Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF)

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The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any damage whatsoever
than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein,
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I agree with the above

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ICS 29.060
NRS 061-2:2004
ISBN 0-626-16108-8 Edition 1

Rationalized User Specification

SPECIFICATION FOR OVERHEAD

GROUND WIRE WITH OPTICAL FIBRE

Part 2: Installation guidelines

N R S
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This rationalized user specification is issued by

the Technology Standardization Department (TSD), Eskom,
on behalf of the
User Group given in the foreword
and is not a standard as contemplated in the Standards Act, 1993 (Act No. 29 of 1993).

Table of changes
Change No. Date Text affected

Correspondence to be directed to Printed copies obtainable from

The NRS Projects Manager Standards South Africa

The Technology Standardization Department (TSD) Private Bag X191
Eskom Pretoria 0001
PO Box 1091
Johannesburg 2000
Telephone : (012) 428-7911
Fax : (012) 344-1568
E-mail : [email protected]
Website: http://www.nrs.eskom.co.za Website : http://www.stansa.co.za

COPYRIGHT RESERVED

Printed in the Republic of South Africa

by Standards South Africa
1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, Pretoria
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1 NRS 061-2:2004

Contents
Page

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 2

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3

Keywords ........................................................................................................................................... 3

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................... 5

2 Normative references ................................................................................................................. 5

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations ......................................................................................... 5

4 Requirements .............................................................................................................................. 6

4.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 6

4.2 Preparatory work ................................................................................................................. 6
4.3 OPGW stringing ................................................................................................................... 7
4.4 Fittings .................................................................................................................................. 11
4.5 Safety and environmental .................................................................................................... 14
4.6 Quality control ...................................................................................................................... 15

5 Tests ............................................................................................................................................ 15

Annexes

A (informative) Summary tables .. ................................................................................................. 17

B (normative) Acceptance procedure for optical fibre systems ................................................. 19

C (normative) Installation drawings and fittings ........................................................................ 22

Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 30
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NRS 061-2:2004 2

Foreword
This part of NRS 061 was prepared on behalf of the Electricity Suppliers Liaison Committee (ESLC) and
approved by it for use by supply authorities.

This part of NRS 061 is based on TRMASACB2:2000 and was compiled by M Korber and B Jacobs.
Annex B is based on TPR 0150 compiled by D C Smith.

This part of NRS 061 was prepared by a working group comprising the following members:

D C Smith (Chairman) Eskom, Transmission Technology

G S Anderson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality
M Gittings eThekwini Metropolitan Council
A Gouveia Cape Town Electricity Distributor
B Jacobs TransAfrica Projects (TAP)
K Koekemoer Pretoria Electricity
J Masango Project assistant, NRS PMA
T Naidoo City Power Johannesburg (Pty) Ltd
V Sewchand (Project leader) Technology Standardization Eskom
J Shillington City Power Johannesburg (Pty) Ltd
I van der Merwe Eskom (Western Cape Region)

A Manufacturers Interest Group (MIG) was also consulted on the contents of this part of NRS 061 and its
comments were incorporated where the working group was in agreement. The MIG comprised the
following members:

A Deitchman ATC Cables

P Muller Cable Manufacturers Association
R Phillips Aberdare Cables

The Working Group was appointed by the ESLC, which, at the time of approval, comprised the following
members:

R Wienand (Chairman) eThekwini Electricity

M N Bailey Eskom Distribution Technology, Simmerpan
A J Claasen Standards South Africa (StanSA)
B de Jager Mangaung Municipality
W G H Dykman City of Tshwane, AMEU
A H L Fortmann eKurhuleni, AMEU
V S Kobuwe City Power Johannesburg (Pty) Ltd
M Mabila Eskom Menlyn
R McCurrach Eskom Transmission Line Technology
D M Michie Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality, AMEU
J J Roos eKurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
V Singh Technology Standardization, Eskom
Division of Resources and Strategy
N Singh National Electricity Regulator
R van der Riet City of Cape Town (Tygerberg administration)
J S van Heerden SABS, NETFA
D van Wyk Umhlathuze Electricity (Richards Bay)

Annexes B and C form an integral part of this part of NRS 061. Annex A is for information only.

Recommendations for corrections, additions or deletions should be addressed to the NRS Projects
Manager.
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3 NRS 061-2:2004

Introduction
This part of NRS 061 was prepared to establish and promote uniform requirements for the installation of
overhead ground wire with optical fibre.

The ESLC expresses the wish that, in the national interest and in support of government policy to foster
local manufacture and stimulate export, all purchasers adopt the requirements of this part of NRS 061
insofar as their particular conditions will allow.

Keywords
Optical ground wire.
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NRS 061-2:2004 4

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5 NRS 061-2:2004

OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE WITH OPTICAL FIBRE

Part 2: Installation guidelines

1 Scope
This part of NRS 061 specifies the installation of overhead fibre links between patch panel enclosures
at the two terminating substations. It also specifies the essential methods for stringing, tensioning,
earthing, jointing and terminating of the overhead ground wire with optical fibre (OPGW).

2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this part of NRS 061. All normative documents are subject to revision and, since any
reference to a normative document is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that document,
parties to agreements based on this part of NRS 061 are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use
of the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Information on currently valid
national and international standards can be obtained from Standards South Africa.

CIGRE TF 22.11.03, Guide to fittings for optical cables on transmission lines – Part 1: Selection and
use.

IEC/TR 61328:2003, Live working – Guidelines for the installation of transmission line conductors and
earth wires – Stringing equipment and accessory items.

SANS 60793-1-40/IEC 60793-1-40:2001 (SABS IEC 60793-1-40), Optical fibres – Part 1-40:
Measurement methods and test procedures – Attenuation.

SANS 61230/IEC 61230:1993, Live working – Portable equipment for earthing or earthing and short-
circuiting.

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations

For the purposes of this part of NRS 061, the following terms, definitions and abbreviations apply.

3.1 Terms and definitions

3.1.1 acceptable
acceptable to the customer

3.1.2 birdcaging
loosening and separation of the outer layer wires from the inner wires

3.1.3 ghosting
false reflection which appears at an integral multiple of the distance from the initial (true) reflective
event, for example if a large reflection occurs at say 1 000 m, there could be a ghost at 2 000 m due to
the reflected light bouncing back and forth within the fibre

3.1.4 residual strength

remaining tensile strength of the conductor after it has been in service

3.1.5 splicing
fusion of the ends of two fibres to create a joint with minimal optical loss
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NRS 061-2:2004 6

3.2 Abbreviations

3.2.1 ADSS: all dielectric self-supporting

3.2.2 AGS: armour grip suspension

3.2.3 CST: corrugated steel tape

3.2.4 HDPE: high-density polyethylene

3.2.5 IP: ingress protection

3.2.6 MFD: mode field diameter

3.2.7 NCS: national calibration standard

3.2.8 OPGW: overhead ground wire with optical fibre

3.2.9 OTDR: optical time domain reflectometer

4 Requirements
4.1 General
The stringing of OPGW is analogous to the stringing of the standard ground wire but the presence of
the optical fibre core implies the adherence to special protection measures to prevent damage to the
fibres due to mechanical elongation, bending, twisting and crushing forces. This part of NRS 061
describes the measures required to correctly install OPGW on overhead transmission lines in such a
way that a long service life is guaranteed and that there will be no danger to either the public or
personnel involved in this process.

4.2 Preparatory work

It is essential that the installer is completely familiar with the requirements of the cable manufacturer.
To ensure the integrity of the fibre optic core during stringing, the following preparatory work is
essential:

a) OPGW drum lengths shall be carefully selected for the specific line sections to be strung to avoid
the necessity of installing splice enclosures on towers where the OPGW must be insulated from
the steelwork as much as possible. Allowance shall be made for sag and winch tensioner take-up.

b) The drums shall be transported to the designated material holding area in a vertical position with
the cable ends fixed and sealed so that no moisture can affect the cable. Drums shall remain in
the vertical position during unloading so that the drum is not damaged. Under no circumstances
shall the drums be placed on their sides.

The drums shall be stored far from any activity that could damage the cable in order to facilitate
the handling and loading. To minimize the risk of fire, the storage area shall be cleared of all
vegetation.

c) After selection of suitable locations for the tensioner and puller, OPGW drums, fittings and
accessories, they shall be transported to the site and kept in a suitable place until their final use.
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7 NRS 061-2:2004

4.3 OPGW stringing

4.3.1 Special tooling and precautions needed for OPGW stringing

4.3.1.1 All the provisions for controlled stringing shall be in accordance with IEC/TR 61328. The
equipment earths shall be in accordance with SANS 61230. Figure C.1 shows the recommended
equipment necessary for OPGW stringing.

4.3.1.2 Hydraulic pullers equipped with dynamometers shall have a pulling capacity equivalent to
twice the stringing tension. The pullers shall be properly anchored to resist any lifting forces during
stringing.

4.3.1.3 A tensioner equipped with dynamometers that have a bull wheel 1,2 m or more in diameter
shall be anchored to prevent any uplift force.

4.3.1.4 Drum jacks of suitable capacity shall be used on both sides of the drum so that the drum can
rotate freely without touching the ground. Drum jacks shall have braking arrangements to ensure that
rotation stops smoothly.

4.3.1.5 Anti-twisting counterweights that consist of a series of weights linked by hinges shall be used
as follows:

a) 12 kg for span lengths up to 300 m;

b) 15 kg for span lengths from 300 m to 700 m; and

c) 20 kg for span lengths of more than 700 m.

4.3.1.6 Neoprene or similar material lined pulley guides (sheaves) shall be 600 mm or more in
diameter. A single wheeled pulley block shall be used if the line angle and the OPGW angle are less
than 60°. If the angle is greater than 60°, a twin wheeled pulley (wheels placed in tandem) block will be
necessary (see figure C.2).

4.3.1.7 Pre-formed pulling grips shall be used. Sock-meshed grips shall not be used on aluminium
alloy cladded steel armouring.

4.3.1.8 Pre-stretched polyester and steel ropes shall be used.

4.3.1.9 Guy grips for hauling cable at strain points shall be used. Come-along clamps shall not be
used.

4.3.2 Stringing operation

4.3.2.1 To protect the integrity of the optical fibres and the armouring during stringing, the
requirements in 4.3.2.2 to 4.3.2.8 (inclusive) shall apply.

4.3.2.2 The minimum diameters of the tensioner reels (on which the OPGW will be coiled during
installation) shall be at least 80 times the diameter of the OPGW being installed, or as specified by the
manufacturer. The bull wheel sheave diameter shall be more than 70 times the cable diameter
or 1 200 mm, whichever is smaller. The wheels shall be in such condition that they do not have any
burrs or cavities which may damage the cable. The running grooves shall be adapted in size to the
cable diameter. At best, they shall be coated with neoprene or similar material. The tensioner shall be
able to assure constant tension and allow a steady slow down at different stringing speed without the
effect of cable run after. Tensioning shall be readily controllable and capable of maintaining constant
and even operation. There shall be a minimum of six turns to anchor the cable. To prevent birdcaging,
the correct orientation for entry and exit of the cable shall be considered. For right-hand lay, the cable
shall enter the brake on the left and exit on the right. For left-hand lay, the cable shall enter on the right
and exit on the left.
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NRS 061-2:2004 8

4.3.2.3 The distance from the winch to the first pulley on the tower shall be at least twice the height of
the pulley attachment point.

4.3.2.4 The diameter of the pulleys shall not be less than 600 mm. However, at the first and last tower
in the section and at towers with an angle of deviation between 15° and 60°, the pulley diameter shall
be at least 800 mm. If the angle is greater than 60°, a twin pulley block (wheels placed in tandem) shall
be used (see figure C.2).

4.3.2.5 The stringing shall be carried out using winches with settable pulling force limitations and
automatic shutdown facility. The pulling force shall be monitored and the maximum pulling tension
shall not exceed 50 % of the installed OPGW tension in the section. The winch shall be checked for
correctness of pulling force before the start of stringing.

4.3.2.6 The stringing speed shall not exceed 30 m/min but depending on the stringing conditions this
could change. The winch shall be started slowly at the minimum speed and the speed increased
gradually to the maximum speed. When the anti-twisting device is approaching the pulley, the stringing
speed shall be decreased to 5 m/min.

4.3.2.7 For new lines, the OPGW stringing operation will be governed by other construction activities
such as erection of the towers and stringing of phase conductors. For existing lines, where the earth
conductor is substituted by the OPGW, the earth conductor may be used as a pilot cable wire if it is in
good condition and if the specific pulling force does not exceed the residual strength of the conductor.
In both cases the stringing shall be carried out in accordance with 4.3.1. For lines without earth wire,
the pulling rope shall be installed first and then the OPGW installed using the standard method shown
in figure C.1.

4.3.2.8 The bull wheels of the tensioner shall be provided with a neoprene layer when the outer layer
of the OPGW is made up of aluminium clad steel, aluminium or aluminium alloy.

4.3.3 Special conditions during stringing

4.3.3.1 Where specified by the manufacturer of the OPGW, anti-twisting counterweights shall be used
to protect the optical fibres against excessive twisting action during the stringing operations. An anti-
twisting counterweight shall be installed at the front end of the OPGW. If, subject to the requirements
described in 4.3.1.5, more than one anti-twisting counterweight shall be used, then the anti-twisting
counterweights shall be located as shown in figure C.1. Anti-twisting counterweights and pulleys shall
be compatible. The anti-twisting counterweights shall pass through the pulley at reduced speed.

4.3.3.2 Care shall be taken to ensure that the cable is not damaged by dragging it along the ground or
over any objects.

4.3.3.3 In order to prevent the OPGW from being damaged, sagging, clamping and installation of
fittings shall only be performed after a short settling period. The installer shall be responsible for any
damage caused to the cable if this subclause is ignored.

4.3.3.4 OPGW shall be strung and tensioned with minimum mechanical impact. The minimum bend
radius shall not be less than that specified by the OPGW supplier.

4.3.3.5 A protective sleeve shall be inserted around the conductor for a length of 5 m, where the anti-
twisting devices are positioned on the conductor. Subsequently, the conductor portion where the anti-
twisting device was attached, shall be removed.

4.3.3.6 Owing to induction effects from power lines, running earths shall be provided to ensure
personnel safety (see IEC/TR 61328).
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9 NRS 061-2:2004

4.3.4 Jointing and splicing between two sections of OPGW

4.3.4.1 The correct number of correctly dimensioned down-lead clamps shall be used at each down-
lead cable to ensure that the OPGW is securely anchored to the tower in such a way as to eliminate
vibrations and cable clashing against the tower. A down-lead clamp shall be installed at each tower
member intersection. The distance between clamps shall be as specified in 4.4.6.5. Clamp bolts shall
be tightened using torque wrenches. The torque that will prevent damaging stress concentrations due
to clamping shall be obtained from the OPGW and clamp manufacturers. Only clamps approved by the
OPGW manufacturer shall be used.

On insulated strain (see figure C.3) or suspension towers, the down-lead shall be insulated from the
tower using insulated clamps. The minimum distance between the OPGW and any tower member
shall be greater than or equal to 50 mm.

On non-insulated strain (see figure C.4) or suspension towers, the down-lead shall be electrically
connected to the tower by means of non-insulated clamps.

4.3.4.2 Upon completion of section stringing, when optical fibre cables are hand fed through the tower
structure, the minimum bending radius specified by the manufacturer, shall not be compromised and
care shall be taken to avoid birdcaging.

4.3.4.3 Upon completion of stringing, sufficient spare cable shall be available to permit jointing to take
place. The length of the OPGW for connection purposes shall allow sufficient slack from the strain
clamp to permit splicing at ground level and at the same time to preserve the manufacturer’s
recommended bending radius (see figure C.6). A further minimum allowance of 5 m shall be provided
in each enclosure to make fibre optic connections. In areas where there is a high risk of vandalism,
jointing shall be done higher up on the tower. The basic requirements for hardware at splicing towers
and standard towers as well as for insulated and non-insulated assemblies are depicted in figures C.3,
C.4, C.5, C.6 and C.7. If splicing is required at either strain towers or suspension towers, the tension
assemblies as shown in figures C.3 or C.4 shall be used, depending on whether insulated assemblies
are required or not.

4.3.4.4 If OPGW sagging and jointing cannot be done in a continuous operation, the ends of the
OPGW shall be sealed using a compressed pulling eye that shall remain in place until jointing work
starts. Spare lengths of OPGW at jointing tower shall be coiled in coils greater than 1,5 m in diameter.
The coils shall be securely attached, above the anti-climbing devices, to the tower in order to prevent
OPGW damage under windy conditions as well as to prevent theft.

4.3.4.5 Well-trained technicians shall carry out splicing of optical fibres. Splicing machines shall be
capable of creating splices consistently better than 0,05 dB. Tools and measuring equipment shall be
provided and used for each splice. Splicing shall be done at ground level unless otherwise specified by
the customer, after which the splice enclosure shall be fixed on the tower above the anti-climbing
device. Splice losses shall be as stated in annex B, unless otherwise specified by the customer.

The operation of splicing shall follow the following sequence:

a) fix an adapter for the mounting of the splice enclosure onto the tower; for an insulated OPGW
strain assembly the splicing enclosure shall be insulated from the tower structure; for a non-
insulated OPGW strain assembly the splicing enclosure shall be electrically bonded to the tower
structure;

b) remove the outer strands and expose the optical fibre unit in accordance with the splice enclosure
manufacturer’s instructions;

c) clamp the OPGW as specified by the splice enclosure manufacturer;

d) splice the optical fibres by fusion;

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NRS 061-2:2004 10
e) reinforce the splicing point with heat shrinkable tube or by other means in accordance with the
splice enclosure manufacturer’s instructions;

f) secure and lay the optical fibres in the splice organizer inside the enclosure on completion of a
permanent splice;

g) close and seal the splicing enclosure; and

h) loop the excess cable and secure the splice box to the adaptor mounted onto the tower, to ensure
that the minimum bending radius specified by the manufacturer is adhered to and that there is no
birdcaging.

4.3.4.6 Fibre migration can be experienced in the central tube design. To avoid this, a minimum of two
loops shall be installed immediately under the joint enclosure.

4.3.5 Jointing and splicing between OPGW and underground fibre cables

The termination of OPGW into substations shall be by means of a standard, non-insulated strain
assembly.

The OPGW shall be attached to the gantry or alternatively a terminal tower, using an earth bond which
is connected to the OPGW by means of a current transfer tab or flag, embedded in the armour rods
that is protecting the OPGW. On the other end of the earth bond, a crimped lug shall be fitted to
enable the earth bond to be bolted to the steelwork and which guarantees a proper current path.
Dedicated earthing shall be required on all non-insulated assemblies.

Metallic, non-insulated clamps shall be used to attach the down-leads to steelwork.

The OPGW shall be clamped at every intersection with steelwork using approved hardware.

The termination enclosure linking the underground cable to the OPGW may be required at the terminal
tower or gantry. In these situations the end of the HDPE tubing housing the underground fibre cable
shall be sealed to prevent the ingress of water and rodents. The termination enclosure shall be
secured and mounted in accordance with the requirements of the customer.

A general layout is shown in figure C.9.

4.3.6 Completing the OPGW connection to the termination room

The fibres from the OPGW shall in all cases be spliced directly to the underground duct cable leading
to the patch panel, in the splice box at the tower or gantry. The fibres shall be terminated as required
at the patch panel enclosure provided at the termination end. Minimum cable bending radius
requirements shall be observed at all times.

This duct cable shall be run, where possible, physically separated from the other control cables in the
cable trenches provided.

This can be achieved in one of two ways. The duct cable may be constructed with or without
armouring:

a) Using armoured duct cable

In a conventional substation arrangement where there is a common earth mat for the entire area
and where armoured cable is specified, CST armoured optical fibre duct cable shall be used for
the link between the OPGW splice enclosure installed at the gantry or terminal tower at the line
entry and the patch panel enclosure in the termination room. The armouring shall be used for
mechanical protection and shall never, even unintentionally, be used as a current-carrying
conductor. The armouring shall always be cut well back (± 100 mm) and the end insulated with
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11 NRS 061-2:2004
heat-shrink sleeving at the two ends where the cable enters the cable compression glands at the
splice enclosure at one end and the patch panel enclosure cabinet gland plate at the other, to
prevent accidental connection to either earth or to personnel.

If the cable run is very long, the armouring shall be removed for a length of 150 mm for
every 250 m of cable length. This isolation section shall be covered by an appropriate cast resin
joint arrangement.

b) Using unarmoured duct cable

Armoured duct cable shall never be used where the two ends are on separate earth mats. In this
latter case and where specified by the buyer, unarmoured duct cable laid inside class 6 high-
density polyethylene tubing or similar of approximately 50 mm diameter, shall be used.

Where a tube is required to house the underground cable, it shall be an HDPE duct. A high
pressure connector shall be used to protect against damage by rodents and ingress of moisture.

4.3.7 Underground interconnection of two OPGW sections

The OPGW shall be treated in accordance with 4.3.5 at the two line terminal towers.

4.4 Fittings

4.4.1 General

Any hardware provided, shall be such that no holes will be drilled into the tower steelwork.

All hardware shall be approved by the OPGW supplier and customer (see CIGRE TF 22.11.03).
Hardware assemblies, including down-lead clamps, for the OPGW shall be compatible with the cable
to ensure that the system so formed will survive the operating environment for the design life. All items
of hardware shall conform to specified requirements. The hardware component supplier shall be fully
responsible for his designs and their satisfactory performance in service. Approval by the customer
does not relieve the supplier of responsibility for the adequacy of the design, dimensions and details.

Suspension and strain assemblies shall be designed so that line contact between coupled
components occur. Point contact between components shall be avoided.

4.4.2 Drawings

Drawings of assemblies offered shall be supplied and shall indicate for each component

a) the material type,

b) the material grade (and heat treatment where applicable),

c) the strength rating,

d) tolerances (where applicable), and

e) dimensions.

4.4.3 Tolerances

Dimensions of all items of hardware shall be subject to the tolerances specified in the referenced
standards. Where no standard or tolerance is referenced, the fit tolerance shall be ± 2 % of the
dimension. All tolerances shall be subject to the customer’s approval. Items of hardware found to be
out of tolerance shall be rejected.
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NRS 061-2:2004 12

4.4.4 Materials

4.4.4.1 Materials for OPGW

The material and construction of the OPGW shall be specified as given in the relevant contract.

4.4.4.2 Materials for fittings (tension and suspension assemblies) and current transfer tab

The choice of material for tension and suspension assemblies, as well as current transfer tab, shall be
specified by the OPGW manufacturer to match the material of the OPGW and will take precedence
over this part of NRS 061.

In general, if the OPGW outer layer is of steel, the fitting material shall be of steel material. When the
OPGW outer layer is of aluminium material, the fitting material shall be of an aluminium alloy material.
In cases where the OPGW outer layer is of aluminium cladded steel, the fitting material shall be of
steel material.

In all cases the correct lay direction of the fittings in relation to the OPGW shall be observed. Normally
the lay direction of the fitting wire is opposite to the outer OPGW layer direction.

4.4.4.3 Materials for grounding cable or earth bonds

The type of material and size shall be adequate to safely handle the required short-circuit rating and
requirements of the OPGW as specified. The choice of material shall also depend on compatibility with
the OPGW and current transfer tab in order to prevent galvanic corrosion.

4.4.5 Installation procedures

Details of installation procedures of hardware assemblies and down-lead clamps shall be supplied
both with a tender offer and with each batch delivered where requested.

4.4.6 Hardware

4.4.6.1 Tension assemblies

Tension assemblies shall comply with the following requirements:

a) Tension assemblies shall be of the current transfer tab type (see figures C.3, C.4 and C.7).

b) When selecting hardware for OPGW, great care shall be taken not to apply excessive stresses on
the conductor that will affect the OPGW core.

c) Tension assemblies shall withstand the fault current design parameters.

d) Where the OPGW must be joined at a splicing tower, a ground cable shall be installed between the
two spans to ensure electrical continuity between the two. Connection to the OPGW shall be by
means of a current transfer tab or flag, embedded in the armour rods that is protecting the OPGW.

e) In the case of an insulated strain assembly (see figure C.3) the ground cable shall be insulated
from the tower. Depending on the geometry of the tower, using a support or stand-off insulator will
prevent contact between OPGW and tower steelwork under all environmental operating conditions.

f) The creepage of the insulation material shall be equal to or more than 50 mm.

g) At the terminal tower, the OPGW may or may not be earthed, in accordance with local practice.
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13 NRS 061-2:2004

4.4.6.2 Suspension assemblies

Suspension assemblies shall comply with the following requirements:

a) Only AGS type assemblies with a neoprene insert, or similar approved, shall be accepted (see
figure C.7).

b) Suspension assemblies shall withstand the fault current design parameters.

c) Non-insulated suspension assemblies shall be fitted with a ground cable to ensure proper
grounding between the OPGW and the tower steelwork. Connection of the ground cable to the
OPGW shall be by means of a current transfer tab or flag, embedded in the armour rods that are
protecting the OPGW.

4.4.6.3 Grounding connectors (jumpers, ties or earth bonds)

The ground cable installed between the OPGW and the tower steelwork, or between two spans across
a tower, shall be connected to the OPGW by means of a current transfer tab or flag, embedded in the
armour rods that are protecting the OPGW and which will ensure proper mechanical and electrical
connection. The other end of the ground cable shall be fitted with a crimped lug or fitting which can be
connected to the tower, using one of the tower bolts. Before connecting the crimped lug or fitting to the
tower members, the tower steelwork shall be cleaned to remove paint or grease (or both) to ensure
proper electrical connection. After connection the exposed area(s) shall be repainted or cold
galvanized to prevent corrosion of the tower steel members. The arrangement for terminating and
earthing of the OPGW at the substation gantry is depicted in figure C.8.

4.4.6.4 Aeolian vibration dampers

Vibration dampers that are capable of damping any aeolian vibration that the OPGW will experience,
shall be used. The type, size, mass, quantity and spacing of vibration dampers shall be selected to
limit the aeolian vibration bending amplitude so that the safe bending amplitude as prescribed by the
OPGW manufacturer is not exceeded. Multi-frequency type Stockbridge dampers or spiral vibration
dampers may be used.

4.4.6.5 Down-lead clamps

The design of down-lead clamps shall be such that no excessive stresses, which will affect the
performance of the OPGW under any circumstances, will be induced.

Two options exist, namely insulated down-lead clamps and non-insulated down-lead clamps. The type
to use will depend on whether the hardware assemblies, connecting the OPGW to the tower, are
insulated or non-insulated.

Down-lead clamps shall be installed at every tower steelwork intersection and shall be not more
than 2 m apart.

4.4.6.6 Non-insulated down-lead clamps

Non-insulated down-lead clamps shall ensure proper electrical connection between the OPGW
conductor and the tower steelwork. When attaching the clamp to the tower steelwork care shall be
taken to ensure electrical connection and that mechanical damage, which in turn could lead to
corrosion damage, will not be imposed on the tower steelwork. Materials used for the down-lead clamp
shall be such that galvanic corrosion will not start between the down-lead clamp and the tower
steelwork.

A sufficient number of down-lead clamps shall be used to ensure sufficient support of the OPGW
along the tower. This support shall be in such a manner that the OPGW will not clash with any part of
the tower steelwork as a result of wind or due to its own mass if strung or laid in a horizontal
configuration.
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NRS 061-2:2004 14

4.4.6.7 Insulated down-lead clamps

The requirements for the insulated down-lead clamps are exactly the same as those for the non-
insulated down-lead clamps in 4.4.6.6, except that no electrical contact between the OPGW and tower
steelwork shall occur. In all cases a minimum distance of 50 mm shall exist between the OPGW and
tower steelwork. The creepage of the insulation material shall be equal to or more than 50 mm.

4.4.6.8 Splicing enclosure (joint enclosure)

All construction details and IP ratings of the proposed units shall be provided. The splicing enclosures
shall be supplied with tower earth bonding fixtures. They shall facilitate fibre organization and splicing
requirements and shall be vandal resistant if specified.

As far as possible, the use of insulated splice enclosure installations shall be avoided. The creepage
of the insulation material shall be equal to or more than 50 mm.

4.5 Safety and environmental

4.5.1 General

Contractors shall be authorized by the local utility or by some other official capacity, for example, in
terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993) (OHS Act), for preparation
of the earth wire for stringing purposes under energized conditions and stringing under de-energized
conditions.

The stringing tension used shall be such that adequate clearance is maintained at all times.

4.5.2 Safety requirements

Requirements of the local operating regulations and the said OHS Act shall apply.

The following requirements shall also apply:

a) Staff shall meet prerequisites, and shall be sufficiently trained, evaluated and authorized
accordingly.

b) Lifting machines and equipment shall comply with said OHS Act requirements.

c) Access and keys shall be controlled in accordance with local operating instructions.

d) Permit system or workers register system of controlling staff shall be enforced in accordance with
local operating instructions.

e) Risks shall be identified, evaluated and eliminated or managed to an acceptable level.

f) Safe working electrical clearances shall be maintained at all times.

g) Precautions against induction and system fault current in the form of equipotential earthing and
bonding shall be enforced. This includes running earths, fenced winch or tensioner operator
equipotential zones and bonding at tower earth peaks. All portable earths shall comply with the
requirements of SANS 61230.

h) Suitable personal protective equipment shall be used.

i) Tools and equipment shall be correctly selected and applied.

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15 NRS 061-2:2004

4.5.3 Environmental requirements

All work shall be performed in compliance with environmental legislation.

The following requirements shall also apply:

a) Minimal impact and disturbance of environment.

b) Agreements and relationships with landowners shall be adhered to. This includes notification
before arrival and ensuring access gates are left the way they were found.

4.6 Quality control

The quality control requirements shall be specified by the customer.

5 Tests

5.1 Optic fibre site tests before installation

5.1.1 The integrity and attenuation of individual fibres shall be tested with the OPGW still on the
drums, before stringing.

The test shall be performed for each fibre in the OPGW at two wavelengths, 1 310 nm and 1 550 nm
from one direction only. When requested, testing shall be witnessed by the customer representative.

5.1.2 The identity of individual fibres shall be clearly marked.

5.1.3 The results of the tests shall be produced in table 1. The table heading shall contain the drum
number and the length of the OPGW.

5.1.4 The table shall record the attenuation for each fibre. Results shall be produced in paper and
digital format (disc).

5.1.5 If the drum test was successful, the drum shall be handed over to the main contractor. In the
case of failure the drum shall be returned to the supplier, and all costs associated with the
replacement of the defective material shall be for the supplier’s account.

5.1.6 Unless otherwise specified in the project requirements, the main contractor shall be held
responsible for the proper protection and safekeeping of the OPGW drums until the completed
transmission line is taken over by the customer and any surplus material has been returned to the
customer. The contractor shall be held responsible for any loss or damage to material required for or
surplus to, the contract works.

All material received shall be neatly stored in properly defined storage areas to facilitate checking of
quantities and quality. Receipt slips shall be forwarded to the customer within two days of delivery, and
a record of the total quantities of material received and used, shall be kept on site.
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NRS 061-2:2004 16

Table 1 — Optic fibre site test results before installation

1 2 3 4 5 6
Drum number
Project Loss
dB/km
Tube Fibre Colour 1 310 nm 1 550 nm Length
1 1
2
3
4
5
6
2 1
2
3
4
5
6

5.2 Testing after completion of installation

After completion, the OPGW shall be tested for integrity and attenuation of the optical fibres. All joints
shall be of the fusion type and the average loss per splice for the entire route shall be less than that
specified in annex B, unless otherwise specified by the customer. Test results shall be recorded and
presented as shown in clause A.1.

An end-to-end light source or power meter test shall be performed and the results shall be recorded
and presented as shown in clause A.2. The final test shall be performed in accordance with annex B.
Only a calibrated OTDR shall be acceptable.
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17 NRS 061-2:2004

Annex A
(informative)

Summary tables

A.1 Sample of splice loss summary table

Line : Bloukrans-Venus No. 1 Fibre type: G652

Cable type: OPGW Refractive index: 1,468

End 1: Bloukrans substation Helix factor: 9%

End 2: Venus substation

Wavelength: 1 550 nm

Tested Total Joint 1 Joint 3 Joint 9 Joint 11

from length distance distance distance distance
End 1 0 1 926 5 730 16 686 20 632
End 2 21 144 19 218 15 414 4 458 506
Fibre Tested Total Joint 1 Joint 3 Joint 9 Joint 11 Mean Worst
No. from loss loss loss loss loss loss splice loss
1 End 1 5,11 0,11 0,00 0,00 0,00
1 End 2 5,324 0,06 012 0,00 0,00
1 Average 5,21 0,09 0,06 0,00 0,00 0,04 0,09
2 End 1 5,43 0,00 0,23* 0,00 0,00
2 End 2 5,21 0,00 -0,10* 0,00 0,00
2 Average 5,32 0,00 0,07 0,00 0,00 0,02 0,07
: : : : : : : : :
11 End 1 5,41 0,00 -0,07* 0,06 0,11
11 End 2 4,90 0,00 0,09* 0,00 0,11
11 Average 5,15 0,00 0,08 0,03 0,11 0,05 0,11
12 End 1 5.02 0.09 0,00 0,05 0,06
12 End 2 5.58 0.10 0,17* 0,00 0,00
12 Splice loss 5.30 0.10 0,09 0,03 0,03 0,06 0,10

*This value indicates a gain at the joint due to a variation in the MFD of the two fibres.
NB Total loss is the total line loss as read off during end to end testing and not only a sum of joint losses.

The above table is shortened for the sake of brevity.

NOTE The above table is not intended to represent real values. It is for illustrative purposes only.
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NRS 061-2:2004 18

Annex A
(concluded)

A.2 Sample of power source and light meter summary table

Line : Bloukrans-Venus No. 1

Cable type: OPGW

End 1: Bloukrans substation

End 2: Venus substation

Line length: 21 km

Wavelength: 1 550 nm

Reference: -7,3 dB

Fibre no. Tested from dB/km Receive level dB/km Loss dB

1 End 1 0,24 -12,4 5,1
1 End 2 0,25 -12,7 5,3
2 End 1 0,26 -12,5 5,4
2 End 2 0,25 -12,3 5,2
3 End 1 0,25 -12,8 5,3
etc.

The above table is shortened for the sake of brevity.

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19 NRS 061-2:2004

Annex B
(normative)

Acceptance procedure for optical fibre systems

B.1 Scope
This procedure covers the testing of fibre optic cable systems. These systems may consist of OPGW,
ADSS, externally attached cable, duct cabling or a combination of the aforementioned.

B.2 Splice acceptance procedure

All joints shall be of the fusion type and shall be to the following standard in table B.1 or otherwise
agreed between the customer and contractor.

Table B.1 — Splice loss

1 2 3
Splice lossa Single mode fibre Multimode fibre
Maximum ≤ 0,1 dB ≤ 0,15 dB
b
Mean ≤ 0,075 dB ≤ 0,1 dB
a
The splice loss is the numerical average of an individual splice as measured in both directions with
an OTDR.
b
The mean splice loss is the sum of all individual splice losses on a particular fibre divided by the
total number of splices on that fibre.

Any joint which has a measured loss higher than the specified value shall be broken and redone.

B.3 Fibre optic testing procedure

B.3.1 The aim of these tests is to establish whether the fibre optic installation is acceptable or not.
After installation the complete system shall be tested from end to end. The customer shall be given the
opportunity to carry out final acceptance testing in conjunction with the supplier’s staff. The customer’s
presence shall not relieve the supplier of his responsibility for the satisfactory performance of the
equipment during site testing and thereafter through to the end of the warranty period.

B.3.2 Carry out the following tests for cable systems with one or more joints in the total length
(excluding joints in fibre distribution units) using an OTDR. Take the basic measurements (i.e.
attenuation coefficient, length and position and loss of splice joints) in accordance with
SANS 60793-1-40.

Set the OTDR length range at least as long as the fibre under test to avoid ghosting and echoing.
These phenomena are particularly evident at short lengths (< 1 km).

Use the correct effective group refractive index as provided by the optical fibre manufacturer. Indicate
this on the splice summary table given in clause A.1.

Set the helix factor stipulated by the supplier and indicate it on the splice summary table (see
clause A.1).

Indicate on the splice summary table (see clause A.1) the back scatter coefficient for each wavelength
as supplied by the cable manufacturer.

Indicate acquisition time settings on the splice summary table (see clause A.1).
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NRS 061-2:2004 20

Annex B
(continued)

B.3.3 For normal attenuation measurement, the wavelength tolerance shall be within ± 20 nm of the
normal central wavelength, for example 1 310 nm or 1 550 nm. For line lengths up to 50 km
attenuation measurements shall include both wavelengths. For lines in excess of 50 km wavelength
tests at 1 550 nm need only be done.

A launch fibre or dead-zone fibre of at least 200 m shall be used and shall be indicated as such on the
test results.

All measurements shall be bidirectional.

B.3.4 OTDR traces shall provide for the complete length of fibre (patch panel enclosure to patch
panel enclosure), indicating the distance to joints and the total length of the fibre as well as the loss at
each joint. The tests shall be done in both directions at both 1 310 nm and 1 550 nm windows. Test
results shall also be provided on a data disc.

NOTE The best method to determine the loss of a splice is the vertical separation of two best-fit straight lines,
usually requiring placement of a pair of cursors on each side of the splice. Most modern instruments support this
method as a standard function.

Bidirectional measurements with the same test conditions are required to eliminate the effects of
backscatter coefficient differences. The loss calculation is made by averaging the bidirectional
readings.

Ensure that the event analysis, event thresholds and event notifier are set.

Adhere to the OTDR maximum pulse widths as given in table B.2.

Table B.2 — OTDR maximum pulse widths

1 2
Range Maximum pulse width
km ns
<2 100
> 2 and < 20 500
>20 and < 50 1 000
> 50 2 500

Insert the following information on each OTDR trace:

a) date;

b) fibre optic cable description;

c) fibre number;

d) the end from which the test is being performed;

e) index of refraction;

f) helix factor; and

g) Rayleigh backscatter coefficient.

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21 NRS 061-2:2004

Annex B
(concluded)

B.3.5 Ensure that the following data are available on request:

a) OTDR instrument (including make, model and manuals and also a copy of the trace analysis
software);

b) calibration data (central wavelength(s) as verified by an NCS-approved facility);

c) launch conditions; and

d) splice machine (including make, model and manuals).

Summarize all the information in table form as shown in the example in clause A.1.

Measure the total end-to-end loss (patch panel enclosure to patch panel enclosure) from both ends
using a light source and an optical power meter. Results for both 1 310 nm and 1 550 nm windows are
required. Provide details of the instrumentation and launch conditions used in the documentation in
clause B.4.

Commissioning shall be done in close co-operation with, and to the full satisfaction of the customer.

The customer reserves the right to have several technicians actively participate in the fibre section link
tests with the objective of them gaining intimate knowledge of the testing procedures.

B.4 Documentation
B.4.1 The supplier shall supply documentation as specified in the contract.
B.4.2 All documentation called for shall be provided in hard-cover ring files which comply with the
requirements in B.4.3 to B.4.7 inclusive.

B.4.3 Documentation shall be supplied in English.

B.4.4 Documentation shall be supplied on A4 paper.
B.4.5 The hard-cover ring files shall be of a construction that can open flat on any page.
B.4.6 Any drawings and descriptions included shall conform to the A4 series (295 mm x 220 mm).
Larger drawings shall be folded in a single panel along the 200 mm axis of the standard A4 size.

B.4.7 Different sections of the documentation shall be separated by means of thumb-tag separators.
B.4.8 The documentation shall include the following:
a) an index;

b) test certificates for site tests of fibre before installation;

c) details of fibre numbering and colour coding;

d) a system diagram that shows joint locations and distances between joints;

e) a table of joint losses and distances similar to the example in annex A;

f) OTDR traces for each fibre in both directions and at both 1 310 nm and 1 550 nm windows (paper
copy and electronic copy on disc); and

g) a table of end-to-end attenuation using the light source or power meter technique similar to the
example given in clause A.2.
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NRS 061-2:2004 22

Annex C
(normative)

Installation drawings and fittings

Figure C.1 — Standard method of stringing

Schematic diagram
h = height
Key
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23 NRS 061-2:2004

Annex C
(continued)

Single sheave Sheaves in tandem

a) b)

Figure C.2 — Sheave arrangement

 24

(continued)
Annex C

Key

1 Shackle
2 Extension link
3 Glass or composite insulator (in figure C.3)
4 Thimble clevis
5 Current transfer tab
6 Reinforcing rods
7 Dead end

Figure C.3 — OPGW insulated strain assembly Figure C.4 — OPGW non-insulated strain assembly
at splicing tower at splicing tower
NRS 061-2:2004
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25 NRS 061-2:2004

Annex C
(continued)

Dimensions in millimetres

Key

1 Cable clamping arrangement

2 Tower clamping arrangement

3 Insulator

Figure C.5 — Typical OPGW insulated down-lead clamp (detail 1 of figure C.3)
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NRS 061-2:2004 26

Annex C
(continued)

Figure C.6 — Typical installation at insulated splicing tower

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27 NRS 061-2:2004

Annex C
(continued)

Key

1 Chain link

2 Glass or composite insulator

3 Arcing horns

4 AGS type suspension clamp

5 Armour rods

Figure C.7 — OPGW standard suspension assemblies

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NRS 061-2:2004 28

Annex C
(continued)

Figure C.8 — Termination and earthing arrangement at gantry

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29 NRS 061-2:2004

Annex C
(concluded)

Figure C.9 — Completing OPGW installation to the termination room

1 Spicing enclosure

2 Patch panel

3 Connector
Key
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NRS 061-2:2004 30

Bibliography
SANS 9001/ISO 9001:2000, Quality management systems – Requirements.

© Standards South Africa