MICROWAVE ENGINEERING AND
ANTENNA THEORY (BEC701)
VII SEMESTER
2022 SCHEME AY 2025-26
Prepared by:
Dr. Hashinur Islam
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
HKBK College of Engineering
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
S. No. 22/1, Nagawara, Bengaluru-560045, Karnataka, India
http://www.hkbk.edu.in Email:
[email protected] Phone: +91 80 25441722/ 3744/ 3690/ 3698 Fax: +91 80 25443813
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
HKBK College of Engineering, Bengaluru
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
2022 Scheme AY 2025-26
___________________________________________________________________________
BEC701 – Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory
Module-II
Syllabus:
Microwave Network Theory: Introduction, S matrix representation of multi-port networks (Text
1: 6.1, 6.3, 6.3.1, 6.3.2)
Microwave passive devices: Coaxial connectors and Adapters, Attenuators, Phase shifters,
waveguide Tees, Magic Tee, Circulator, Isolator. (Text 1: 6.4.2, 6.4.14, 6.4.15, 6.4.16, 6.4.17 A,
B)
Microwave Network Theory: Introduction
A microwave network is formed when several microwave devices and components such as
sources, attenuators, filters, amplifiers, etc. are coupled by transmission line or waveguides for
the desired transmission of microwave signals.
The point of interconnection of two or more devices is called junction.
A port is a pair of reference plane transverse to the length of microwave transmission line or
waveguide.
The measurable input and output variables are voltage and current which can be related in terms
of the impedance Z-parameters, or admittance Y-parameters, or hybrid h-parameters or ABCD
parameters.
A two port network showing these relationships are:
1. Impedance (Z) parameters:
[ ] [ ][ ]
2. Admittance (Y) parameters:
[ ] [ ][ ]
3. Hybrid (h) parameters:
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 2 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
[ ] [ ][ ]
4. Transmission (ABCD) parameters:
[ ] [ ][ ]
These parameters can be measured under short circuit or open circuit condition for analysis of
the circuit.
Two Port Network
Scattering Parameters:
The physical length of the component or line is comparable to or much larger than the
wavelength. The voltage and current cannot be uniquely defined at a given point in a single
conductor waveguide. Furthermore, measurement of Z, Y, h and ABCD parameters is difficult at
microwave frequencies due to the following reasons:
1. Non-availability of terminal voltage and current-measuring equipment
2. Short-circuit, and open-circuit are not easily achieved for a wide range of frequencies.
3. Presence of active devices makes the circuit unstable for short or open circuit.
Therefore, microwave circuits are analyzed using scattering or S-parameters which linearly relate
the amplitudes of scattered (reflected and transmitted) waves with those of incident waves. S-
parameters can be related to the Z or Y or ABCD parameters.
S-Matrix Representation of Two-port Network:
The scattering parameters (S-parameters) describe the input/output relations of a microwave
network in terms of incident and reflected waves.
A matrix that shows combinations of power relationship among various ports at any microwave
network is represented as S-matrix.
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 3 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
Where,
a1= incident wave at port 1
b1= reflected wave at port 1
a2= incident wave at port 2
b2= reflected wave at port 2
They are defined in terms of voltages and reference impedance:
√ √
√ √
Where:
V+ = forward (incident) voltage wave
V− = reflected voltage wave
= reference impedance at port i
S parameters can be described as:
The scattering coefficients are formed as:
: Reflection coefficient at Port 1, when Port 2 is terminated with a matched load ( )
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 4 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
: Termination coefficient (Attenuation of wave traveling from Port 2 to Port 1, when
: Termination coefficient (Attenuation of wave traveling from Port 1 to Port 2, when
: Reflection coefficient at Port 2, when Port 1 is terminated with a matched load ( )
From eq. 1 and eq. 2 we can write the S-matrix for two port network as:
[ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ][ ]
S-Matrix Representation of Multiport Network:
Consider a junction of ‘n’ number of rectangular waveguide as shown in Figure.
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 5 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
The incident and reflected wave amplitudes of microwaves at any port are used to characterize a
microwave circuit. The amplitudes are normalized in such a way that the square of any of these
variables gives the average power in that wave in the following manner:
Input power at the nth port,
| |
Reflected power at the nth port,
| |
Where and represent the peak amplitude.
In a two-port network, we can express the normalized waves in terms of normalized voltages:
√ √ √ √
√ √ √ √
Here, the total voltage wave is the sum of incident and reflected voltage:
The total power flow into any port is given by
| | | |
In multiport network shown in figure
represents normalized incident waves.
√ √ √
represents normalized incident waves.
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 6 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
√ √ √
The output wave at any ports can be represented in terms of scattering coefficients and incident
wave.
Hence, the S-parameters can be written as
[ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ][ ]
Losses in terms of S-parameters:
In a two-port network, if Incident power at Port 1 is Pi, power reflected at the same port is Pr and
the output power at Port 2 is Po then following losses are defined in terms of S-parameters:
1. Insertion loss (dB)
2. Transmission loss or attenuation (dB)
3. Reflection loss (dB)
4. Return loss (dB)
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 7 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
Insertion loss (dB):
But,
| | | |
| |
| | | |
| |
| |
| | | |
Transmission loss or attenuation (dB):
( )
| | | |
( )
| |
Divided by | |
| | | |
| | | |
( ) ( )
| |
| | | |
| |
( )
| |
Reflection loss (dB):
( )
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 8 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
| |
| | | |
( ) ( ) ( )
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
( )
| |
Return loss (dB):
| |
( ) ( ) ( )
| | | |
| |
( ) ( )
| | | |
Properties of S-parameters:
In general the scattering parameters are complex quantities having following properties:
1. S-matrix is always a square matrix of order N × N for an N-port network.
2. Phase-shift property of S-Matrix
3. Zero diagonal elements for perfectly matched network
4. S-matrix is symmetric for a reciprocal network
[ ] [ ]
5. S-matrix has unitary property for a lossless network
[ ][ ] [ ]
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 9 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
Phase-shift property of S-Matrix:
At any given frequency and for a given positions of the reference planes, the elements of S-
matrix, Sij, have definite values.
(i) If the frequency is changed, these elements change values also.
(ii) At a given frequency, the complex S-parameters of a network are defined with respect to
the positions of the reference plan (ports). If these positions change, S-parameters of the
network also change.
For an outward shift of reference plane shown in Figure by a distance lj, the phase shift occurs is
and correspondingly new elements of the S-matrix become
| |
| |
Power of exponent is doubles for i = j, since reflected wave travels 2lj distance.
Let the original S-matrix equation for the two-port network with reference planes 1, 2 be
[ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ][ ]
where [S] is changed to [ ] for outward shift in reference planes to 1’, 2’ but the incident and
reflected wave voltage can be still denoted by [a] and [b], respectively:
| | | |
| | | |
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 10 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
These can be proved as follows. For the above shift in reference planes, the new wave variables
becomes
where , and –ve sign in the power of exponent arises due to outward shift of
ports. For inward shift, this sign would be +ve. Hence, we can write
* + * + [ ][ ]
Similarly,
[ ] [ ][ ]
The new S-matrix becomes
[ ][ ][ ]
* +
This property valid for any number of ports and is called the phase shift property.
S-matrix is symmetric for a reciprocal network:
A reciprocal device has the same transmission characteristics in either direction of a pair of ports
and is characterized by a symmetric scattering matrix,
which results in transpose of S-matrix:
[ ] [ ]
This condition can be proved in the following manner.
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 11 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
Proof:
For a reciprocal network with the assumed normalization
We know that [Z] and [Y] matrices are symmetric for a reciprocal microwave network.
[ ] [ ][ ]
We know that
Substitute eq. (2) and (3) in (1) we get
[ ] [ ] [ ]{ }
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ], -
Use the normalized values of voltage waves
√ √
√ √
Substitute this in eq. (4) we have
[ ]√ [ ]√
[ ]√ [ ]√ [ ], -
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] , -
√ √ √
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 12 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
[ ]
[ ] [ ] {[ ] [ ]}
[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
, [ ]- [ ] , [ ]- [ ]
where [ ] is the unit matrix.
[ ] [ ]
[ ] , [ ]- , [ ]- [ ]
The S-matrix equation for the network is
[ ] [ ][ ]
Comparing eq. (5) and (6) we get
[ ] [ ]
[ ] , [ ]- , [ ]-
[ ] ( ) {[ ] [ ]} ( ) {[ ] [ ]}
[ ] {[ ] [ ]} {[ ] [ ]}
For a reciprocal network, the Z-matrix is symmetric. Hence, from the symmetric of Z-matrix
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
Taking transpose of eq. (7)
[ ] {[ ] [ ] } {[ ] [ ]}
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] {[ ] [ ]} {[ ] [ ]}
Comparing eq. (7) and (8)
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 13 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
[ ] [ ]
Thus, it is proved that [ ] [ ] for a symmetrical junction.
S-matrix has unitary property for a lossless network:
For a lossless N-port network S-matrix satisfies the following Unitary Property:
The sum of the products of each term of any one row or any column of the S-matrix multiplied
by its complex conjugate (dot product) is unity
[ ][ ] [ ]
Proof:
Consider a two port network
For a lossless network,
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
is input power at port 1,
We know that [ ] matrix is
[ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 14 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
Consider matrix [ ] and its transpose of conjugate is [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
Substitute in eq. (1) for [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
From eq. (2)
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
Only order is changed
Substitute in eq. (4) and [ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]{[ ] [ ] }
[ ] [ ] cannot be zero, because it is the input.
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ][ ] [ ]
S-parameters to a Two-port Network with Mismatched Load:
A two-port network or junction is formed when there is a discontinuity between the input and
output ports of a transmission line.
During propagation of a microwave through the junction from one port to another, evanescent
modes are excited at each discontinuity which contains reactive energy. Evanescent modes decay
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 15 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
very fast away from the junction and become negligible after a distance of the order of one
wavelength.
Consider a two-port network of terminated by normalized load and generator impedances and
. Then the load reflection coefficient
We know that
Substitute from (1)
Similarly,
Consider,
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 16 of 17
Microwave Engineering and Antenna Theory (BEC701) Prepared by: Dr. Hashinur Islam
( )( )
This is the reflection coefficient for mismatched load.
For a reciprocal network,
If the junction is lossless
From eq. (7),
| | | |
| | | |
| | √ | |
From eq. (7) and (8),
| | | |
Therefore, for a lossless, reciprocal two-port network, terminated by a mismatch load,
| | | |
| | √ | |
And input reflection coefficient is
Department of ECE, HKBK College of Engineering Page 17 of 17
