IOQM Problem Set

Number Theory
Shounak Kar

Here are some practice problems in Number theory for IOQM. The answer
to each question is a positive integer (ranging from 1 to 999).

Problem 1
Let abba be a four-digit palindrome that is divisible by b and is also divisible by the two-digit number
bb. Find the number of palindromes satisfying both of these properties.

Problem 2
A positive integer n is called bad if it cannot be expressed as the product of two distinct positive
integers greater than 1. Find the number of bad positive integers less than 100.

Problem 3
Let S be the set of integers of the form 2a + 2b + 2c , where a, b, c are pairwise distinct non-negative
integers. Determine the 100th smallest element of S.

Problem 4
√
Find the sum of all positive integers n such that n2 + 85n + 2017 is an integer.

Problem 5
A point whose coordinates are both integers is called a lattice point. How many lattice points lie on
the hyperbola x2 − y 2 = 20002 ?

Problem 6
Suppose that x, y, and z are three positive numbers that satisfy the equations xyz = 1, x + z1 = 5,
and y + x1 = 29. Then z + y1 = m
n , where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m + n.

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Problem 7
A set of positive numbers has the triangle property if it has three distinct elements that are the
lengths of the sides of a triangle whose area is positive. Consider sets {4, 5, 6, . . . , n} of consecutive
positive integers, all of whose ten-element subsets have the triangle property. What is the largest
possible value of n?

Problem 8
How many positive integer multiples of 1001 can be expressed in the form 10j − 10i , where i and j
are integers and 0 ≤ i < j ≤ 99?

Problem 9
A set S of distinct positive integers has the following property: for every integer x in S, the arithmetic
mean of the set of values obtained by deleting x from S is an integer. Given that 1 belongs to S and
that 2002 is the largest element of S, what is the greatest number of elements that S can have?

Problem 10
 
2002
Find the least positive integer k for which the equation = k has no integer solutions for n.
n
(The notation ⌊x⌋ means the greatest integer less than or equal to x.)

Problem 11
Let the set S = {8, 5, 1, 13, 34, 3, 21, 2}. Ahan makes a list as follows: for each two-element subset of
S, he writes on her list the greater of the set’s two elements. Find the sum of the numbers on the list.

Problem 12
Two positive integers differ by 60. The sum of their square roots is the square root of an integer that
is not a perfect square. What is the maximum possible sum of the two integers?

Problem 13
How many positive integers less than 10,000 have at most two different digits?

Problem 14
The number n can be written in base 14 as a b c, can be written in base 15 as a c b, and can be
written in base 6 as a c a c , where a > 0. Find the base-10 representation of n.

Problem 15
Find the least positive integer n such that when 3n is written in base 143, its two right-most digits
in base 143 are 01.

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Problem 16
For a positive integer n, let dn be the units digit of 1 + 2 + · · · + n. Find the remainder when
2017
X
dn
n=1

is divided by 1000.

Problem 17
Find the number of sets {a, b, c} of three distinct positive integers with the property that the product
of a, b, and c is equal to the product of 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61.

Problem 18
Compute the sum of all 2-digit prime numbers p such that there exists a prime number q for which
100q + p is a perfect square.

Problem 19
Compute the sum of all positive integers n for which the expression
n+7
√
n−1
is an integer.

Problem 20
What is the smallest positive integer that cannot be written as the sum of two non-negative palin-
dromic integers? (An integer is palindromic if the sequence of decimal digits are the same when read
backwards.)

Problem 21
n2
 
There are two prime numbers p so that 5p can be expressed in the form for some positive integer
5
n. What is the sum of these two prime numbers?

Problem 22
Suppose that a and b are real numbers such that the line y = ax + b intersects the graph of y = x2 at
two distinct points A and B. If the coordinates of the midpoint of AB are (5, 101), compute a + b.

Problem 23
Find the sum of all prime numbers p such that p divides
2 2
−p+4
(p2 + p + 20)p +p+2
+ 4(p2 + p + 22)p .

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Problem 24
Compute the sum of all positive integers whose positive divisors sum to 186.

Problem 25
Compute the number of non-negative integral ordered pairs (x, y) such that x2 + y 2 = 32045.

Problem 26
The smallest three positive proper divisors of an integer n are d1 < d2 < d3 so that d1 + d2 + d3 = 57.
Find the sum of the possible values of d2 .

Problem 27
5 2 3
Compute the remainder when 23 + 35 + 52 is divided by 30.

Problem 28
How many ordered triples of non-zero integers (a, b, c) satisfy 2abc = a + b + c + 4?

Problem 29
Find the least positive integer N such that the set of 1000 consecutive integers beginning with 1000·N
contains no square of an integer.

Problem 30
The positive integers N and N 2 both end in the same sequence of four digits abcd when written in
base 10, where digit a is not zero. Find the three-digit number abc.

Problem 31
There is a prime number p such that 16p + 1 is the cube of a positive integer. Find p.

Problem 32
For positive integer n, let s(n) denote the sum of the digits of n. Find the smallest positive integer
satisfying s(n) = s(n + 864) = 20.

Problem 33
For how many integers n between 1 and 50, inclusive, is

(n2 − 1)!
(n!)n

an integer? (Recall that 0! = 1.)

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Problem 34
Let S be the set of all positive integer divisors of 100, 000. How many numbers are the product of two
distinct elements of S?

Problem 35
1
Find the least positive integer such that when its leftmost digit is deleted, the resulting integer is
29
of the original integer.

Problem 36
Let P be the product of the first 100 positive odd integers. Find the largest integer k such that P is
divisible by 3k .

Problem 37
How many integers N less than 1000 can be written as the sum of j consecutive positive odd integers
from exactly 5 values of j ≥ 1?

Problem 38
Let Sn be the sum of the reciprocals of the non-zero digits of the integers from 1 to 10n inclusive.
Find the smallest positive integer n for which Sn is an integer.

Problem 39
√
For each positive integer p, let b(p) denote the unique positive integer k such that |k − p| < 12 . For
2007
X
example, b(6) = 2 and b(23) = 5. If S = b(p), find the remainder when S is divided by 1000.
p=1

Problem 40
Distinct prime numbers p, q, r satisfy the equation

2pqr + 50pq = 7pqr + 55pr = 8pqr + 12qr = A

for some positive integer A. What is sum of digits of A?

Problem 41
Compute the number of positive integers n ≤ 1000 such that lcm(n, 9) is a perfect square. (Recall
that lcm denotes the least common multiple.)

Problem 42
Compute the sum of all positive integers n such that 50 ≤ n ≤ 100 and 2n + 3 does not divide 2n! − 1.

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Problem 43
Find the number of positive integers n < 2018 such that 25n + 9n is divisible by 13.

Problem 44
For a positive integer n, let f (n) be the number of (not necessarily distinct) primes in the prime
factorization of n. For example, f (1) = 0, f (2) = 1, and f (4) = f (6) = 2. Let g(n) be the number of
positive integers k ≤ n such that f (k) ≥ f (j) for all j ≤ n. Find g(1) + g(2) + · · · + g(100).

Problem 45
The sequence of positive integers a1 , a2 , . . . has the property that gcd(am , an ) > 1 if and only if
|m − n| = 1. Find the sum of the four smallest possible values of a2 .

Problem 46
Compute the smallest positive integer n such that there do not exist integers x and y satisfying
n = x3 + 3y 3 . .

Problem 47
Compute the sum of all positive integers n such that the median of the n smallest prime numbers is
n.

Problem 48
Given a positive integer n , let p(n) be the product of the non-zero digits of n . (If n has only one
digit, then p(n) is equal to that digit.) Let S = p(1) + p(2) + p(3) + · · · + p(999). What is the largest
prime factor of S ?

Problem 49
Find the number of positive integers m for which there exist non-negative integers x0 , x1 , . . . , x2011
such that
2011
X
mx0 = mxk .
k=1

Problem 50
Set S = {105, 106, . . . , 210}. Determine the minimum value of n such that any n-element subset T of
S contains at least two non-relatively prime elements.

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Answer Key
1. 31 18. 179 35. 725
2. 30 19. 89 36. 49
3. 577 20. 21 37. 15
4. 195 21. 52 38. 63
5. 98 22. 61 39. 955
6. 5 23. 344
40. 18
7. 253 24. 202
41. 43
8. 784 25. 16
42. 222
9. 30 26. 42
43. 336
10. 49 27. 6
44. 136
11. 484 28. 6
45. 42
12. 156 29. 282
13. 927 30. 937 46. 6

14. 925 31. 307 47. 25

15. 195 32. 695 48. 103

16. 69 33. 34 49. 16

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