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Experimental validation of a dual-band printed antenna array operating at

2.45/5.8 GHz with a high efficiency for wireless power transmission
applications

Article in International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · October 2025
DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4662-4670

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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 15, No. 5, October 2025, pp. 4662~4670
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v15i5.pp4662-4670  4662

Experimental validation of a dual-band printed antenna array

operating at 2.45/5.8 GHz with a high efficiency for wireless
power transmission applications

Walid En-Naghma1, Mohamed Latrach2, Hanan Halaq1, Abdelghani El Ougli1

1
Computer Science, Signal, Automation, and Cognitivism Laboratory Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz,
University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
2
Ecole Supérieure d’Electronique de l’Ouest (ESEO), Angers, France

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper presents a simple dual-band antenna element with a rectangular
patch designed for the industrial, scientific, and medical bands at
Received Jan 10, 2025 2.45/5.8 GHz. The antenna achieves satisfactory simulated performance at
Revised Mar 22, 2025 both resonant frequencies, including a reflection coefficient below -10 dB, a
Accepted Jul 3, 2025 voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) not exceeding 1.2, radiation
efficiencies of approximately 90% at 2.45 GHz and 95.55% at 5.8 GHz, and
bandwidths of 125.80 MHz around 2.45 GHz and 308.60 MHz around
Keywords: 5.8 GHz. Building on this single-element design, an antenna array
configuration comprising two elements etched on a Taconic TLY-5 substrate
Antenna array is developed. The two rectangular patches are connected via a T-junction to
Dual-band a 50 Ω excitation port. The proposed array's effectiveness is validated
Energy harvesting through simulations using three electromagnetic solvers and experimental
Printed circuit board measurements. The fabricated antenna array demonstrates improved
Radiation efficiency performance, including a measured return loss of -16.78 dB at 2.45 GHz and
Wireless power transmission -20.61 dB at 5.8 GHz, a VSWR not exceeding 1.5 (1.34 and 1.22 at
2.45 and 5.8 GHz, respectively), input impedance close to 50 Ω, high gain
exceeding 8 dBi, bandwidths of 179.50 MHz at 2.45 GHz and 462.90 MHz
at 5.8 GHz, and high radiation efficiencies of 96.54% at 2.45 GHz and
98.65% at 5.8 GHz. With only two patches, the proposed antenna array
offers a compact, efficient, and practical solution for wireless power
transmission applications, particularly for small wireless devices like
rectenna systems, due to its simplicity, compact design, and excellent
radiation efficiency.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Walid En-Naghma
Computer Science, Signal, Automation, and Cognitivism Laboratory Physics Department, Faculty of
Sciences Dhar El Mahraz University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah
Fez, Morocco
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless power transmission (WPT) technology has attracted significant attention as a promising
alternative to traditional wired systems, offering numerous advantages. These include eliminating poor
connections and spark generation, reducing the complexity of wiring, and enhancing operational safety [1].
WPT is extensively utilized in various domains, including the medical field [2], industrial production [3], [4],
transportation, and military. Recently, there has been growing interest in rectenna systems [5], which present
an eco-friendly solution for generating electricity to power electronic devices. The rectenna (short for

Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  4663

rectifying antenna) is a device that converts electromagnetic energy, typically in the form of radio waves or
microwaves, into direct current (DC) electricity. This system enables devices to operate independently,
without requiring a connection to a main power socket [6]. The antenna part of the rectenna captures the
electromagnetic waves and converts them into an alternating current (AC) signal. The rectifier subsystem
converts the AC signal into DC electricity, this is typically done using diodes that rectify the current. The
rectenna consists of three primary components [7]–[9]: a receiving antenna, a rectifier circuit, and a load. A
standard rectenna's block diagram in study [1].
In this paper, the focus is on investigating the antenna part of the rectenna. The antennas are part of the
broader concept of wireless energy transfer, used in applications ranging from charging electronic devices to
powering drones and other remote systems. This focus shifts back to the antenna, emphasizing its role as a
crucial component of the rectenna system. Acting as the interface between ambient electromagnetic energy and
the rectifying circuit, the antenna's design plays a pivotal role in determining the performance and efficiency of
the entire system. Antennas with high directivity and gain focus on the incoming energy enhance system
performance. The key design parameters concerning the antenna are listed as follows. First, the frequency of
operation aims for the antenna to resonate at the desired frequency for maximum energy capture. Secondly, the
impedance matching aims to match the impedance of the antenna with the rectifying circuit to minimize power
losses and ensure optimal operation with high performance. Finally, the appropriate selection of conductive
materials and substrates aims to reduce losses and enhance energy transfer efficiency. Numerous antenna
designs have been explored in the literature, incorporating various shapes for the radiating element, including
square, hexagonal, pentagonal [10], and triangular configurations. These designs are developed to meet specific
requirements, such as polarization type (linear [11] or circular [12]), operational modes (e.g., single frequency at
2.45 or 5.8 GHz, dual-band [13], or multi-band [14]), and substrate material selection (e.g., FR4-epoxy, Rogers
RT/Duroid 5880, and Taconic TLY-5). While these designs offer distinct advantages, a significant challenge
lies in optimizing antenna performance, particularly regarding impedance matching, gain, directivity, and
radiation efficiency. Most antennas in the literature achieve a high peak gain and a high efficiency by using
more patches such as the works in [2], [3], [10], [15]. Unfortunately, these antennas do have not a compact
volume. Additionally, a major challenge remains in achieving dual-band operation, as many existing designs are
optimized for a single mode, limiting their versatility and applicability in modern systems. These limitations
highlight the necessity of an improved design that enhances both gain and efficiency while enabling reliable
dual-band functionality. In response to these challenges, we introduce an efficient antenna design featuring a
rectangular patch with an inset feed line and a truncated ground. This design operates in dual bands within the
industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) spectrum, specifically at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz. Expanding on this single
antenna design, we also develop an antenna array configuration consisting of two patches to assess its
performance against the single antenna. The performance of the antenna array is evaluated using three
electromagnetic solvers: computer simulation technology microwave studio (CST MWS), high-frequency
structure simulator (HFSS), and advanced design system (ADS). To verify the proposed antenna array’s
effectiveness, experimental tests are conducted. Measurements taken with a PNA-X network analyzer include
reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and input impedance. Furthermore, the antenna is
tested in an anechoic chamber to determine its gain and radiation pattern in both the azimuthal (horizontal) and
elevation (vertical) planes. Finally, a comparative analysis is provided to demonstrate the superior performance
of the proposed antenna array compared to existing designs in the literature.
The paper is organized into four sections. Section 1 provides a brief overview of the study antenna's
context. Section 2 presents the proposed antenna design, detailing its specifications, followed by the design of
the antenna array and its constructed prototype. Section 3 outlines the simulation and measurement results,
accompanied by their interpretations. Section 4 concludes the paper by summarizing its key points and
discussing potential directions for future research.

2. ANTENNA CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURE

The basic structure of a printed antenna consists of three layers: the ground plane, the substrate, and
the radiating element (i.e., the patch) [15]. The design process for creating this type of antenna follows the
flowchart presented in [1]. According to the diagram, the selected substrate material is Taconic TLY-5 (its
permittivity 𝜀𝑟 = 2.2, its thickness ℎ = 1.52 mm, and its loss tangent equals 0.0009). The dimensions of the
radiating element are calculated using (1) to (5) [16]. Equation (1) calculates the patch width, while (2)
determines the effective dielectric permittivity. The patch length, as shown in (3), is adjusted by a distance,
as indicated in (4), to account for fringing effects, with the wavelength defined by (5).

𝐶 2 0.5
𝑊= ( ) (1)
2𝑓𝑟 𝜀𝑟 +1

Experimental validation of a dual-band printed antenna array operating … (Walid En-Naghma)

4664  ISSN: 2088-8708

𝜀𝑟 +1 𝜀𝑟 −1 ℎ −0.5
𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + [1 + 12 ] (2)
2 2 𝑊

𝜆
𝐿 = − ∆𝐿 (3)
2

𝑊
𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 +0.3 +0.264
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ ( ) ( ℎ𝑊 ) (4)
𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 −0.258 +0.8
ℎ

𝐶
𝜆= (5)
𝑓𝑟

2.1. Single antenna design

This subsection presents the design of a single printed antenna, illustrating its evolution through
various stages, including top and bottom views as shown in Figure 1. The top view of the initial antenna
design is depicted in Figure 1(a), and its bottom view is shown in Figure 1(b). The design features a
rectangular radiating element and a 50 Ω feed via port excitation. The dimensions of this antenna are
provided in both Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b). In the next stage, the patch in Figure 1(a) is modified by
incorporating an inset feed line, as shown in Figure 1(c), with its corresponding dimensions. Its ground plane
is truncated on both sides, as seen in Figure 1(d).

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 1. Proposed single antenna evolution steps: (a) initial top view, (b) initial bottom view, (c) modified
top view with inset feed, and (d) modified bottom view with truncated ground

2.2. Antenna array design and its constructed prototype

Building on the design of the single antenna, see Figure 1(c) and Figure 1(d), a printed antenna array
is proposed, consisting of two identical patches linked by a T-junction power divider. The top view of the
antenna array is shown in Figure 2(a), while its bottom view is depicted in Figure 2(b), with the dimensions
of all layers (i.e., ground, substrate, and patches) provided. This antenna array is fabricated
using printed circuit board (PCB) technology through laser etching. The prototype’s top view is shown in
Figure 2(c), and its bottom view is displayed in Figure 2(d). The prototype is connected to a PNA-X network
analyzer for measuring its electrical characteristics, as shown in Figure 2(e). Additionally, the prototype is
tested in an anechoic chamber, as seen in Figure 2(f), to measure its gain and radiation pattern in both the
azimuthal (horizontal) and elevation (vertical) planes.

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 15, No. 5, October 2025: 4662-4670
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  4665

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e) (f)

Figure 2. Proposed antenna array and its prototype: (a) front view of the proposed antenna, (b) back view of
the proposed antenna, (c) top view of the fabricated antenna, (d) bottom view of the fabricated antenna,
(e) fabricated antenna connecting with the PNA-X network analyzer, and (f) fabricate antenna tested in an
anechoic chamber

3. SIMULATED AND MEASUREMENTS RESULTS

The simulated results for the single antenna as depicted in Figure 1(c) for its top view and
Figure 1(d) for its bottom view, including the reflection coefficient (𝑆11 ) and VSWR versus frequency, are
shown in Figure 3. A parametric study on the ground width of this single antenna design is performed and
analyzed, as seen in Figure 3(a). The optimal ground width is found to be 38.80 mm (in the red color) as
shown in Figure 3(a), as it yields the best resonance at both resonant frequencies: 2.45 GHz (lower
frequency) and 5.8 GHz (upper frequency), which correspond to industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)
band. Figure 3(b) presents the variation in the reflection coefficient obtained using computer simulation
technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) and high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) solvers, based on
this optimal ground width of the single antenna which equals 38.80 mm. As shown in Figure 3(b), both
solvers confirm that the proposed antenna operates effectively at the two resonant frequencies of 2.45 GHz
and 5.8 GHz with a 𝑆11 ≪ −10 dB . The variation of VSWR, calculated using CST MWS and based on this
optimal ground width of the single antenna, is shown in Figure 3(c) and verified by the HFSS solver. From
Figure 3(c), the VSWR does not exceed 1.5 at both operating frequencies using both solvers. The proposed
single antenna demonstrates excellent performance at both operating frequencies in terms of a good level of
adaptation at the port and a maximum transfer of energy with low losses.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3. Simulated results of single antenna: (a) parametric study, (b) return loss, and (c) VSWR

Experimental validation of a dual-band printed antenna array operating … (Walid En-Naghma)

4666  ISSN: 2088-8708

The obtained results from the proposed antenna array are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4(a) shows the
obtained return loss for the proposed antenna array via various solvers (CST MWS, HFSS, and ADS) and the
measured one according to frequency. The proposed antenna array operates at two resonant frequencies
which are 2.45 and 5.8 GHz in ISM band. From Figure 4(a), the proposed antenna array is well-adapted
because its return loss value is less than -10 dB (𝑆11 ≪ −10 dB) in both operating frequencies. Figure 4(b)
represents the curve of VSWR using two solvers: CST MWS and HFSS and the measured VSWR. Based on
Figure 4(b), this proposed antenna array has a VSWR value closer to 1 which proves this antenna array
transfers the maximum energy with low losses. Figure 4(c) shows the real part of the input impedance of the
proposed antenna array.
The gain, directivity, and radiation efficiency of both the single antenna and the array are shown in
Figures 5(a), 5(b), and 5(c), respectively. The numerical results for gain, directivity, and efficiency
demonstrate that the antenna array achieves superior performance compared to the single antenna. This
improvement aligns with the primary objective of designing the antenna array, which is to enhance gain,
directivity, and efficiency.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4. Simulated results of proposed antenna array (return loss, VSWR, and input impedance):
(a) return loss, (b) VSWR, and (c) input impedance

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 5. Simulated results (gain, directivity, and efficiency): (a) gain, (b) directivity, and (c) efficiency

Figure 6(a) represents the measured gain at 2.45 GHz when the proposed antenna array is tested in
an anechoic chamber, as shown in Figure 2(f), the measured gain at 2.45 GHz is equal to 8.10 dBi. The
measured radiation pattern in the vertical plane at 2.45 GHz at 0°, 45°, and 90° is shown in Figure 6(b). In
addition, Figure 6(c) illustrates the measured radiation pattern in the horizontal plane at 2.45 GHz for the
same angles.
Figure 7 shows the equivalent circuit model of the proposed antenna array. Figure 7(a) shows the
essential components which are the resistance denoted R, inductance denoted L, and capacitance denoted C
which will be adjusted using the genetic algorithm until the return loss is less than − 10 [dB] for both
resonant frequencies (2.45 and 5.80 GHz). Figure 7(b) shows the return loss obtained by ADS. The reflection
coefficient equals − 24.755 [dB], and − 20.037 [dB] at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz respectively. So, the equivalent
circuit model of the proposed antenna array is well-matched at both resonant frequencies.

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 15, No. 5, October 2025: 4662-4670
Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708  4667

(a)

(b) (c)

Figure 6. Measured results at 2.45 GHz (gain, and radiation pattern) (a) gain, (b) E vertical at 2.45 GHz,
and (c) E horizontal at 2.45 GHz

(a) (b)

Figure 7. Measured results at 2.45 GHz (gain, and radiation pattern) (a) equivalent circuit and (b) return loss

Table 1 summarizes the numerical results obtained from CST MWS for both the single antenna and
the developed antenna array. These results highlight the primary goal of the antenna array: to improve
performance metrics such as gain, directivity, radiation efficiency, and bandwidth, while preserving the
advantages of the single antenna, including excellent return loss and VSWR characteristics. To further
validate the proposed antenna array's effectiveness, Table 2 presents results obtained from various
electromagnetic solvers alongside measured data. Additionally, Table 3 offers a comparative analysis of the
proposed antenna design against existing designs, demonstrating its effectiveness in terms of the number of
patches, return loss, gain, and efficiency. Our proposed antenna array will be used in all applications that rely
on WPT in a variety of areas, such as wireless sensor networks [17], automotive applications for charging
electric vehicle batteries [18], brain-machine interface systems in medicine, and wireless mobile chargers.
Experimental validation of a dual-band printed antenna array operating … (Walid En-Naghma)
4668  ISSN: 2088-8708

Table 1. Numerical obtained results by CST MWS for single antenna and antenna array
Parameter At 2.45 GHz At 5.8 GHz
Single antenna Antenna array Single antenna Antenna array
Coefficient reflection [dB] -24.37 -21.61 -30.07 -38.86
VSWR 1.12 1.18 1.06 1.02
Gain [dBi] 5.34 8.91 5.77 8.05
Directivity [dB] 5.74 9.03 5.77 8.11
Efficiency [%] 90 96.54 95.55 98.65
Bandwidth [MHz] 125.80 179.50 308.60 462.90

Table 2. Comparison among measured and simulated values for various solvers (antenna array)
Parameter CST MWS HFSS ADS Measure
At 2.45 At 5.80 At 2.45 At 5.80 At 2.45 At 5.80 At 2.45 At 5.80
GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz GHz
Return loss [dB] -21.61 -38.86 -23.36 -46.35 -17.73 -16.31 -16.78 -20.61
VSWR 1.18 1.02 1.145 1.01 1.3166 1.3722 1.34 1.22
Input impedance [Ω] 53.119 44.5535 47.4135 49.5838 55.85 57.37 56.8441 43.4806

Table 3. Comparison of the proposed antenna design with existing antenna designs
Reference Operating frequency [GHz] Antenna type Return loss [dB] Peak gain [dBi] Total efficiency [%]
[19]] 2.4; 5.2 1×2 -20.6; -16 1.6; 3.95 80; 67
[20] 1.8; 2.1; 2.45; 2.6 1×2 -13.08; -16.67; -11.48; 3.28; 3.84; 4.47; 85; 89; 84; 84
-12.51 4.74
[21] 1.8 2×2 -25 9.2 -
[22] 2.4 7 elements < −50 15.8 94
[23] 2.4 2×4 -26.2 17.5 -
[24] 2.4 1 × 1; -17.33; -19.29; -12.26; 5.28; 7.20; 11.0; -
1×2; -26.86; - 42.33 10.4; 10.3
2×2;
2 × 3;
2×4
[25] 2.45 3 elements -32.886 11.24 89.41
[26] 2.45; 5.8 - < −20; 7.8; 6.8 90;80
< −30
[27] 2.4; 5.8 - - 4; 6.81 -
In this 2.45; 5.8 2 elements CST MWS: -21.61; CST MWS: 8.91; CST MWS: 96.54;
paper -38.86 8.05 98.65
Or measure: -16.78;
-20.61

4. CONCLUSION
A dual-band printed antenna array operating at 2.45/5.80 GHz within the industrial, scientific, and
medical (ISM) band has been designed, analyzed, simulated, fabricated, and measured. The antenna array is
implemented on a Taconic TLY-5 substrate with a thickness of 1.52 mm, a dielectric constant of 2.2, and a
loss tangent of 0.0009. It is fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line and consists of two identical rectangular radiators.
To achieve a compact design, the ground plane and substrate are truncated. The design was simulated using
CST MWS, HFSS, and ADS to validate its performance across multiple electromagnetic solvers. The
fabricated prototype was tested using a PNA-X network analyzer, showing good agreement with simulation
results. The antenna demonstrated superior performance, including a measured return loss of -16.78 dB at
2.45 GHz and -20.61 dB at 5.80 GHz, a VSWR below 1.5 (1.34 at 2.45 GHz and 1.22 at 5.80 GHz), input
impedance close to 50 Ω, a high gain exceeding 8 dBi, bandwidths of 179.50 MHz at 2.45 GHz and
462.90 MHz at 5.80 GHz, and high radiation efficiencies of 96.54% at 2.45 GHz and 98.65% at 5.80 GHz.
This antenna array is highly suitable for energy harvesting and wireless power transmission applications.
Future work will focus on the measurement of radiation patterns, gain, and radiation efficiency at
both operating frequencies. Additionally, a rectifying circuit will be developed and integrated with the
antenna to create a system capable of powering devices such as smartphones, drones, sensors, and electric
vehicles.

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Experimental validation of a dual-band printed antenna array operating … (Walid En-Naghma)

 4670  ISSN: 2088-8708

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Walid En-Naghma received his B.Sc. in physics (“electronic option”) in 2019

from the Faculty of Sciences of Fez, Dhar El Mahraz University, Morocco. He obtained his
M.Sc. in microelectronics, signals, and systems from the Faculty of Sciences of Dhar El
Mahraz University, Fez, Morocco, in 2021. He is currently a Ph.D. student at the Computer
Science, Signal, Automation, and Cognitivism Laboratory (LISAC Laboratory), Faculty of
Sciences of Fez, Dhar El Mahraz University, Morocco. His current research interests include
the analysis and conception of microstrip patch antennas and their applications in WPT, MPT,
and RF energy harvesting, as well as the analysis and design of filters. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Mohamed Latrach (IEEE member) received a Ph.D. degree in electronics from

the University of Limoges, Limoges, France, in 1990. He is currently a Professor of
Microwave Engineering with the Ecole Supérieure d’Electronique de l’Ouest (ESEO), Angers,
France, where he is head of the radio frequency and microwave research group. His research
interests include the design of hybrid and monolithic active and passive microwave circuits,
metamaterials, LH materials, antennas, rectennas, and their applications in wireless
communications and wireless power transmission (WPT). He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Hanan Halaq received the Ph.D. degree in real-time digital holographic

interferometry from Telecom Physique Strasbourg (TPS), formerly École Nationale
Supérieure de Physique de Strasbourg (ENSPS), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France, in 2010. She
is currently an associate professor at the Faculty of Science, Dhar El Mahraz (FSDM), and a
researcher at the Computer Science, Signals, Automation, and Cognitivism Laboratory
(LISAC), Fez, Morocco. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Abdelghani El Ougli received his Ph.D. degree in automation, signals, and

systems from the Faculty of Sciences at Dhar El Mehraz, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben
Abdellah, in 2009 for his thesis titled “Integration of fuzzy techniques in the synthesis of
adaptive controllers.” He is currently a professor at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, a
researcher, and a member of the Computer Science, Signal, Automation, and Cognitivism
Laboratory (LISAC), Faculty of Science, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez,
Morocco. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 15, No. 5, October 2025: 4662-4670

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