COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING

Arrays
 Arrays

❖ An array is simply a collection of variables of the

same data type that are referred to by a common name.

❖ A specific element in an array is accessed by an index.

❖ All array consist of contiguous memory locations

where the lowest address corresponds to the first
element whereas the highest address corresponds to
the last element.
 Arrays

❖ The first element in the array is numbered 0, so the last

element is 1 less than the size of the array.

❖ An array is also known as a subscripted variable.

❖ Before using an array its type and dimension must be

declared.

❖ Index always starts from 0 in an array.

Arrays
 One-dimensional Arrays

An array of one dimension is known as a one-

dimensional array or 1-D array
 One-dimensional Arrays

Like other variables an array needs to be declared so that the

compiler will know what kind of an array and how large an
array we want.

type arr_name[size];
Here type is any valid data type,

arr_name is the name of the array you give

and size is the array size.

In other word, size specify that how many element,

array can hold.
One-dimensional Arrays
 One-dimensional Arrays

e.g.

int marks[30] ;

Here, int specifies the type of the variable,

The number 30 tells how many elements of the type int will
be in our array. This number is often called the "dimension"
of the array.

The bracket i.e. [ ] tells the compiler that we are dealing

with an array.
Arrays
One-dimensional Arrays
 One-dimensional Arrays

Initializing Array in C

int num[6] = { 2, 4, 12, 5, 45, 5 } ;

int n[ ] = { 2, 4, 12, 5, 45, 5 } ;

float press[ ] = { 12.3, 34.2, -23.4, -11.3 } ;

int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];
 One-dimensional Arrays

Accessing Elements of an Array

❖ This is done with subscript, the number in the brackets

following the array name.

❖ This number specifies the element’s position in the array.

❖ All the array elements are numbered, starting with 0.

❖ Thus, arr [2] is not the second element of the array, but the
third.

int arr[ ] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

val = arr[2]; // val=3
 One-dimensional Arrays

• Array elements are like normal variables

c[ 0 ] = 3;

printf( "%d", c[ 0 ] );

– Perform operations in subscript. If x equals 3

c[5-2]==c[3]==c[x]
 One-dimensional Arrays

1-D Array Input/Output

/* Program to take 5 values from the user and store them in an array
& Print the elements stored in the array*/

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int values[5];
printf("Enter 5 integers: ");

// taking input and storing it in an array

for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
{
scanf("%d", &values[i]);
}
 One-dimensional Arrays

1-D Array Input/Output

// printing elements of an array

for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)

{
printf("%d\n", values[i]);
}
return 0;
}
 One-dimensional Arrays

/*Compute the sum of the elements of the array */

#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{ /* use initializer list to initialize array */
int a[12] = { 1, 3, 5, 4, 7, 2, 99, 16, 45, 67, 89, 45 };
int i; /* counter */
int total = 0; /* sum of array */
/* sum of contents of array a */
for ( i = 0; i < SIZE; i++ )
{
total += a[ i ];
} /* end for */
printf( "Total of array element values is %d\n", total );
return 0;
} Output : Total of array element values is 383
 One-dimensional Arrays
Passing a single array element to a function
#include<stdio.h>

void display(int a);

int main()
{
int myArray[] = { 2, 3, 4 };
display(myArray[2]); //Passing array element myArray[2] only.
return 0;
}

void display(int a)
{
printf("%d", a);
}

OUTPUT
4
 One-dimensional Arrays

Passing 1-d array to function using call by value method

#include <stdio.h> void disp( char ch)

int main() {
{ printf("%c ", ch);
char arr[] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', }
'j'};
for (int x=0; x<10; x++)
{
/* I’m passing each element one by one OUTPUT:
using subscript*/ a b c d e f g h i j
disp (arr[x]);
}

return 0;
}
 One-dimensional Arrays
Passing a 2D array as a parameter

#include<stdio.h> void displayArray(int arr[3][3])

void displayArray(int arr[3][3]); {
int main() int i, j;
{ printf("The complete array is: \n");
int arr[3][3], i, j; for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
printf("Please enter 9 numbers for {
the array: \n"); // getting cursor to new line
for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) printf("\n");
{ for (j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
for (j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
{ printf("%d\t", arr[i][j]);
scanf("%d", &arr[i][j]); }
} }
} }
// passing the array as argument
displayArray(arr);
return 0;
}
 Practice question:

Find maximum and minimum element in

an array
 One-dimensional Arrays

\\Find maximum and minimum element in an array

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int arr1[100];
int i, max, min, n;
printf("Input the number of elements to be stored in the array :");
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Input %d elements in the array :\n",n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("element - %d : ",i);
scanf("%d",&arr1[i]);
}
 One-dimensional Arrays
\\Find maximum and minimum element in an array
max = arr1[0];
min = arr1[0];
//finding max
for(i=1; i<n; i++)
{
if(arr1[i]>max)
{
max = arr1[i];
}
//finding min
if(arr1[i]<min)
{
min = arr1[i];
}
}
}
 Practice question:

Insert an element in an Array

 Practice question:
Insert an element in an Array
// C Program to Insert an element at a // position at which element
//specific position in an Array // is to be inserted
pos = 5;
#include <stdio.h>
int main() // increase the size by 1
{ n++;
int arr[100];
int i, x, pos, n = 10; // shift elements forward
for (i = n; i >= pos; i--)
// initial array of size 10 arr[i] = arr[i - 1];
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
scanf(“%d”, &arr[i]); // insert x at pos
arr[pos - 1] = x;
// print the original array
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) // print the updated array
printf("%d ", arr[i]); for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("\n"); printf("%d ", arr[i]);
printf("\n");
// element to be inserted
x = 50; return 0;
}
 COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

Multidimensional
Arrays
 Multidimensional Arrays

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

➢ Multiple subscripted arrays

– Tables with rows and columns (m by n array)
– Like matrices: specify row, then column

➢ Declaration of two-dimensional array in C:

int arr[10][5];

• So the above array have 10 rows and 5 columns.

 Two- Dimensional Arrays

Double-subscripted array (2-D) with three rows and four

column.
 Two- Dimensional Arrays

➢Initialization
int arr[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } };
– Initializers grouped by row in braces
 Two- Dimensional Arrays

➢Initialization
– If not enough, unspecified elements set to
zero
int arr[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1 }, { 3, 4 } };

➢Referencing elements
– Specify row, then column
printf( "%d", arr[ 0 ][ 1 ] );
 Two- Dimensional Arrays

/* Example- initializing and displaying elements*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[10][5];
int i, j;
// e.g. initializing 2-D array elements by 1
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
{
arr[i][j] = 1;
}
}
Cont….
 Two- Dimensional Arrays Cont….

// displaying 2-D array

for(i=0; i<10; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
{
printf("arr[%d][%d]=%d\t", i, j, arr[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
 Matrix

Entering and displaying Matrix elements

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[5][3];
int i, j;
printf("Enter 5*3 Matrix: ");
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
scanf("%d", &arr[i][j]);
}
}
Cont….
 Cont….
//Displaying the Matrix

printf("\nThe Matrix is:\n");

for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
printf("%d\t", arr[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
} }
 Matrix

Addition of two Matrices

 Matrix
Multiplication of two Matrices
 Matrix

Transpose of a Matrix
 COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

Linear and Binary Search

Linear Search
 Linear Search

Step 1 - Read the search element from the user.

Step 2 - Compare the search element with the first element in the list.
Step 3 - If both are matched, then display "Given element is found!!!"
and terminate the function
Step 4 - If both are not matched, then compare search element with
the next element in the list.
Step 5 - Repeat steps 3 and 4 until search element is compared with
last element in the list.
Step 6 - If last element in the list also doesn't match, then display
"Element is not found!!!" and terminate the function.
 Linear Search

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int array[100], search, c, n;
printf("Enter number of elements in array\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d integer(s)\n", n);
//Entering array elements
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
//Enter number to be searched
printf("Enter a number to search\n");
scanf("%d", &search);
 Linear Search

//Linear search
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
{
if (array[c] == search)
// If required number is found
{ printf("%d is present at location %d.\n", search, c+1);
break;
}
}
// for not found
if (c == n)
printf("%d isn't present in the array.\n", search);
return 0;
}
Binary Search
Binary Search
 Binary Search
/* C Program - Binary Search */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n, i, arr[50], search, first, last, middle;
printf("Enter total number of elements :");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter %d number :", n);
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
printf("Enter a number to find :");
scanf("%d", &search);
first = 0;
last = n-1;
middle = (first+last)/2;
/* C Program - Binary Search */
while (first <= last)
{
if(arr[middle] < search)
{
first = middle + 1;

}
else if(arr[middle] == search)
{
printf("%d found at location %d\n", search,
middle+1);
break;
}
/* C Program - Binary Search */

else
{
last = middle - 1;
}
middle = (first + last)/2;
}
if(first > last)
{
printf("Not found! %d is not present in the list.",search);
}
}
 Practice questions:

• Deletion of an array element

• Merging two arrays