Basic functions of R
Aim- To perform some basic functions of R
CODE
> x<-10
#assigns the value of 10 to x
>x
#prints the value of x
[1] 10
> y=x*2
#assigns the value of x*2 to y
>y
#print the value of y
[1] 20
> z=x+y
#z is the sum of x and y
>z
#print the value of z
[1] 30
> X=25
#capital x is considered another variable
> x+X
#print the sum of x+X
[1] 35
> x=1,2,3,4,5
Error: unexpected ‘,’ in “x=1,”
> x=c(1,2,3,4,5)
#use of =c() function to create vector
>x
#print the value of x
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
> 2+5
#R as a calculator
[1] 7
> 2*5
#R as a calculator
[1] 10
> 2/4
#R as a calculator
[1] 0.5
> 2*3-4+5/6
#R as a calculator
[1] 2.833333> 2^3
#R as a calculator
[1] 8
> 2**3
#R as a calculator
[1] 8
> c(2,3,4,5)^2
#command application to a vector
[1] 4 9 16 25
> c(2,3,4,5)^c(2,3)
#command application to a vector
[1] 4 27 16 125
> c(2,3,4,5) + 10
#command application to a vector
[1] 12 13 14 15
> c(2,3,5,7) %/% 2
#command application to a vector (gives quotient)
[1] 1 1 2 3
> c(2,3,5,7) %% 2
#modulo operation (gives remainder)
[1] 0 1 1 1
> c(2,3,5,7)/2 # divides
[1] 1 1.5 2.5 3.5
> max(1,4,8,112)
#max function
[1] 112
> max(1.2, 3.2, -7.8)
#max function
[1] 3.2
> min(1,4,8,112)
#min function
[1] 1
> min(1.2, 3.2, -7.8)
#min function
[1] -7.8
> abs(-4)
#absolute value function
[1] 4
> abs(c(-1,-2,-3,4,5))
#absolute value function
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
> sqrt(4)
#square root function
[1] 2
> sqrt(c(4,9,16,25))
#square root function
[1] 2 3 4 5> sum(c(2,3,5,7))
#sum function
[1] 17
> prod(c(2,3,5,7))
#product function
[1] 210
> round(1.83)
#round function
[1] 2
> round(1.23)
#round function
[1] 1
> log(10)
#log function
[1] 2.302585
> log10(10)
#log to the base 10
[1] 1
> log(9,base=3)
#log to the base 3
[1] 2
> var<-3+5i
#variable with a complex value
> var
#print the value of var
[1] 3+5i
> Re(var)
#real part
[1] 3
> Im(var)
#imaginary part
[1] 5
> Conj(var)
#conjugate value
[1] 3-5i
> Mod(var)
#complex modulus
[1] 5.830952
> Arg(var)
#complex argument
[1] 1.030377
> x<-matrix(nrow=4, ncol=2, data=c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8))
#matrix assigned to x
>x
#print the matrix x
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 1
5
[2,] 2
6
[3,] 3
7[4,] 4 8
> x[3,2]
#print the element positioned at [3,2]
[1] 7
> x<-matrix(nrow=4, ncol=2, data=c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8), byrow=TRUE) #entering data row-wise
>x
#print the matrix x
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 1
2
[2,] 3
4
[3,] 5
6
[4,] 7
8
> dim(x)
#dimensions of the matrix
[1] 4 2
> nrow(x)
#number of rows
[1] 4
> ncol(x)
#number of columns
[1] 2
> mode(x)
#Type of storage
[1] “numeric”
> attributes(x)
#dimensions of the matrix
$dim
[1] 4 2
> x<-matrix(nrow=4, ncol=2, data=2)
#assigning specified number to all matrix elements
>x
#print the matrix x
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 2
2
[2,] 2
2
[3,] 2 2
[4,] 2 2
> x<-diag(1, nrow=2, ncol=2)
#constructing a diagonal matrix
>x
#printing the matrix x
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 1
0[2,] 0
1
> x<-matrix(nrow=4, ncol=2, data=c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8))
#matrix x
>x
#printing the matrix x
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 1
5
[2,] 2
6
[3,] 3
7
[4,] 4
8
> y<-t(x)
#transpose of the matrix x is y
>y
#print the matrix y
[,1] [,2]
[,3] [,4]
[1,] 1
2
3
4
[2,] 5 6
7
8
> 4*x
#multiplying the matrix with a constant
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 4
20
[2,] 8
24
[3,] 12
28
[4,] 16
32
> xt<-t(x)%*%x
#matrix multiplication
> xt
#printing the result
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 30
70
[2,] 70
174
> xt <- crossprod(x)
#cross product of a matrix
> xt
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 30
70
[2,] 70
174
> x + 6*x
#operations on matrix[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 7
35
[2,] 14
42
[3,] 21
49
[4,] 28
56
> 5*x – x
#operations on matrix’
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 4
20
[2,] 8
24
[3,] 12
28
[4,] 16
32
> x[2,]
#accessing elements
[1] 2
6
> x[,2]
#accessing elements
[1] 5
6
7
8
> x[,3]
#accessing elements
Error in x[, 3] : subscript out of bounds
> x[3:4, 1:2]
#accessing elements
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 3
7
[2,] 4
8
> y<-matrix(nrow=2, ncol=2, byrow=T, data=c(83,100,100,110))
#matrix x
>y
#printing the matrix y
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 83
100
[2,] 100
110
> solve(y)
#inverse of the matrix y
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] -0.1264368 0.1149425
[2,] 0.1149425 -0.0954023
> solve(5,10)
#solving for x[1] 2
> a<-matrix(c(3,1,2,1),nrow=2,ncol=2) #solving for 3x+2y=8 and x+y=2
> b<-matrix(c(8,2),nrow=2,ncol=1)
> solve(a,b)
[,1]
[1,] 4
[2,] -2
>y
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 83
100
[2,] 100 110
> eigen(y)
#eigen value of matrix y
eigen() decomposition
$values
[1] 197.407136 -4.407136
$vectors
[,1]
[,2]
[1,] 0.6581085 -0.7529231
[2,] 0.7529231 0.6581085
> mymatrix<=matrix(1:6,2,3,byrow=T)
Error: object ‘mymatrix’ not found
> mymatrix<-matrix(1:6,2,3,byrow=T)
#matrix “mymatrix“
> mymatrix
#printing mymatrix
[,1]
[,2] [,3]
[1,] 1
2
3
[2,] 4
5
6
> mymatrix<-rbind(mymatrix, 7:9)
#changing the values of matrix
> mymatrix
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[1,] 1
2
3
[2,] 4
5
6
[3,] 7
8
9> mymatrix <- cbind(mymatrix, 6:8)
#changing the values of matrix
> mymatrix
[,1]
[,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1
2
3
6
[2,] 4
5
6
7
[3,] 7
8
9
8
> mymatrix[3,]<-1:4
#changing the entire row
> mymatrix
[,1]
[,2] [,3]
[,4]
[1,] 1
2
3
6
[2,] 4
5
6
7
[3,] 1
2
3
4
> mymatrix[,4]<-7:9
#changing the entire column
> mymatrix
[,1]
[,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1
2
3
7
[2,] 4
5
6
8
[3,] 1
2
3
9
> mymatrix<-mymatrix[-2,]
#deleting one row
> mymatrix
[,1]
[,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1
2
3
7
[2,] 1
2
3
9
> mymatrix<-mymatrix[,-4]
#deleting one column
> mymatrix
[,1]
[,2] [,3]
[1,] 1
2
3
[2,] 1
2
3
> x<-“Nishtha”
#printing name
>x
[1] “Nishtha”
