𝑥) 1B EVALUATING FUNCTION

○​ Graph: vertical line text

Steps to Evaluate Function

A relation is not a function if:
-​ One input (x) has many outputs (y) →
1.​ Identify the function rule (e.g., 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 5
One-to-Many
2.​ Substitute the given input value into the
-​ It includes Many-to-Many pairings
function
-​ y is raised to an even exponent, like 𝑦2 = 𝑥 3.​ Simplify to find the output value
-​ x is under a radical sign, like 𝑥 = 𝑦

1 - What, like it's hard?

 GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Notes by graceconquers Senior High School Notes (STEM)
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Operation Notation Description

Example
Addition (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x) Add the outputs
of both functions
2
1.​ Given: f(x) = x + 2x - 3, find f(4)
Solution: f(4) = (4)2 + 2(4) - 3 Subtraction (f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x) Subtract one
= 16 +8 - 3 = 21 function’s output
from the other
1
2.​ Given: g(x) = 𝑥+2
, find g(3) Multiplication (f × g) (x) = f(x) × g(x) Multiply the
Solution: g(3) =
1
=
1 outputs of both
3+2 5
functions

4 1
3.​ Given: f(x) = , find f( 3 ) Division 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) Divide outputs
𝑥−5 ( 𝑔 ) (x) = ( 𝑔(𝑥) )
Solution: f( ) =
1 4 (as long as
3 1
3
−5
g(x)≠0)
1 1 15 14
= 3
-5= 3
- 3
=- 3
(use LCD)
4
= 14 (To divide by a fraction, multiply by its reciprocal) RATIONAL EQUATION
− 3
3 − 12
1
= f( 3 ) = 4 × 14
= 14
1 −6
●​ A rational equation is an equation that contains
f( 3 ) = 7
(simplify)
one or more rational expressions — that is,
fractions with polynomials in the numerator
and/or denominator.
-​ Fractions can be inputs and outputs of
functions.
-​ You can leave answers as fractions or convert Steps
to decimals if needed.
-​ If simplifying, make sure to reduce fractions
1.​ Identify all rational expressions
to lowest terms.
2.​ Find the LCD (Least Common Denominator) of
all terms
1B OPERATION ON FUNCTION 3.​ Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD
to eliminate denominators
4.​ Cancel out the LCDs
●​ Operating on functions means performing basic
5.​ Solve the resulting equation
arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction,
a.​ usually linear
multiplication, and division) between two
b.​ quadratic
functions.
c.​ transposing to the other side
●​ If you are given two functions: 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) and 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )
d.​ Eliminating negative to the variable
you can combine them using the following
6.​ Check for extraneous solutions (values that
operations:
make any denominator zero)

2 - What, like it's hard?

 GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Notes by graceconquers Senior High School Notes (STEM)
_________________________________________________________________________
Example Description Interval Set Notation
Notation
1 1 𝑘+ 5
1.​ Given: 2 = 2 + 2 All real (−∞,∞) {x∈R}
𝑘 3𝑘 3𝑘
2 1 1 𝑘+ 5 2 numbers
Solution: 3𝑘 ( 2 = 2 + 2 ) 3𝑘
𝑘 3𝑘 3𝑘

3 = 1 + k +5 x>2 (2,∞) {x ∈ R ∣ x>2}

3=6+k
x≤4 (−∞,4] {x ∈ R ∣ x≤4}
- k = 6 -3
- 1 (- k = 6 -3) - 1 −3<x≤2 (−3,2] {x ∈ R ∣ −3 < x≤2}
K = -3

6 1 1 Interval Notation
2.​ Given: - =
-​ ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 ) : Open interval → excludes a and b
2
𝑘 𝑘 + 6𝑘 𝑘

Solution: k (
6
- 2
1
=
1
)k -​ [ 𝑎 , 𝑏 ] : Closed interval → includes a and b
𝑘 𝑘 + 6𝑘 𝑘
-​ ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 ] or [ 𝑎 , 𝑏 ) : Half-open/half-closed
6 (k + 6) - 1 (1) = 1 (k+ 6)
-​ ∞ and −∞ are always open → use ( ∞ ) never
6k - 36 - 1 - k - 6 = 0 [∞]
5k + 29 = 0 Set Notation (Inequality Form)
5𝑘 29
5
= (cancel out 5) -​ This expresses the set of solutions using
5
29 inequalities.
k=
5 -​ { 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∣ condition }
-​ 𝑅 means “the set of all real numbers”

RATIONAL INEQUALITIES -​ “ ∣” means “such that”

●​ A rational inequality is an inequality that Symbols in Graph

involves a rational expression (a fraction with
polynomials in the numerator and/or
denominator) ●​ Open Circle (○) = Number is not included
●​ Common Inequality Symbols: ●​ Closed Circle (●) = Number is included
○​ <: less than ●​ Round Brackets () = Exclude endpoint (open)
○​ ≤: less than or equal to ●​ Square Brackets [] = Include endpoint (closed)
○​ >: greater than
○​ ≥: greater than or equal to

3 - What, like it's hard?

 GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Notes by graceconquers Senior High School Notes (STEM)
_________________________________________________________________________
(−1,1) x=0 − + −

(1,∞) x=2 + + +

From the sign table, expression is positive in:

●​ ( − ∞ , − 1 )
●​ ( 1 , ∞ )
●​ Open circle at 𝑥 = − 1 → undefined
●​ Open circle at 𝑥 = 1 x=1 → not included
(strict inequality “>”)
Graph:
←────○ ○────→
-1 1

RATIONAL FUNCTION
Formula

●​ A rational function is a function that can be

1.​ Solve for critical Values (Set numerator and written as the quotient of two polynomials:
denominator equal to 0)
2.​ Place Values on Number Line 𝑓(𝑥)=
𝑃(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥)
3.​ Make Sign Table (Separate Numerator &
Denominator)
Where:
4.​ Numbers to Test
●​ 𝑃 ( 𝑥 ) and 𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) are polynomials
5.​ Graph the Solution (Shade)
●​ 𝑄 ( 𝑥 ) ≠ 0 (denominator must not be zero)
a.​ Look for intervals where the expression
is positive only.
Example

Example
Solve:

2 4
1.​
𝑥−1
>0 𝑥
= 𝑥+2
𝑥+1

Step 1: Find excluded values

Interval Test x−1 x+1 Overall Sign
Value 𝑥−1 ●​ x ≠ 0, x ≠−2
𝑥+1

Step 2: Multiply both sides by LCD = x (x + 2)

(−∞,−1) x=−2 − − +
2 4
x (x + 2) ( 𝑥
= x (x + 2) ) 𝑥+2
4 - What, like it's hard?
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Notes by graceconquers Senior High School Notes (STEM)
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Step 3: Cancel out: Given:

2 (x + 2)=4x ●​ I = 54,000
●​ P = 6,000
Step 4: Solve: ●​ R = 0.03
●​ T = ?
2x + 4 = 4x ⇒ 4 =2x ⇒ x=2
Solution:

SIMPLE INTEREST 54,000 = 6,000 × 0.03 × T =

54, 000
●​ Is an interest computed entirely at once from T= 6,000 × 0.03
= ₱ 300
moment the money is borrowed or invested
until it will be paid

Lender​
I=P⋅R⋅T
– The individual or institution that provides money
Where:
to another party (the borrower) with the expectation
●​ I= Interest earned or paid
that it will be paid back, usually with interest.​
●​ P= Principal (initial amount)
– Examples: Banks, credit unions, private
●​ R = Annual interest rate (in decimal form)
individuals, online lending platforms.​
●​ T = Time (in years)

Borrower​
Example – The individual or entity that receives money from
the lender and agrees to repay it under specified
1.​ Jessica invested a money worth 6,000 pesos in terms.​
her account at an annual interest of 3% for 6 – Examples: Individuals, businesses, or governments
years. How much did she earn in interest seeking funds.​

Given: Loan Date / Origin (Loan Origination Date)​

– The loan date or loan origination date is the date
●​ 𝑃 = 6 , 000 on which the loan is officially issued or disbursed to
●​ 𝑅 = 3 % = 0.03 the borrower.​
●​ 𝑇 = 6 years – It marks the beginning of the loan agreement and
the repayment schedule.​
Solution:

Repayment / Maturity Date​

𝐼 = 6,000 × 0.03 × 6 = ₱ 1,080
– The repayment date or maturity date is the final
2.​ If Jessica invested a money worth 6,000 pesos date by which the borrower must repay the full loan
in her account at an annual interest of 3. How amount, including any interest and fees.​
many years will it take to earn 54, 000 in – It marks the end of the loan term.​
interest? – Some loans allow repayment over time

5 - What, like it's hard?

 GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Notes by graceconquers Senior High School Notes (STEM)
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(installments), but this date is when the loan must be
fully paid. Missing Formula to Use Notes
Variable

A 𝑟 𝑛𝑡 Use when you

COMPOUND INTEREST A = P (1 + ​)
(Maturity 𝑛
know P, r, n, t
Value)
●​ Compound Interest is interest calculated on the
initial principal and the accumulated interest
from previous periods.
P 𝐴 Use when you
P= 𝑛𝑡
𝑛𝑡 (Principal) (1 +
𝑟
​) know A, r, n, t
𝑛
𝑟
A = P (1 + 𝑛
​)

Where:
r (Rate) Use when you
1
⎡ 𝐴 𝑛𝑡 ⎤
R = n ⎢( ) − 1⎥
●​ A = Maturity Value (amount at the end) ⎣
𝑃
⎦ know A,P,n,tA, P,
n, t
●​ P = Principal (initial investment)
●​ r = Annual interest rate (in decimal)
●​ n = Compounding frequency per year
●​ t = Time (in years) t (Time in ⎡ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑃 )
𝐴
⎤ Use when you
t=⎢ ⎥
years) 𝑛 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 +
𝑟
) know A, P, r, n
⎣ 𝑛 ⎦
𝐼 = 𝐴 − 𝑃 (Interest Earned)

I I=A−P Interest = Final

Compounding n Value Compounding n Value
Type Type (Compoun Amount –
d Interest) Principal

Annually 1 Quarterly 4

LOGIC
Semi-Annually 2 Monthly 12

●​ Logic is the systematic study of correct

reasoning.
Quarterly 4
●​ It involves analyzing arguments to determine
whether they are valid and sound. It helps
distinguish between good and bad reasoning.

6 - What, like it's hard?

 GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Notes by graceconquers Senior High School Notes (STEM)
_________________________________________________________________________
6A PROPOSITION 6C HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION

●​ A proposition is a statement that expresses a ●​ A hypothetical proposition presents a

complete thought and is either true or false, but condition or possibility—usually using “if...then”
not both. format.
●​ Denoted by a small letter ●​ Structure: If p, then q
○​ p, q, r = any simple proposition. ●​ Examples: "If it rains, then the ground will be
■​ They are used as placeholders wet." "If you study, then you will pass the test."
in logical expressions. ●​ This type shows logical implication or cause
■​ They help us analyze the truth and effect.
of statements and form logical
arguments.
6D SIMPLE PROPOSITION
●​ Example: “The sky is blue.” (This is a
proposition; it can be true or false.)
●​ A simple proposition contains only one idea or
statement.
6B CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION ●​ Examples: "The sun is hot." "Water is wet."
"Elephants are mammals."
●​ A categorical proposition makes a direct ●​ These are not combined with other statements.
assertion or denial about a category or class of
things.
6E COMPOUND PROPOSITION
●​ Structure: Subject + Copula + Predicate

●​ A compound proposition combines two or

Code Form Example more simple propositions using logical
connectives.
A Universal All cats are mammals.
Affirmative
Expression Meaning Example
E Universal No fish are birds.
Negative p∧q p AND q "It is raining AND the
ground is wet."
I Particular Some dogs are friendly.
Affirmative p∨q p OR q "It is raining OR the
ground is wet."
O Particular Some fruits are not
Negative sweet. ¬p NOT p "It is NOT raining."

p→q If p, then q "If it is raining, then the

ground is wet."

7 - What, like it's hard?

 GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Notes by graceconquers Senior High School Notes (STEM)
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p↔q p if and "It is raining if and only if
only if q the ground is wet."

8 - What, like it's hard?