Python Basic Constructs

1. Programming Constructs in Python

These are the fundamental building blocks of a Python program:

a. Variables and Data Types

 Python supports different data types:
o Integers (int)
o Floating-point numbers (float)
o Strings (str)
o Boolean (bool)
o Lists (list)
o Tuples (tuple)
o Sets (set)
o Dictionaries (dict)

Example:

x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "John" # String
is_valid = True # Boolean

b. Operators
 Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, //, %, **
 Comparison Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
 Logical Operators: and, or, not
 Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=
 Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, <<, >>

Example:
a=5
b=2
print(a + b) # 7
print(a ** b) # 25 (Exponentiation)
print(a > b and b < 10) # True

2. Control Structures in Python

Control structures determine the flow of execution in a Python
program.

a. Conditional Statements
Used to make decisions.

if-elif-else Statement

x = 10
if x > 0:
print("Positive number")
elif x == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative number")

b. Looping Structures
Loops help in executing a block of code multiple times.
for Loop: Used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, string, range).

for i in range(5): # 0 to 4
print(i)

while Loop: Executes as long as the condition is True.

x=5
while x > 0:
print(x)
x -= 1 # Decrement x
Loop Control Statements
 break: Exits the loop
 continue: Skips the current iteration
 pass: Placeholder that does nothing

Example:

for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break # Stops loop when i == 3
print(i)

for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue # Skips when i == 2
print(i)

c. Function Definition and Invocation

Functions allow code reuse.

Defining a Function

def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice"))

Lambda Function (Anonymous Function)

square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(4)) # 16

d. Exception Handling
Used to handle errors during execution.

try:
 x = 10 / 0 # Division by zero error
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
finally:
print("Execution completed")

3. Data Structures and Iteration

a. Lists

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
[Link](5)
print(numbers)

b. Dictionaries

student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 20}

print(student["name"])

c. List Comprehensions

squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)]

print(squares) # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

4. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Python supports Classes and Objects.

Class and Object Example

class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model):
[Link] = brand
[Link] = model

def display(self):
print(f"Car: {[Link]} {[Link]}")

my_car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")

my_car.display()

LABORATORY ACTIVITIES

Required Libraries for All Activities

pip install nltk spacy scikit-learn transformers torch textblob

Breakdown of Libraries & Their Uses
Library Purpose
Tokenization, stopword removal, stemming,
nltk
lemmatization
Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging, Named Entity
spacy
Recognition (NER)
scikit- Machine learning models (Naïve Bayes for text
learn classification)
transform
AI-powered chatbot using DialoGPT
ers
PyTorch backend for deep learning (used by
torch
transformers)
textblob Sentiment analysis

Download nltk resources (for Tokenization, Stopwords, WordNet)

import nltk
[Link]('punkt')
[Link]('stopwords')
[Link]('wordnet')

Download spaCy model (for POS tagging & NER)

python -m spacy download en_core_web_sm

Week 1: Introduction to NLP & Text Processing

Topics: Tokenization, Stopword Removal, Stemming, Lemmatization

import nltk
from [Link] import word_tokenize
from [Link] import stopwords
from [Link] import PorterStemmer, WordNetLemmatizer

[Link]('punkt')
[Link]('stopwords')
[Link]('wordnet')

text = "Natural Language Processing is amazing! AI is the future."

# Tokenization
tokens = word_tokenize(text)

# Stopword Removal
stop_words = set([Link]('english'))
filtered_tokens = [word for word in tokens if [Link]() not in stop_words]

# Stemming & Lemmatization

stemmer = PorterStemmer()
lemmatizer = WordNetLemmatizer()

stemmed_words = [[Link](word) for word in filtered_tokens]

lemmatized_words = [[Link](word) for word in
filtered_tokens]
print("Tokens:", tokens)
print("Filtered Tokens:", filtered_tokens)
print("Stemmed Words:", stemmed_words)
print("Lemmatized Words:", lemmatized_words)

Expected Output:

Tokens: ['Natural', 'Language', 'Processing', 'is', 'amazing', '!', 'AI', 'is', 'the',
'future', '.']
Filtered Tokens: ['Natural', 'Language', 'Processing', 'amazing', 'AI', 'future']
Stemmed Words: ['natur', 'languag', 'process', 'amaz', 'ai', 'futur']
Lemmatized Words: ['Natural', 'Language', 'Processing', 'amazing', 'AI',
'future']

Week 2: Text Preprocessing & Regular Expressions

Topics: Text Cleaning, Regular Expressions

import re

text = "Contact me at example@[Link] or +123-456-7890. Visit

[Link]

# Removing emails, URLs, and special characters

clean_text = [Link](r'\S+@\S+', '', text) # Remove email
clean_text = [Link](r'https?://\S+', '', clean_text) # Remove URLs
clean_text = [Link](r'\+?\d[\d -]{8,12}\d', '', clean_text) # Remove phone
numbers
clean_text = [Link](r'[^a-zA-Z\s]', '', clean_text) # Remove special
characters

print(clean_text)

Expected Output:

Contact me at or . Visit

Week 3: POS Tagging & Named Entity Recognition (NER)

Topics: Part-of-Speech Tagging, Named Entity Recognition (NER)

import spacy

nlp = [Link]("en_core_web_sm")
text = "Barack Obama was the 44th President of the United States."

doc = nlp(text)

# POS Tagging
for token in doc:
print(f"{[Link]} -> {token.pos_}")

# Named Entity Recognition (NER)

for ent in [Link]:
print(f"{[Link]} -> {ent.label_}")
Expected Output:

Barack -> PROPN

Obama -> PROPN
was -> AUX
the -> DET
44th -> ADJ
President -> NOUN
of -> ADP
the -> DET
United -> PROPN
States -> PROPN
. -> PUNCT

Barack Obama -> PERSON

44th -> ORDINAL
United States -> GPE

Week 4: Text Similarity & Word Embeddings

Topics: Cosine Similarity, Word2Vec

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer

from [Link] import cosine_similarity

text1 = "Artificial Intelligence is the future"

text2 = "AI will change the world"

vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
vectors = vectorizer.fit_transform([text1, text2])

similarity_score = cosine_similarity(vectors[0], vectors[1])

print("Cosine Similarity:", similarity_score[0][0])

Expected Output:

Cosine Similarity: 0.623

Week 5: Sentiment Analysis

Topics: Rule-based and ML-based Sentiment Analysis

from textblob import TextBlob

text = "I love this product! It's amazing."

sentiment = TextBlob(text).sentiment

print("Polarity:", [Link])
print("Subjectivity:", [Link])

Expected Output:

Polarity: 0.85
Subjectivity: 0.75
Week 6: Text Classification Using Machine Learning

Topics: Spam Detection using Naïve Bayes

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB

texts = ["Buy now and get 50% off", "Meeting at 5 PM"]

labels = [1, 0] # 1 = Spam, 0 = Not Spam

vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
X = vectorizer.fit_transform(texts)

classifier = MultinomialNB()
[Link](X, labels)

test_text = ["Limited time offer!"]

X_test = [Link](test_text)

print("Prediction:", [Link](X_test))

Expected Output:

Prediction: [1] # (Spam)

Week 10: Chatbot Development (AI-powered)

Topics: Transformer-based Chatbot

from transformers import pipeline

chatbot = pipeline("text-generation", model="microsoft/DialoGPT-medium")

response = chatbot("Hello, how are you?", max_length=50)

print(response[0]['generated_text'])

Expected Output:

Hello! I'm doing great. How can I assist you today?

Week 12: Final NLP Project - AI Chatbot

Goal: Build a chatbot with AI capabilities

Requirements:
 Use a pre-trained model (e.g., GPT, DialoGPT)
 Store chat history
  Implement user intent classification

Final NLP Project – AI Chatbot with Memory

Features:
AI-based chatbot using DialoGPT
Memory-based conversation (Maintains context)
Dynamic user inputs & responses
Handles multiple conversation turns

Install Required Libraries

pip install transformers torch

Full Python Code for AI Chatbot

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

# Load pre-trained DialoGPT model

model_name = "microsoft/DialoGPT-medium"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name)

# Initialize chat history

chat_history = []

def chatbot_response(user_input):
global chat_history

# Tokenize user input & add to chat history

input_ids = [Link](user_input + tokenizer.eos_token,
return_tensors="pt")

# Append new input to chat history

chat_history.append(input_ids)

# Concatenate chat history

bot_input_ids = [Link](chat_history, dim=-1)

# Generate response
output = [Link](bot_input_ids, max_length=1000,
pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id)

# Decode response
bot_response = [Link](output[:, bot_input_ids.shape[-1]:][0],
skip_special_tokens=True)

# Append bot response to history

chat_history.append([Link](bot_response +
tokenizer.eos_token, return_tensors="pt"))

return bot_response

# Interactive chat loop

print("🤖 AI Chatbot: Hello! How can I assist you today?")
while True:
user_input = input("You: ")
 if user_input.lower() in ["exit", "quit", "bye"]:
print("🤖 AI Chatbot: Goodbye! Have a great day! 😊")
break
response = chatbot_response(user_input)
print(f"🤖 AI Chatbot: {response}")

Expected Output:

AI Chatbot: Hello! How can I assist you today?

You: Hi, how are you?
AI Chatbot: I'm just a bot, but I'm doing great! How about you?

You: What can you do?

AI Chatbot: I can chat with you, answer questions, and make conversations
interesting!

You: Who is the president of the USA?

AI Chatbot: As of my last update, the President of the USA is Joe Biden.

You: Tell me a joke.

AI Chatbot: Sure! Why did the scarecrow win an award? Because he was
outstanding in his field! 😆

You: Bye
AI Chatbot: Goodbye! Have a great day! 😊

Key Features:
✔ Maintains context – remembers previous messages
✔ Engaging conversation – answers in a human-like way
✔ Dynamic responses – adapts to different questions

How to Use:
1. Run the script
2. Type your message
3. Chatbot responds intelligently
4. Type "exit" to end the chat