4] WAP to demonstrate the operators in python.

In Python, operators are special symbols used to perform operations on variables and
values. They are categorized based on the type of operation they perform.

For performing any operation, we generally required operator & Operand where:

OPERATORS: Are the special symbols. Ex. +, -, *, /, etc.

OPERAND: The value on which the operator is applied.

Followings are the types of operators.

1) Arithmetic Operators
2) Comparison Operators
3) Assignment Operators
4) Logical Operators
5) Bitwise Operators
6) Special Operators
7) Identity Operators
8) Membership Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators: -
Arithmetic operators are used to performing mathematical operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division, floor division, Modulus division.

Operator Description Example Result

+ Addition 5+5 10

- Subtraction 5-3 2

* Multiplication 5*5 25
/ Division 10/5 2.0
% Modulus Division 10%5 0

// Floor Division 10//5 2

Example: -
# Program to demonstrate the arithmetic oprations
a= int(input("Enter the value for a:"))
b= int(input("Enter the value for b:"))

add = a + b # Addition of numbers

sub = a - b # Subtraction of numbers
mul = a * b # Multiplication of number
div1 = a / b # Division(float) of number → Give reminder
div2 = a // b # Division(floor) of number → Give integer
mod = a % b # Modulo of both number → Represent Reminder
p = a ** b # Power

#printing the results

print("Addition:",add)
print("Subtraction:",sub)
print("Multiplication:",mul)
print("Division:",div1)
print("Floor division:",div2)
print("Modulus:",mod)
print("Power:",p)

OUTPUT:
Enter the value for a:10
Enter the value for b:5
Addition: 15
Subtraction: 5
Multiplication: 50
Division: 2.0
Floor division: 2
Modulus: 0
Power: 100000
2. Comparison / Relational Operators: -
In Python comparison operators also known as Relational operators which are used to
compare values. They return either True or False depending on the comparison result.

Followings are the main relational operators in Python:

Operator Description Example Result

== Equal to 5 == 5 True

!= Not equal to 5 != 3 True

> Greater than 7>2 True
< Less than 3<8 True
>= Greater than or equal to 6 >= 6 True

<= Less than or equal to 4 <= 9 True

Example: -
# Program to demonstrate the Comparison / relational operations
a = 10
b = 20
print (a == b) # False
print(a != b) # True
print(a > b) # False
print(a < b) # True
print(a >= b) # False
print(a <= b) # True

OUTPUT:
False
True
False
True
False
True
3. Assignment Operators: -
Assignment operators are used to store values in variables. The simplest one is =, which
assigns the value on the right to the variable on the left.

Operator What It Does Example What It Means

= Assigns value x=5 x becomes 5

+= Adds and assigns x += 3 x=x+3

-= Subtracts and assigns x -= 2 x=x-2

*= Multiplies and assigns x *= 4 x=x*4

/= Divides and assigns (float) x /= 2 x=x/2

//= Floor divides and assigns x //= 3 x = x // 3

%= Modulus and assigns x %= 4 x=x%4

**= Exponentiation and assigns x **= 2 x = x ** 2

Example: -

x = 10 # x = 10
print(x)
x += 5 # x = x + 5 → x becomes 15
print(x)
x *= 2 # x = x * 2 → x becomes 30
print(x)
x -= 4 # x = x - 4 → x becomes 26

OUTPUT:
10
15
30
4. Logical Operators :-
Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions (usually Boolean
expressions). They return True or False based on the logic of the expressions.

There are three main logical operators in Python:

Operator Description Example Result

and Returns True if both are True 5 > 2 and 3 < 4 True

or Returns True if at least one is True 5 > 10 or 3 < 4 True

not Reverses the result (True ↔ False) not (5 > 2) False

Example: -
# Program to demonstrate the logical operations
a = 10
b = 5
c = 7
print(a > b and b < c)
# True: 10 > 5 AND 5 < 7

print(a < b or b < c)

# True: 10 < 5 is False, but 5 < 7 is True → True

print(not (a > b))

# False: a > b is True → not True → False

OUTPUT:
True
True
False
5. Bitwise Operators: -
Bitwise operators perform operations on binary representations of integers.

Operator Name Example Result

& AND 5&3 1
| OR 5|3 7
^ XOR 5^3 6
~ NOT ~5 -6
<< Left Shift 5 << 1 10
>> Right Shift 5 >> 1 2

Example: -

& (AND): Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1.

Example: 5 & 3 # 1 (binary: 0101 & 0011 = 0001)

| (OR): Sets each bit to 1 if one of the bits is 1.

Example: 5 | 3 # 7 (binary: 0101 | 0011 = 0111)

^ (XOR): Sets each bit to 1 if only one of the bits is 1.

Example: 5 ^ 3 # 6 (binary: 0101 ^ 0011 = 0110)

~ (NOT): Inverts all the bits.

Example: ~5 # -6 (binary: ~0101 = 1010)

<< (Left Shift): Shifts bits to the left, adding zeroes on the right.
Example: 5 << 1 # 10 (binary: 0101 << 1 = 1010)

>> (Right Shift): Shifts bits to the right, discarding bits on the right.
Example: 5 >> 1 # 2 (binary: 0101 >> 1 = 0010)
6. Special Operators: -
While not a standard category in Python documentation, "special operators" often
refer to identity and membership operators, as they are used in special situations
(like comparing memory or testing membership).

So, Special Operators in Python include:

1. Identity Operators: is, is not

2. Membership Operators: in, not in

You can consider the identity and membership sections above as the complete
breakdown of special operators.

1. Identity Operators: -
Identity operators are used to compare the memory location of two objects. They
return True if both variables refer to the same object in memory.

Operator Description Example Result

True
Is Returns True if both refer to the same object a is b or
False
True
Is not Return True if they do not refer to the same object a is not b or
False

Example: -
# Program to demonstrate identity operators
x = [1, 2, 3]
y = x
z = [1, 2, 3]

print(x is y)
# True: x and y point to the same object in memory
print(x is z)
# False: x and z have the same values but different memory
locations
 print(x is not z)
# True: x and z are not the same object

2. Membership Operators: -
Membership operators are used to test whether a value is a member of a sequence
(like string, list, tuple, etc.). They return True or False.

Operator Description Example Result

In Returns True if value is in sequence 3 in [1, 2, 3] True

not in Returns True if value not in sequence 5 not in [1, 2] True

Example: -
# Program to demonstrate membership operators
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(3 in nums)
# True: 3 is in the list

print(5 not in nums)

# True: 5 is not in the list
5] WAP to demonstrate the decision making statements in python.
Control structures control the flow of execution in a Python program. They are mainly
divided into three types:
1. Decision-Making Structures (Conditional Statements)
2. Looping Structures (Iteration Statements)
3. Control statements (Jumping Statements)

Control Structure

Decision making Looping Control

statements statements Statement
if For loop break

if-else Nested loop continue

while loop pass

if-elif-else

nested-if

Fig: control flow statements

1] Decision-Making Structures (Conditional Statements)

Decision making or conditional statements are used to execute a block of code based
on certain conditions.

There are following types of conditional statements.

a) If statement
b) if-else statement
c) if-elif-else
d) nested-if
a) if statement:
Executes a block of code if its condition is true. if statement is the most simple
decision-making statement.
It is used to decide whether a certain statement or block of statements will be executed
or not i.e if a certain condition is true then a block of statement is executed otherwise
not.
If the condition is True, then the True block of code will be executed, and if the condition
is False, then the block of code is skipped, and the controller moves to the next line.

Flowchart of Python if statement: -

Syntax:
if condition:
# code block

CODE:-
# Program to demonstrate If statement
i = 10
if (i > 5):
print("5 is less than 10")
print ("I am Not in if")

OUTPUT:
5 is less than 10
I am Not in if
b) if-else statement:
When condition is True then Print if block otherwise print else block.

Flowchart of Python if else statement: -

Syntax:
if condition:
# block A
else:
# block B

CODE:-
# Program to demonstrate if-else statement
i = 20

if (i < 15):
print("15 is smaller than i")

else:
print("i is greater than 15")

OUTPUT:
i is greater than 15
c) if-elif-else:

Evaluates multiple conditions. Executes the block of the first true

condition, or the else block if none are true.

Flowchart of Python if elif else statement:-

Syntax:
if condition1:
# block A
elif condition2:
# block B
else:
# block C

CODE: -
# Program to demonstrate if-elif-else statement
i = 15
if (i == 10):
print("i is 10")
elif (i == 15):
print("i is 15")
elif (i == 20):
print("i is 20")
else:
print("i is out of range")

OUTPUT:
i is 15
d) nested-if:
Checks multiple conditions in sequence
Syntax:
if (condition1):

# Executes when condition1 is true

if (condition2):

# Executes when condition2 is true

CODE:-
# Program to demonstrate nested-if statement
i = 10
# 1st if block
if (i == 10):
# 2nd if block
if (i > 5):
print("i is greater than 5")
else:
print("I is out of range")

OUTPUT:
i is 15
6] WAP to demonstrate the control statements in python.

Control statements (Jumping Statements)

In Python, transfer statements are used to alter the flow of control in a

program. There are three main types of transfer statements:
a) break
b) continue
c) pass
1. break: exits the loop early.
With the break statement we can stop the loop before it has looped
through all the items:

CODE:-
# Program to demonstrate break statement
colour= ["Red","Green","Pink","Orange"]
for clr in colour:
print(clr)
if clr=="Green":
break

OUTPUT:
Red
Green

2. continue: skips to the next iteration.

With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the
loop, and continue with the next:

CODE:-
# Program to demonstrate continue statement

colour= ["Red","Green","Pink","Orange"]

for clr in colour:

if clr=="Pink":
 continue

print(clr)

OUTPUT:
Red
Green
Orange

3. pass: does nothing; placeholder.

for loops cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a for loop with
no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.

CODE:-
# Program to demonstrate pass statement
for i in range(0,6):
pass

OUTPUT:
No Output
7] WAP to demonstrate the Looping statements in python.

Looping Structures (Iteration Statements)

Python programming language provides the following types of loops to handle
looping requirements.
Python provides three ways for executing the loops. While all the ways provide similar
basic functionality, they differ in their syntax and condition checking time.
a) For loop
b) Nested loop
c) While loop

a) for loop
A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary,
a set, or a string).
This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and works more like
an iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming languages.
With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a list, tuple,
set etc.

Syntax: OUTPUT:
for variable in sequence: 0
# block of code to execute
1
2
CODE:- 3
# Program to demonstrate While loop 4
n=5
for i in range(0,n):
print(i)

b) Nested Loops
Python programming language allows to use one loop inside another loop.
In the following program, we have created two different lists [i.e clr & frt] and tried to
access elements from them in a nested form.

Syntax :
for variable in sequence:
for variable in sequence:
 # block of code to execute

CODE:-
# Program to demonstrate nested loop
clr=["red","green","pink"]
frt=["apple","banana","cherry"]

for x in clr:
for y in frt:
print(x,y)

OUTPUT:
red apple
red banana
red cherry
green apple
green banana
green cherry
pink apple
pink banana
pink cherry

c) while loop
In python, while loop is used to execute a block of statements repeatedly
until a given condition is satisfied. And when the condition becomes false,
the line immediately after the loop in the program is executed.
Syntax :
while expression:
statement(s)
OUTPUT:

CODE:- 0

# Program to demonstrate While loop 1

i=0 2
while i<=5: 3
print(i)
i+=1 4
5
8] WAP to demonstrate List data type.
- A list is a built-in data structure in Python used to store a collection of items. It is
one of the most commonly used and versatile(ability to do many different things.)
data types in Python.

- Lists are just like dynamically sized arrays, declared in other languages.

- Lists need not be homogeneous always which makes it the most powerful tool in
Python. A single list may contain DataTypes like Integers, Strings, as well as
Objects.

- Lists are mutable i.e. can be modify after creation. The same item can appear
more than once, and each has its own place.

- A list in Python is ordered and has a fixed number of elements. Each item has a
position (index) starting from 0.

 Creating a List:
Lists in Python can be created by just placing the sequence inside the square
brackets[]. Unlike Sets, a list doesn’t need a built-in function for the creation of a list.

CODE:-
# Python program to demonstrate Creation of List
# Creating a List
List = []
print("Blank List: ",List)

# Creating a List of numbers

List = [10, 20, 14]
print("\nList of numbers: ",List)

# creating list of string and accessing elements using

index List = ["Hello", "World", "Hello"] print("\nList
Items: ") print(List[0]) print(List[2])

# Creating a Multi-Dimensional List

# (By Nesting a list inside a List)
List = [['Hello', 'World'] ,
['Hello']] print("\nMulti-
Dimensional List: ") print(List)
 OUTPUT:
Blank List:
[]

List of numbers:
[10, 20, 14]

List Items:
Hello
Hello

Multi-Dimensional List:
[['Hello', 'World'], ['Hello']]

Followings are the list methods

 append() – Add one item to th end.

 extend() – Add many items to the end.

 insert() – Add one item at a specific position.

 remove() – Delete the first match of an item.

 pop() – Removes item by index and returns it. (last item by default).

 clear() – Remove all items.

 index() – Get the position of an item.

 count() – Count how many times an item appears.

 sort() – Sort the list in order.

 reverse() – Flip the list order.

 copy() – Make a copy of the list.

# Creating blank list list = [] # instead of list

you can also use other name print("Creating blank

list:",list)

list.insert(0, 25)
print("Inserting element:",
list)
list.append(30)
print("Appendding item:",
list)

list.extend([40, 50])
print("Extending list:", list)

index = list.index(50)
print("Index of 50:", index)

count = list.count(40)
print("Count of 40:", count)

list.sor
t()
print("Sorting List:", list)
list.reverse()
print("Reversing list:",
list)

copied_list = list.copy()
print("Copied list:", copied_list)

list.remove(
25)
print("Removing element:", list)

popped = list.pop()
print("After pop:", list)
print("Popped item:",
popped)

list.clea
r()
print("Clearing list:", list)

OUTPUT:
Creating blank list: []
Inserting element: [25]
Appendding item: [25, 30]
Extending list: [25, 30, 40, 50]
Index of 50: 3
Count of 40: 1
Sorting List: [25, 30, 40, 50]
Reversing list: [50, 40, 30, 25]
Copied list: [50, 40, 30, 25]
Removing element: [50, 40, 30]
After pop: [50, 40]
Popped item: 30
Clearing list: []

➢ List Comprehension

- List comprehensions are used for creating new lists from other iterables like
tuples, strings, arrays, lists, etc.
- A list comprehension consists of brackets containing the expression, which is
- executed for each element along with the for loop to iterate over each element.

Syntax: [expression for item in iterable if condition]

Example:
evens = [x for x in range(1, 21) if x % 2 == 0]
print(evens)
# OUTPUT [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]
9] WAP to demonstrate Dictionary data type.

❖Dictionary in Python
A dictionary in Python is a collection of key-value pairs.
It is changeable unordered collection of data types, and indexed by keys.
Each key must be unique, and it is associated with a value.
Key-value is provided in the dictionary to make it more optimized.

➢ Creating a Dictionary
- In Python, a Dictionary can be created by placing a sequence of elements within
curly {} braces, separated by ‘comma’.
- Values in a dictionary can be of any data type and can be duplicated, whereas
keys can’t be repeated and must be immutable.
- Dictionary keys are case sensitive, the same name but different cases of Key will
be treated differently.
Followings are the methods of dictionary
➢ clear() – Removes all items from the dictionary.

➢ copy() – Returns a copy of the dictionary.

➢ items() – Returns the key-value pairs.

➢ values() – Returns the values in the dictionary.

➢ keys() – Returns the keys in the dictionary.

➢ pop() – Removes the element from the dictionary. (By default it delete last
element).

➢ popitem() – Removes and returns the last key-value pair from the dictionary.

➢ setdefault() – Returns the value of a specified key. If the key doesn’t exist, inserts
the key with the specified value.

➢ update() – Updates the dictionary with key-value pairs from another dictionary
or iterable.
CODE:-
# Creating blank dictionary

my_dict = {}

print("Creating blank dictionary:", my_dict)

# Adding key-value pair

my_dict['Name'] = 'Payal'

print("Adding key-value pair:", my_dict)

# Adding another key-value pair

my_dict['Age'] = 25

print("Adding 'Age' key:", my_dict)

# Modifying an existing value

my_dict['Name'] = 'Priyanka'

print("Modifying value of 'Name':", my_dict)

# Accessing value by key

Name = my_dict.get('Name') # Using get() method

print("Accessing value of 'Name':", Name)

# Using keys(), values(), and items()

print("Keys in new dictionary:", my_dict.keys())

print("Values in new dictionary:", my_dict.values())

print("Items in dictionary:", my_dict.items())

# Clearing all key-value pairs

my_dict.clear()

print("Clearing dictionary:", my_dict)

OUTPUT:

Creating blank dictionary: {}

Adding key-value pair: {'Name': 'Payal'}

Adding 'Age' key: {'Name': 'Payal', 'Age': 25}

Modifying value of 'Name': {'Name': 'Priyanka', 'Age': 25}

Accessing value of 'Name': Priyanka

Keys in new dictionary: dict_keys(['Name', 'Age'])

Values in new dictionary: dict_values(['Priyanka', 25])

Items in dictionary: dict_items([('Name', 'Priyanka'), ('Age', 25)])

Clearing dictionary: {}
10] WAP to demonstrate Set data type.

 Sets in Python
- A set in Python is a collection of unique elements.
- It is an unordered, mutable (changeable) data type that does not allow
duplicate values.
- Sets are useful for performing mathematical set operations like union,
intersection, and difference.
- Elements of a set must be immutable (numbers, strings, tuples), but the set
itself is mutable (we can add or remove items).

 Creating a Set

- In Python, a set can be created by placing elements inside curly braces {},
separated by commas. Duplicate values are automatically removed.

Common set methods:

 add() – Adds an element to the set.

 update() – Adds multiple elements to the set.

 remove() – Removes a specific element (gives error if element not found).

 discard() – If element is present it will remove that. And if not present it do

nothing.

 pop() – Removes and returns a random element.

 clear() – Removes all elements from the set.

 union() – Returns a set containing all elements from both sets.

 intersection() – Returns common elements of two sets.

 Difference() – Returns elements present in the first set but not in the second.
 CODE:-
# Creating a blank set my_set = set() print("Creating a blank set:", my_set)
# Creating a set with values
my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5} # Duplicate '4' will be removed print("Set with
unique elements:", my_set)

# Adding an element my_set.add(6) print("After adding 6:", my_set)

# Adding multiple elements using update() my_set.update([7, 8, 9])

print("After adding multiple elements:", my_set)

# Removing an element using remove() my_set.remove(3)

print("After removing 3:", my_set)

# Removing element using discard() (no error if element not present)

my_set.discard(6) print("After discarding 6:", my_set)

# Removing and returning a random element using pop() popped = my_set.pop()

print("Popped element:", popped) print("Set after pop:",my_set)

OUTPUT:

Creating a blank set: set()

Set with unique elements: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

After adding 6: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

After adding multiple elements: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

After removing 3: {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

After discarding 6: {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}

Popped element: 1

Set after pop: {2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}

Set after clearing: set()

 Python Set Operations

- Set can be performed mathematical operation such as union, intersection, -

difference, and symmetric difference.
- Python provides the facility to carry out these operations with operators or
methods.
We describe these operations as follows.
A. Union (union() or |) : Represent all unique element from both sets
B. Intersection (intersection() or &) : Represent common elements in both
sets
C. Difference (difference() or -) : Represent the elements which is present in
A set but not in B.

# Set operations: union, intersection, difference

A = {1, 2, 3}

B = {3, 4, 5}

# all unique element

print("Union of A and B using method:", A.union(B))

print("Union of A and B using operator:", A|B)

# common element

print("Intersection of A and B using method:", A.intersection(B))

print("Intersection of A and B using operator:",A & B)

# present in a not in b

print("Difference of A and B using method:",A.difference(B))

print("Difference of A and B using operator:",A - B)

OUTPUT:

Union of A and B using method: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Union of A and B using operator: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Intersection of A and B using method: {3}

Intersection of A and B using oprator: {3}

Difference of A and B using method: {1, 2}

Difference of A and B using operator: {1, 2}

11] WAP to demonstrate the Input and Output Formatting
➢ Input in Python
Input refers to the data provided by the user during the execution. In Python,
input is taken using the built-in input() function.

Followings are the features of input()

- It displays a message (optional) asking for user input.
- It waits for the user to type something and press Enter.
- It returns the data as a string, no matter what the user types. We can convert
that data type as our requirement using type casting methods.

Syntax:
variable = input("Message shown to user") Example:

name = input("Enter your name: ")

print("Hello", name)
OUTPUT:
Enter your name: Sakshi
Hii Sakshi

If numeric input is needed, type conversion is required

Example:
#converts string input into integer
age = int(input("Enter age:"))
print(age)

OUTPUT:
Enter your age: 24
24
➢ Output in Python
Output refers to the information displayed to the user. In Python, output is
shown using the print() function.

Followings are the Features of print()

- Displays one or more values or variables.
- Can be able to print variable with string.
- By default, moves to a new line after printing.

Syntax:
print(variable) # For numeric
Print(#Statement)

Example:
print("Hello", "World") # Output: Hello World
print("Hello", "World", sep="-") # Output: Hello-World
print("Hello", end="!") # Output: Hello!

➢ Output Formatting
Output formatting allows us to display results in a readable and user-friendly
way. Simply , we can say that the user can display the result as per their need

A. f-strings
B. format() method
C. Formatting Numbers
12] WAP to demonstrate function and types of function argument

13] WAP to demonstrate the import statements in python.

Python Practicals [Class: B.Sc. DS FY]

Prepared by, Ms. Safura .M. Patel
COCSIT, Latur