JUNE 2023 DIGITAL SAT

MODULE 1
ENGLISH PART
1
The following text is adapted from Anton Chekhov's 1904 play The Cherry Orchard (translated
by Julius West in 1916).
TROFIMOV: Believe me, Anya, believe me! I'm not thirty yet, I'm young, I'm still a student, but I
have undergone a great deal! I'm as hungry as the winter, I'm ill, I'm shaken...and where haven't
I been -fate has tossed me everywhere!

As used in the text, what does the word “undergone” most nearly mean?

A. Neglected
B. Enjoyed
C. Conveyed
D. Endured
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2
Indigenous Photograph is an organization whose mission is to ensure that images of Indigenous
peoples in the media are presented from Indigenous perspectives. The organization _____ this
commitment by promoting the works of artist Geremew Tigabu Ethiopian, Amhara, and Tigre)
and other prominent Indigenous photographers who document and reflect Indigenous lives and
experiences.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. concludes
B. explains
C. precedes
D. shows
____________________________________________________________________________

3
Although fewer companies trade their stocks on the Cambodia Securities Exchange in Phnom
Penh, Cambodia, than on the stock exchanges in London, Mumbai, or Tokyo, the Cambodia
Securities Exchange has the advantage of being able to _____ small companies in Cambodia:
by connecting those companies to investors with expertise about the country's economic
conditions, the Cambodia Securities can help those companies thrive.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. designate
B. nurture
C. preclude
D. assess
___________________________________________________________________________
4
The emphasis on accurately representing the experiences of average working people that is
characteristic of the realist style can be seen in The Gleaners, painted by Jean-François Millet,
which depicts peasants picking stray wheat from a field after the harvest. This style can thus be
seen as an effort to _____ what were regarded as the excesses of the romantic style is evident
in many paintings by Horace Vernet, which instead exaggerated their subjects' beauty or
heroism while hiding all imperfection.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. understand
B. advance
C. counteract
D. accentuate
____________________________________________________________________________

5
The swordfish can swim very fast-up to 97 kilometers per hour (km/hr) -but it is significantly
slower than the frigatebird, which can fly at speeds up to 153 km/hr. The difference between
these speeds is largely _____ of the fact that the features that make night possible do less to
limit top speeds than the features suitable for swimming through water.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. a consequence
B. an explanation
C. a repudiation
D. an objective
____________________________________________________________________________
6
President Richard Nixon is most famous for his participation in the 1970s Watergate political
scandal, a convoluted tale of criminality and eroded ethics involving a constellation of
associates such as security operative Jack Caulfield and Attorney General John Mitchell. But
Nixon's legacy is complex: he has been praised for his role in affirming the sovereignty of tribal
nations, and he once made an attempt at reforming United States health care policy that is
arguably a precursor to the Affordable which became law during the Barack Obama
administration.

Which choice describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It presents an accomplishment of a historical figure whose significance is detailed later in the

text.
B. It describes a common perception of a historical figure that is challenged by Information
presented later in the text.
C. It states a claim about a historical figure that is supported by evidence later in the text.
D. It compares the achievements of three historical figures to a fourth that is mentioned later in
the text.
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7
In what is now Washington state, the Tulalip Tribes operate the Hibulb Cultural Center. Relying
on traditional knowledge to guide the design of exhibits, this institution presents Tulalip history
and culture to the tribes’ citizens. The Comanche Nation, a tribe in Oklahoma, employs a similar
strategy in its own cultural center. Both centers contrast with museums that aren't
Indigenous-led; when displaying Indigenous artifacts, such museums tend to anticipate mainly
non-Indigenous audiences and rely on Euro-centric strategies for designing exhibits.

Which choice describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It suggests improvements to a particular tribal cultural center.

B. It encourages tribal citizens to attend their local cultural center.
C. It explains how one tribal cultural center differs from other tribal cultural centers
D. It provides a basic description of a particular tribal cultural center.
____________________________________________________________________________
8
The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York City has an exhibition of video games that
includes Pac-Man from 1980, which museum visitors can play on site, and SimCity 2000 from
1994, which visitors can see only in a video presentation. MOMA claims the video presentations
are only for games that would be impractical to display in a playable form, but video games are
an inherently interactive medium, a feature that is grossly absent in a video only presentation.

Which choice describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A. It identifies a feature of many video games that is not shared by some of the games included
in MOMA's exhibition.
B. It provides a claim about video games as art that both MOMA and the author accept as true.
C. It describes a misconception about video games that the author believes evident in MOMA's
choice about which video games to exhibit.
D. It presents a consideration that the author thinks partly undermines MOMA's approach to
exhibiting video games.
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9
In O'odham, an Indigenous language from the Southwest region of what is now the United
States, gogs means "a dog," whereas gogogs is used to refer to several dogs. This
phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification,
within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the
element "go" in gogs gets repeated in gogogs. There are many examples of this type of
reduplication in O'odham.

The text makes which point about the O’dham word gogogs?

A. It contains a repetition of the element "go" in gogs.

B. It doesn't have a clear equivalent in English.
C. It is the only word in O'odham that uses reduplication.
D. It is identical in meaning to several other words in O'odham.
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10
Master and Commander, first published in 1969, is a novel in Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey/Maturin
series, which includes twenty completed books. Some critics have found fault with the abrupt
endings of Master and Commander and other books in the series, saying that they do not finish
conclusively but arbitrarily stop. Other critics, however, argue that the books should not be
thought of as discrete texts with traditional beginnings and endings but as a single incredibly
long work, similar to other multivolume stories, such as John Galsworthy's The Forsyte Saga.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. The unusual structure that O'Brian uses for Master and Commander makes it one of his most
intricate books.
B. Critics have differing views regarding the efficacy of the structures of the novels in the
Aubrey/Maturin series.
C. Some critics think the Aubrey/Maturin series should have the literary renown of The Forsyte
Saga, while others disagree.
D. Many critics judge the Aubrey/Maturin novels to be remarkably entertaining despite flaws in
the novels' structures.

____________________________________________________________________________

11
"The Monster" is an 1898 story by Stephen Crane. In the story, the character of Jim, a young
boy, accidentally damages a peony (a flower) in the yard while his father is tending to the lawn.
Crane depicts the dedication and care with which his father typically cares for his lawn, writing,

Which quotation from “The Monster” most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “After some trouble [Jim's father] found the subject of the incident, the broken flower. Turning
then, he saw the child lurking at the rear and scanning his countenance."
B. "[Jim's father] was shaving this lawn as if it were a priest's chin. All during the season he had
worked at it in the coolness and peace of the evenings after supper. Even in the shadow of the
cherry trees the grass was strong and healthy."
C. "[Jim's father] paused, and with the howl of the machine no longer occupying the sense, one
could hear the robins in the cherry trees arranging their affairs."
D. "(Jim) went on to the lawn, very slowly, and kicking wretchedly at the turt. Presently his father
came along with the whirring machine, while the sweet, new grass blades spun from the
knives.”
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12

In a college course on urban affairs, a student asserts that increased traffic congestion in the
1990s in the United States was present both in very large cities such as New York City, New
York, and smaller areas such as Allentown-Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Beaumont, Texas;
though those smaller areas may have been less affected by traffic congestion than very large
cities, this congestion also worsened in them over time.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the student's claim?

A. While the number of hours of traffic delay per commuter per year was always lower in the
Allentown-Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, area than in the New York City, New York, area for each
year between 1990 and 2000, the amount of traffic delay rose in both areas during this period.
B. In at least one of the three urban areas shown, the amount of traffic delay was less than 20
hours per person per year at one point between 1990 and 2000.
C. In 1992, the amount of traffic delay in the New York City, New York, area was less than 30
hours per commuter per year.
D. Throughout the period between 1990 and 2000, the annual amount of traffic delay per
commuter was greater in the Allentown-Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, area than in the New York
City, New York, area.
____________________________________________________________________________
13
Biologist Rosanna Alegado believes that we might learn how multicellular organisms developed
from single-celled ones if we understand why the single-celled organism Salpingoeca rosetta,
the oldest living relative of animals, sometimes forms colonies of cells. Alegado and colleagues
reviewed data from many studies of how S. rosetta responds when exposed to another type of
single-celled organism, bacteria, including John P. Bowman's work with Algariphagus ratkowskyi
bacteria and Iftikhar Ahmed's work with Algoriphagus boritolerans bacteria. Alegado and
colleagues concluded that both A. ratkowskyi and A. boritolerans might have played a role in the
development of multicellular organisms.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Alegado and colleagues' conclusion?

A. Bowman and Ahmed found that S. rosetta tended to form colonies after bacterial exposure.
B. Bowman found that S. rosetta tended to form colonies after bacterial exposure, but Ahmed
did not.
C. Ahmed found that S. rosetta tended to form colonies after bacterial exposure, but Bowman
did not.
D. Neither Bowman nor Ahmed found that S. rosetta tended to form colonies after bacterial
exposure.
____________________________________________________________________________

14
UNAVAILABLE
____________________________________________________________________________

15
Previous research has shown that plant species with a narrow geographical range tend to be
more genetically homogeneous than plant species with extensive ranges are. Based on these
findings, researchers recently ran simulations to predict how the genetic variation of several
species of Mammillaria, a genus of cactus found throughout the Americas, might change in
different distribution conditions. One of these species, M. anniana, is found only in the state of
Tamaulipas. The researchers simulated what would happen if M. anniana spread to new
habitats outside Tamaulipas, and, consistent with previous findings, the results showed that
______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. there was a gradual increase in the genetic homogeneity of Mammillaria species in states
neighboring Tamaulipas.
B. Mammillaria species other than M. anniana would become more common in Tamaulipas.
C. several other Mammillaria species could survive in Tamaulipas in the future.
D. the genetic homogeneity of M. anniana decreased over time.
____________________________________________________________________________
16
In the periodic table, an element's atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom of
that element. For example, there are 25 protons in a manganese atom. Raymond Chang's
textbook General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts _____ this concept in detail.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. discussing
B. discusses
C. to discuss
D. having discussed
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17
An emulsifier is a type of compound that _____ to stabilize an emulsion, a mixture of
two or more liquids that otherwise would not easily blend together. In the cosmetics industry,
emulsifiers like cetostearyl alcohol are commonly used to blend oil and water into homogeneous
formulations, like lotions and perfumes.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. served
B. had served
C. serves
D. was serving
____________________________________________________________________________

18
Over the years, dozens of architectural and archaeological sites important to Hawaiian history
and culture (such as Grove Farm, Kilauea School, and the Hana Belt Road) have been added to
an important ______ Hawai'i Register of Historic Places. New sites are added each year, as
decided by a review board of experts including sociologist Alton Okinaka, architect Katie
Stephens, and historian Bill Souza.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. list: the
B. list. The
C. list; the
D. list the
____________________________________________________________________________
19
Today, the Michelin Guide is widely known as the arbiter of fine dining, but when it was created
in 1900, it was little more than a marketing gimmick. Brothers Andre and Edouard Michelin
sought to increase profits for their tire company by encouraging their customers to drive across
France, visiting the guide's recommended hotels and ______ as it grew in scope and influence,
the guide had its modest French eateries replaced with the best restaurants from around the
world, including The Eight in Macau and Sushi Ueda in Nagoya.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. restaurants
B. restaurants;
C. restaurants and
D. restaurants,
____________________________________________________________________________

20
In their research, behavioral ______ integrate methods from psychology and economics
to analyze how and why people make particular choices and to examine the broader
implications of those choices for the economy.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. economists Laura Gee and Muriel Niederle,

B. economists Laura Gee and Muriel Niederle
C. economists Laura Gee, and Muriel Niederle,
D. economists, Laura Gee and Muriel Niederle,
____________________________________________________________________________

21
The city of Jinan, China, expanded its rapid transit system, the Jinan Metro, as recently as
2020. ______ the system will likely need to undergo further expansions as the size and needs
of the city's population shift.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition

A. Still,
B. By contrast,
C. For example,
D. Instead,
____________________________________________________________________________
22
Theater industry veteran Robert Tang admits that his ambitions weren't very lofty when he
created the Asian American Theater Revue, a website that documents information about Asian
American theaters like Second Generation Productions in New York City, New York: "Everyone
had a site, so I had to have one, too." ______ his site has become an essential resource for
industry professionals looking to learn more about Asian American plays, playwrights, theater
festivals, and more.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition

A. Nevertheless,
B. Therefore,
C. Furthermore,
D. Next,
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23
The first documented use of the English word "session" is attributed to poet Geoffrey Chaucer's
1386 work "Canterbury Prologue." However, Chaucer didn't write in Modern English; ______ he
wrote in what we now call Middle English, which was commonly used during the period.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition

A. rather,
B. as a result,
C. similarly,
D. finally,
____________________________________________________________________________
24
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Kale is a vegetable that contains ascorbic acid, an essential nutrient for humans.
● Blueberries are fruits that contain ascorbic acid.
● There is 120 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid per every 100 grams of kale.
● There is 10 mg of ascorbic acid per every 100 g of blueberries.
● Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in their bodies, so they must get it from foods,
including fruits and vegetables.
● Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C.

The student wants to make and support a claim that kale is a better source of vitamin C than
blueberries are. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A. Kale contains ascorbic acid (which humans cannot make in their bodies), and blueberries do
too.
B. Blueberries contain 10 mg of vitamin C per 100 g, but kale is a better source of vitamin C; in
fact, kale contains 120 mg per 100 g.
C. Kale is a better source of vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, than blueberries are.
D. Humans must get vitamin C from foods like kale and blueberries because they cannot make
it in their bodies.
____________________________________________________________________________
25
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by
hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
● Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can
leave visible scratches on them.
● Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger numbers of and
cannot leave visible scratches on them.
● The mineral calcite has a Mohs scale number of 3.
● The mineral apatite has a Mohs scale number of 5.
● The mineral topaz has a Mohs scale number of 8.

The student wants to explain how hard apatite is in relation to other minerals. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. In the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, topaz (8) is ranked higher than calcite (3).
B. Calcite, topaz, and apatite can be ordered by their ability to leave visible scratches on other
minerals.
C. Topaz has a Mohs scale number of 8, which means that it can scratch not only calcite but
also apatite.
D. Apatite has a Mohs scale number of 5, which means that it is harder than calcite (3) but
softer than topaz (8).
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26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Epistolary novels are novels written primarily as a series of fictional documents, typically
letters.
● Sometimes, the documents are journal entries, newspaper clippings, and more.
● Julie, or The New Heloise (1761) is an epistolary novel by French author Jean- Jacques
Rousseau.
● It consists primarily of letters sent between a man and a woman living in a small French
town.
● Absolutely Normal Chaos (1990) is an epistolary novel by American author Sharon
Creech.
● It consists primarily of journal entries written by a student during her summer vacation.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two novels. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The French author Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the American author Sharon Creech have
written epistolary novels.
B. While Julie, or The New Heloise and Absolutely Normal Chaos are both epistolary novels, the
former is composed primarily of letters and the latter of journal entries.
C. Some epistolary novels consist primarily of journal entries, but most, lil Jean-Jacques
Rousseau's Julie, or The New Heloise, consist primarily of letters.
D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Julie, or The New Heloise and Sharon Creech's Absolutely
Normal Chaos demonstrate the variety of documents that can be used in epistolary novels.
____________________________________________________________________________
27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Most of the plant and bird species in Oahu, Hawaii, are non-native.
● In a 2019 study, researchers wanted to know what role non-native birds play in
dispersing plant seeds in Oahu.
● Researchers cataloged plant seeds found in fecal samples from non-native birds.
● Leptecophylla tameiameiae, a flowering shrub, was one of fifteen native species
cataloged.
● Passiflora suberosa, an herbaceous vine, was one of twenty-nine non-native species
cataloged.
● Researchers concluded that non-native birds play a vital role in dispersing the seeds of
native and non-native plants.

The student wants to compare the number of native and non native species cataloged. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Seeds from Leptecophylla tameiameiae and Passiflora suberosa can be found in Oahu,
Hawaii, but only the former plant is native.
B. In 2019, researchers cataloged native and non-native plant seeds found in fecal samples
from non-native birds.
C. Most of the birds in Oahu, Hawaii, are non-native, and researchers have concluded that they
play a vital role in seed dispersal.
D. When cataloging plant seeds found in bird fecal samples, researchers found more non-native
seed species than native species.
____________________________________________________________________________
MODULE 2
ENGLISH PART
1
Whether the reign of a French monarch such as Louis VII or Henry V was historically
consequential or relatively uneventful, its trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy and
therefore cannot be understood without a corollary understanding of the characteristics without
which the monarch would have been forced to ____ the throne.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. reciprocate
B. annotate
C. abandon
D. equalize
____________________________________________________________________________

2
With his widely celebrated portraits of poet Seamus Heaney, molecular biologist Struther Arnott,
and other prominent figures in different fields, British painter Peter Edwards has ___ substantial
prestige as an artist.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. required
B. remembered
C. achieved
D. avoided
____________________________________________________________________________

3
Though many _____ studies of the effect of altitude on blood chemistry focus on people who
live above sea level, researchers Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj recently chose the
novel path of focusing on people who live below sea level, in locations such as the California
towns of Salton City and Coachella.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. eccentric
B. meager
C. conventional
D. random
____________________________________________________________________________
4
The following text is adapted from William Wordsworth's 1798 poem "Lines Written a Tew Miles
above Tintern Abbey"
Once again
Do I behold these steep and lofty cliffs.
Which on a wild secluded scene impress
Thoughts of more deep seclusion; and connect
The landscape with the quiet of the sky.

As used in the text, what does the word “deep” most nearly mean?

A. Tough
B. Hideous
C. Complicated
D. Intense
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5
The Caves of Gargas paintings-stencils of human hands found in what is now France and
dating from around 27,000 years ago-are thought of as art today, but the question of whether
the people of the time understood the paintings as something akin to art in our modern sense or
in some other way entirely is ____:we will never be able to answer it

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. irresolvable
B. self-contradictory
C. imperative
D. unavoidable
____________________________________________________________________________
6
Eden Robinson is a novelist and a member of the Haisla Nation in western Canada. Critics and
fellow writers have praised her work for combining traditional Haisla stories with popular genres
of literature, such as fantasy and mystery fiction. But Robinson is not the only Indigenous writer
to blend traditional stories with popular literature. In the 2019 novel Empire of Wild, Cherie
Dimaline successfully blended the oral storytelling tradition of her people, the Métis, with horror
fiction.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To discuss two writers blend traditional indigenous stories with popular genres
B. To urge younger indigenous authors to avoid writing in popular genres
C. To argue that traditional indigenous stories are more memorable than most novels are
D. To explain why one indigenous author has achieved more success than another has
____________________________________________________________________________

7
Text 1
Attempts to automate classification of music into genres have not been very successful, and we
may be at the limit of what is technologically possible. But it's not clear that this is a worthwhile
pursuit in any case-as Jin Ha Lee and Anh Thu Nguyen argue in their Study of the South
Korean band BTS, relationships between pieces of music may be best understood with
concepts other than genre.
Text 2
Tango is a genre of music originally from Argentina and Uruguay that shares some harmonic
and rhythmic similarities with the pagode genre. Automated genre classification systems
typically struggle to draw distinctions in situations like this, but Yandere Costa and colleagues
solved that problem by converting sound to images and having computers compare features of
those images, an approach that demonstrates how much innovation is possible in this field.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claim in the
underlined sentence of Text 1?

A. By arguing that people tend to disagree when identifying genre classifications for music
B. By suggesting that the concept of genre may become more useful for music listeners
C. By criticizing previous research into automated music genre classification for favoring specific
genre categories
D. By asserting that it may be possible to improve automated classification systems
____________________________________________________________________________
8
The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram's 2018 novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay.
Darius, a teenager from the United States, is visiting his family members in Iran.

I dozed and floated on the clouds of Farsi that blew my way from the front seat of Dayi [Uncle]
Jamsheed's SUV,
It reminded me of when I was little, and Mom chanted to me in Farsi every night before bedtime.
It's hard to describe Farsi chanting: the way Mom drew her voice out like the notes of a cello as
she recited poems by Rumi or Hafez. I didn't know what they meant, but that didn't matter. It
was quiet and soothing

Based on the text, what does the narrator mainly remember about the times when his mother
chanted to him?

A. That he liked the characters in the stories his mother made up while chanting
B. That his mother had music playing in the background while she chanted
C. That his mother didn’t usually chant at night
D. That he found the sound of his mother’s chanting to be calming
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9
Horses and barn owls can see in three dimensions (3D), which helps them perceive distance
and depth. Octopuses and squid are thought to lack 3D vision. Many researchers once thought
the same about cuttlefish, but Trevor Wardill and his team wanted to test whether this
assumption was true. The team studied how cuttlefish wearing 3D glasses reacted to 3D
images of shrimp (a favorite prey) projected on a tank wall. Cuttlefish changed their striking
position to match the 3D images, suggesting that their vision is more like that of horses and
barn owls than that of octopuses or squid.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Researchers have long known that horses and barn owls can see in 3D.
B. Cuttlefish are surprisingly similar in structure to octopuses and squid.
C. Contrary to what many researchers had assumed, cuttlefish may be able to see in 3D.
D. The ability to see in 3D allows many animals to interact with one another.
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10
Minimum and Maximum Depths of Stony Coral Species in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific Waters
Minimum depth Maximum depth
Species Range (meters)
(meters) (meters)

Acropora anthocercis 5 10 5

Cyphastrea
8 25 17
hexasepta

Agaricia fragilis 10 102 92

Heliofiengia 3 27 24

The table is from a 2018 study in which Luiz Rocha and colleagues examined the ranges of
depths at which certain stony coral species have been found in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific
waters. Among the corals in the table, the species with the greatest range between minimum
and maximum depths is ____

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A. Acropora anthocercis.
B. Cyphastrea hexasepta.
C. Agaricia fragilis.
D. Heliofiengia.
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11
The Underdogs is a 1915 novel by Mariano Azuela, originally written in Spanish. In the novel, a
group of soldiers travel through a canyon, where their collective mood becomes strongly
affected by the strenuous conditions of their journey: _____

Which quotation from a translation of The Underdogs most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. "The sierra is clad in gala colors. Over its inaccessible peaks the opalescent fog settles like a
snowy veil on the forehead of a bride."
B. "All day long [the soldiers] rode through the canyon, up and down the steep, round hills, dirty
and bald as a man's head, hill after hill in endless succession"
C. “Then, hurriedly, [the soldiers] took the Juchipila canyon northward, without halting to rest
until nightfall."
D. "The sun, beating down upon [the soldiers], dulled their minds and bodies, and presently they
were silent."
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12
US Hydroelectric Power Plants, 2019
Average
Water
Plant State Mode Generators power
source
generation

St. Louis
Scanlon Minnesota run-of-river 4 7,511
River

Kansas River Kansas run-of-river 11 15,345 Kansas River

Squa Pan Squa Pan

Maine peaking 1 881
Hydro Station Stream

Caney Fork
Great Falls Tennessee peaking 2 124,392
River

A run-of-river hydroelectric power plant, as the name suggests, uses the natural flow of a water
source to generate electricity but is unable to start or stop that flow through its generators. In
contrast, a peaking hydroelectric power plant (used when demand for electricity peaks) controls
the flow of water through its generators: starting flow when demand is high enough, stopping it
when demand is too low, and otherwise regulating it to keep pace with changing electricity
needs. Although peaking plants do not typically operate continuously as run-of-river plants do,
peaking plants can generate more megawatt hours of power per year (MWh/yr) than some
run-of-river plants. For example, the ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?
A. average power generated annually by the Great Falls plant is higher than that generated by
any of the run-of-river plants in the table.
B. Scanlon plant, which is a run-of-river plant, has more generators than any of the other plants
in the table.
C. run-of-river plant with the highest average annual power generation in the table generates
more electricity than the peaking plant with the highest annual power generation in the table.
D. average power generated annually by the Kansas River plant is higher than that generated
by the Scanlon plant.
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13
The 2000 production of The Green Bird was the first Broadway show for which Constance
Hoffman was credited as a costume designer. Hoffman was among the Broadway costume
designers interviewed by Sara Jablon-Roberts and Eulanda A Sanders for their study of
historical accuracy in costume design for shows with a historical setting. They found that even
designers who value historical accuracy will often include contemporary design elements that
don't fit with the historical period. In a research paper about theatrical costume design, a student
argues that costume designers for modern productions of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's
Dream (set in ancient Greece) sometimes include such elements unintentionally.

Which quotation from an interview with a costume designer would most effectively support the
student's claim?
A. "I tend to pay careful attention to a character's accessories like gloves, hats, and jackets.
These elements help communicate information about how this person would have fit into society
at the time."
B. "I aim to create a clear sense of the character and the world they inhabit. Sometimes this
means adhering to the historical period's style, but frequently, as in stagings of A Midsummer
Night's Dream, some flexibility is required to communicate an idea to the audience."
C. "Costumes must always reflect the correct historical period. Too often, I've seen costumes
that borrow from a wide span of periods, resulting in a production with a confusing visual style."
D. "In the 1980s I was costuming for a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream. Even though
I focused on using the correct materials and techniques for the play's period in history, when I
look back I can clearly see the influence of 1980s fashion in my designs.”
____________________________________________________________________________

14
In order to identify research trends, Shirley Ann Williams et al. reviewed a collection of studies of
the social media website Twitter, such as the 2011 paper by Celik et al. titled "Learning
Semantic Relationships between Entities in Twitter." Williams's team searched for the term
"Twitter" on the Scopus and Web of Science databases and found that, though most papers
returned by the search did in fact focus on the social media platform, a few discussed unrelated
subjects such as sounds made by tractor engines. One reasonable explanation for this result is
that it occurred because____

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. a group of researchers had an extensive discussion on Twitter about the design of tractor
engines.
B. most of the papers in the Scopus and Web of Science databases do not discuss automotive
engines or social media websites.
C. the word “twitter” may not always refer to a social media website, but to other subjects such
as noises made by machines
D. academics who are active on social networks are likely to announce their recent publications
on Twitter.
____________________________________________________________________________
15
In a 2012 study in the United States, Michael E. Berndt and Travis K. Bavin found a positive
association between levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water.
Many other studies have yielded similar results, suggesting to some scientists that this
association is true for all bodies of fresh water. But much of that research has been conducted
at broadly similar sites in North America, and when Seam Noh and colleagues examined bodies
of fresh water in South Korea, they found a negative association between dissolved organic
carbon levels and mercury levels. If similar findings emerge from other locations outside North
America, that could suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. the mercury levels reported in Noh and colleagues' study were much higher than those
reported in the study by Berndt and Bavin even though the dissolved organic carbon levels
reported in the two studies were approximately the same.
B. Berndt and Bavin may have inadvertently measured a different characteristic of bodies of
fresh water than their levels of dissolved organic, carbon and mercury.
C. the relationship between dissolved organic carbon and mercury reported by Berndt and
Bavin reflects conditions that are characteristic of certain kinds of ecosystems in North America
rather than universal conditions
D. most of the studies conducted in North America have measured dissolved organic carbon
and mercury levels at a higher level of precision than was the case in Noh and colleagues'
study.
____________________________________________________________________________

16
In the thought-provoking 2010 exhibition Relative Pelican at the Stux Gallery in New York,
Sokari Douglas Camp presented sculptures that had been ______ welded from recycled metal
materials, such as oil drums. In doing so, the London-based Nigerian sculptor challenged
viewers to imagine new uses and futures for the material wastes of the past.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. cut, bent, and,
B. cut, bent, and
C. cut; bent; and
D. cut bent, and
____________________________________________________________________________
17
In Puerto Rico, it's not unusual for a city or town to be known ______ a nickname that
corresponds to one of its notable features, like landscape, climate, famous residents, or chief
exports. For example, the Puerto Rican municipality of Hatillo has also been called "the Land of
Green Fields," a nickname that alludes to what the area is well known for: the lush greenery that
surrounds it.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. by
B. by-
C. by,
D. by:
____________________________________________________________________________

18
In 2021, Sarah McAnulty ______ as a biologist at the University of Connecticut, studying squids.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. working
B. was working
C. to work
D. to have worked
____________________________________________________________________________

19
The word "robot" ______ first used in the 1920 play R.U.R. by Czech author Karel Čapek.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. were
B. were being
C. was
D. have been
____________________________________________________________________________
20
In the spring of 1964, it was hard to go anywhere without hearing the song "Cotton Candy" by
the Sylvers. As of April 11, the song had spent thirteen straight weeks on the Billboard Hot 100
chart and ______ No. 1 on the list.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. have been ranking

B. was ranked
C. were ranked
D. are ranking
____________________________________________________________________________

21
In 2000, the United States Congress designated a portion of Pennsylvania as the Lackawanna
Valley National Heritage Area, ______ the region's unique natural, cultural, and historical
attributes

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A. they cite
B. cited
C. citing
D. has cited
____________________________________________________________________________

22
In 1940, scientists first isolated a sample of the steroid hormone androstenone, which they knew
existed in animals -and, they assumed, only in animals. ______ scientists know that
androstenone can also be found in chokecherry plants (Prunus virginiana), but this discovery
didn't occur until decades later.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Today,
B. For instance,
C. In other words,
D. Thus,
____________________________________________________________________________
23
According to traditional classifications, each of William Shakespeare's plays belongs to one of
three distinct genres: comedy, history, or tragedy. The play Much Ado About Nothing (1598-99),
_____ is classified as a comedy, whereas Richard II (1595) is classified as a history.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. in addition,
B. similarly,
C. for instance,
D. however,
____________________________________________________________________________

24
If you were to view the Ol Kokwe volcano in Kenya or the Asavyo volcano in Ethiopia from
above, you might notice that their low profiles and gently sloping sides make each of them look
a bit like a shield lying flat on the ground. _____ volcanologists classify volcanoes of this type as
shield volcanoes.

A. Still,
B. Besides,
C. Second,
D. Fittingly
____________________________________________________________________________

25
Though its onboard laboratory allowed it to analyze rock samples on-site, the 2011 Mars
Curiosity rover was unable to preserve samples for future analysis. _____ when creating the
2020 Mars Perseverance rover, robotics mechanical engineer Arash Kalantari and other
members of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory sought to implement a mechanism that could do
exactly that.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Previously,
B. Specifically,
C. Likewise,
D. Thus,
____________________________________________________________________________
26
Though the musical groups Los Palominos and Banda Los Recoditos are often categorized
under the catchall "regional Mexican music" label, they each adhere to distinct musical
traditions. The former works within the tejano tradition, which originated in mid-twentieth-century
Texas and northern Mexico. The latter, _____ follows the banda tradition, with roots in
mid-nineteenth-century southern and central Mexico.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. therefore,
B. to this end,
C. however,
D. in other words,
____________________________________________________________________________

27
Water from the aquifers of Alaska's Susitna Glacier travels the 160 km length of the Skwentna
River before flowing into the Yentna River and then reaching the mouth of the river system's
main stem, the Susitna River. ______ at the Susitna's mouth, hundreds of kilometers from the
source, the water empties into the Gulf of Alaska.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. There,
B. For instance
C. Regardless,
D. Instead,
____________________________________________________________________________