Got it👍 Let’s re-organise everything into a clean set of study notes, with headings,
bullet points, and sub-sections that flow logically. This way it reads like a proper revision
guide.
📘 Chapter 6 – ICT Applications (from
Online Banking → Satellite Systems)
6.6 Banking Systems
a) ATMs (Automatic Teller Machines)
● Services: withdraw cash, deposit cash/cheques, balance inquiry, mini statement,
transfer funds, bill payment.
● Process: insert card → enter PIN → choose option → bank checks account + daily
limit → action completed → update records.
● Advantages: 24/7 availability, convenient worldwide, reduces need for staff.
● Disadvantages: fraud/theft risk, daily withdrawal limits, machine breakdowns.
b) Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) / EFTPOS
● Definition: money transferred electronically between accounts.
● Uses: salaries, standing orders, debit/credit card purchases.
● Advantages: fast, reliable, reduces cash handling.
● Disadvantages: system failure delays, fraud risks.
c) Credit & Debit Cards
● Types:
○ Magnetic stripe (older, less secure)
○ Chip & PIN (more secure, widely used)
○ Contactless / NFC (tap & pay, fast but limited)
● Risks: cloning, theft, online fraud.
d) Cheque Processing
● Technology: OCR scans cheque details.
● Process: cheque image → OCR → central clearing → validation → payment/return.
● Limitations: slower, more costly than electronic transfer.
e) Internet / Online Banking
● Services: view balances, transfer funds, pay bills, loan applications, set standing
orders.
● Advantages: 24/7 access, no travel, fast.
● Disadvantages: phishing/hacking risks, internet needed, loss of face-to-face service.
6.7 Computers in Medicine
a) Patient Records
● Stored in centralised databases.
● Info: ID, medical history, allergies, test results, prescriptions.
● Easy access for doctors, pharmacists, emergency staff.
b) Monitoring & Diagnosis
● Sensors monitor heart rate, BP, oxygen, etc.
● Alerts when readings go outside safe ranges.
● Diagnostic software helps compare symptoms with known conditions.
c) Imaging & Treatment
● Digital X-rays, CT, MRI scans stored electronically.
● Shared between hospitals for faster diagnosis.
● Used in 3D printing of implants/prosthetics.
d) Advantages & Disadvantages
● Advantages: fewer errors, faster access, supports research.
● Disadvantages: costly equipment, data privacy issues, system failures could be
dangerous.
6.8 Expert Systems
a) Definition
● Software that imitates human decision-making.
● Uses knowledge base + inference engine.
b) Components
1. Knowledge Base – facts and rules.
2. Rules Base – if-then rules.
3. Inference Engine – applies rules to reach conclusions.
4. User Interface – how user communicates with system.
5. Explanation System – shows reasoning.
c) Applications
● Medical diagnosis.
● Mineral/oil prospecting.
● Car fault diagnosis.
● Crop disease analysis.
d) Advantages & Disadvantages
● Advantages: consistent, 24/7 availability, captures scarce expertise.
● Disadvantages: costly, limited flexibility, lacks human intuition.
6.9 Computers in Retail
a) Point of Sale (POS) & EFTPOS
● Barcode scanned → database lookup → stock updated → payment processed.
b) Stock Control
● Barcode / QR / RFID track stock.
● Automatic reordering when levels fall.
c) Online Shopping
● 24/7, global reach.
● Steps: cart → checkout → payment gateway → confirmation → delivery.
d) Loyalty Systems
● Track purchases, target offers, collect points.
e) Pros & Cons
● Advantages: efficient, accurate, convenient.
● Disadvantages: security risks, delivery issues, reduces in-store jobs.
6.10 Recognition Systems
● OMR (Optical Mark Recognition): exam papers, surveys.
● OCR (Optical Character Recognition): converts printed/handwritten text to digital.
● Barcodes & QR Codes: product IDs, URLs.
● RFID / NFC: inventory, passports, contactless payments.
● Biometrics: fingerprint, iris, face recognition.
Advantages: fast, accurate, reduces manual entry.
Disadvantages: expensive, errors if marks/print poor, privacy issues (biometrics).
6.11 Satellite Systems
a) GPS (Global Positioning System)
● Uses signals from satellites for navigation/tracking.
● Applications: satnavs, shipping, aircraft, mobile phones.
b) GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
● Combines maps + data for analysis.
● Uses: urban planning, environmental studies, disaster response.
c) Satellite Communication
● Used for TV, internet, phone calls, weather monitoring.
● Global coverage but expensive; delays possible.
📘 Chapter 7 – The Systems Life Cycle
7.1 Analysis
● Purpose: understand current system, identify problems, write requirements.
● Techniques:
○ Observation – see work directly.
○ Interviews – detailed but time-consuming.
○ Questionnaires – wide reach but shallow detail.
○ Document checks – quick, factual.
● Outputs: user requirements, information requirements, system specification.
7.2 Design
● Areas to design:
○ Data capture forms, screen layouts, reports.
○ File/database structures.
○ Validation (presence, type, range, length, format, check digit, lookup).
○ Verification (double entry, visual checks).
● Other design elements: navigation menus, hardware/software needs.
7.3 Development & Testing
● Approach: modular development (build & test modules → integrate → retest).
● Testing stages:
○ Unit/module testing.
○ Integration testing.
○ System testing.
○ Acceptance testing (with real data).
● Test data types:
○ Normal – valid data.
○ Abnormal – invalid data.
○ Extreme – boundary values.
○ Live – real operational data.
7.4 Implementation
● Changeover methods:
1. Direct – instant switch (fast but risky).
2. Parallel – run old + new together (safe but costly).
3. Pilot – test in one branch/site first.
4. Phased – roll out in stages.
● Other tasks: training, data conversion, system backup.
7.5 Documentation
● User documentation: installation, how-to guides, FAQs, troubleshooting.
● Technical documentation: flowcharts, code, database structures, maintenance info.
7.6 Evaluation
● Check system against requirements: speed, accuracy, reliability, usability, cost.
● Gather feedback: users, managers, IT staff.
● Recommend improvements: upgrades, fixes, future enhancements.
✅ This structure gives you:
● Clear headings (easy to scan).
● Step-by-step detail under each heading.
● Balanced pros/cons.
● Exam-style keywords (validation, verification, direct changeover, etc.).
Would you like me to now make this into a condensed 2-page revision sheet (like a
quick-reference summary) or keep it as a full detailed study pack?
