Construction and Function of Variable Geometry Turbo (VGT)
A Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT) is a type of turbocharger that uses adjustable
vanes located inside the turbine housing. These vanes vary their angle depending on the
engine's speed and load conditions, allowing the turbocharger to adapt to different
operating conditions. **Construction:** 1. **Turbine housing** – contains the turbine
wheel and adjustable vanes. 2. **Adjustable vanes** – pivot to vary exhaust gas flow onto
the turbine wheel. 3. **Actuator mechanism** – may be pneumatic or electronic, controls
the vane angles. 4. **Compressor housing** – connected to the turbine via a shaft,
compresses intake air. 5. **Bearings and seals** – support the shaft and prevent oil
leakage. **Function:** - At **low engine speeds**, the vanes close to narrow the passage,
increasing exhaust gas velocity and turbine speed. This reduces turbo lag and improves
torque. - At **high engine speeds**, the vanes open, preventing excessive back pressure
and controlling boost levels. - VGTs improve fuel efficiency, enhance torque delivery
across the RPM range, and reduce harmful emissions. Advantages: - Reduces turbo lag. -
Provides optimal boost at both low and high RPM. - Improves fuel efficiency and power
output. - Reduces emissions by optimizing combustion.
Sample Practical Examination Questions (UVTAB Standard)
1. With the aid of a sketch, explain the construction of a Variable Geometry Turbocharger
(VGT).
Solution 1: A VGT consists of a turbine housing, variable vanes, an actuator, and a
compressor. The adjustable vanes regulate exhaust gas flow to optimize turbine speed.
2. Describe how VGT vanes operate at low and high engine speeds.
Solution 2: At low speeds, vanes close to increase exhaust velocity, reducing turbo lag. At
high speeds, vanes open to control boost pressure and prevent engine knock.
3. Inspect a VGT actuator and identify possible faults. Suggest remedies.
Solution 3: Common faults include stuck vanes (remedy: clean or replace), faulty actuator
(remedy: replace or recalibrate), and oil leakage (remedy: replace seals).
4. Differentiate between a fixed-geometry turbocharger and a VGT in terms of efficiency
and performance.
Solution 4: Fixed-geometry turbos provide constant vane angle and may suffer from lag.
VGTs adjust dynamically, improving torque, fuel efficiency, and emissions.
5. Demonstrate how to test the electronic actuator of a VGT practically.
Solution 5: Connect a diagnostic tool to the actuator, run a functional test, and observe vane
movement. Lack of response indicates actuator failure.
