Affiliated to Pokhara University

POKHARA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Phirke, Pokhara-8

A
Project on

“Seismic Analysis, Design and Estimation of 3-Star Hotel Building”

Submitted by:

Angel Malla (21040993)

Krisha Thapa (21041017)

Kriti Wagle (21041018)

Mamata Lamichhane (21041024)

Submitted to:

Research Management
Cell Pokhara
Engineering College
2025

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “ Seismic Analysis, Design and

Estimation of 3-Star Hotel Building” has been carried out by Angel Malla
(21040993), Krisha Thapa (21041017), Kriti Wagle (21041018), Mamata
Lamichhane (21041024) in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Civil Engineering of Pokhara University, during the academic year
2024. To best of our knowledge and belief this work has not been submitted
elsewhere for the award of any other degree and thus has been accepted.

……………………………

External Examinar

………………………………

Er. Bimal Bhandari

Project Supervisor

………………………………

Er. Krishna Ghimire

Coordinator Research Management Cell

………………………………

Er. Bimal Bhandari

Head of the department (Civil Engineering)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Er. Bimal Bhandari for his efficient supervision and
guidance in the completion of our project. His experienced approach in the
analysis and design of building based on a practical approach has been very
helpful to us for analyzing and designing of the building. We are also thankful
to [Link] Bahadur Thapa, Vice Principal of Pokhara Engineering College for
his continued guidance. We also want to extend our gratitude to respected
coordinator of Research Management Cell [Link] Ghimire for providing us
the reference materials whenever necessary.

We are thankful to Pokhara University for including project in the final year as
a part of curriculum. We would also like to express gratitude to the Department
of Civil Engineering for facilitating the building project, which has increased
our understanding of practical design and deviation of practical design of
building from theoretical study.

Angel Malla (21040993)

Krisha Thapa (21041017)

Kriti Wagle (21041018)

Mamata Lamichhane (21041024)

iii
 LISTS OF ABBRIVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION

Ac Area of concrete

Ag Gross Section area

Ast Area of tensile section

Asc Area of compression steel

BM Bending moment

B Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of column

Bf Effective width of flange section

Bw Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of column

C Coefficient depending upon the flexibility

D Overall depth of the beam or slab or longer dimension

D Effective Depth

DL Dead load

D’ Effective Cover

emin Minimun ecentricity

ex, ey Ecentricity about x and y-axis respectively

EQ Earthquake load

iv
fck Characteristics compressive strength of concrete

fy yield strength of steel

I Importance factor of the structure

IS Indian Standard code

Ix,Iy Moment of inertia about x and y-axis respectively

H Height of building

Leff Effective length of member

lx Span of the slab in the shorter direction

ly Span of the slab in the longer direction

LL Live Load

Mu Factored moment (designed moment for limit state design)

Mux Factored moment axis about X-X

Muy Factored moment axis about Y-Y

NBC Nepal Building Code

P Axial load in the member

Pu Factored axial load, designed axial load for limit state design

Pt Percentage of compression reinforcement

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

v
S Spacing of the main bar

Sv Spacing of stirrups

V Shear force

Vu Design shear force for limit state, factored shear force

X Depth of the neutral axis at the limit state of the collapse

Xu,max Maximum depth of the neutral axis in the limit state design

αx , αy Coefficient for moment in slab

Ⴀc Shear strength of concrete

Ⴀc’ Maximum shear strength of concrete with shear reinforcement

Ⴀv Nominal shear stress

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 ABSTRACT

The project entitled “SEISMIC ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND ESTIMATION

OF 3-STAR HOTEL BUILDING” is a project that has been developed to meet
the partial fulfillment of Pokhara university bachelor’s in civil engineering 4th
year course. The hotel consists of 10 buildings out of which 3 buildings are for
accommodation. story and are designed to resist seismic event. All the facilities
and services that a 3-star hotel building should serve (as per Nepal Board criteria)
has been taken into consideration while planning which is shown in the master
plan. For the analysis of structure software ETABS was used. Analysis was done
based on NBC105:2020 code. The materials used during the analysis was M25
grades of concrete and Fe500 rebar. Choice of structural members is made by
keeping the structural safety and economy in mind. The buildings are made
ductile, which makes the building able to absorb the shock during seismic events.
The design of these buildings is done under the codal provision of Indian
standards and Nepal building Standards codes. Limit state design philosophy is
used to design the structural elements. After the detail designing the cost
estimation will also be performed to find out the approximate cost of the
building.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
CERTIFICATE......................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................iii

LISTS OF ABBRIVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS.................................................iv

ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................vii

TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................................viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................1

1.2 GENERAL FEATURES OF BUILDING:..................................................2

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM....................................................................3

1.4 OBJECTIVES..............................................................................................3

1.5 SCOPE OF PROJECT.................................................................................3

1.6 LIMITATIONS............................................................................................4

CHAPTER 2 LITETARURE REVIEW................................................................5

2.1 Introduction:.................................................................................................5

2.2 ESSENTIAL ARCHITECHTURAL REQUIREMENT..............................7

2.2.1 AS PER NBC 206:2024, ARCHITECTURAL.........................................7

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.............................................................................7

2.2.2 Earthquake resisting design.......................................................................7

2.2.3 Building Structure Systems:......................................................................9

2.3 RCC design philosophy:.............................................................................13

2.3.1 WORKING STRESS METHOD:...........................................................13

viii
 2.3.2 Ultimate load method:.............................................................................13

2.3.3 Limit state method:..................................................................................14

2.6 Loads:.........................................................................................................15

2.6.1 Dead loads:..............................................................................................15

2.6.2 Imposed loads:.........................................................................................15

2.6.3 Earthquake loads:....................................................................................15

2.7. Codal Provisions:.......................................................................................16

2.7.1 NBC 206:2024 Architectural Design Requirements...............................16

2.7.2 NBC 105:2020 Seismic Design of Building in Nepal.............................16

2.7.3 IS 875 (Part 1): 1987 Dead loads............................................................16

2.7.4 IS 875 (PART 2): Imposed load:.............................................................16

2.7.5 IS 456:2000 Design of RCC structures:..................................................16

2.7.6 Basti Bikas Mapdanda 2072....................................................................17

2.7.7 SP 16:1980...............................................................................................17

2.8 Software Available:.....................................................................................17

2.8.1 SAP2000:................................................................................................17

2.8.2 E-TABS...................................................................................................17

2.9 Seismic Analysis:.......................................................................................18

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY........................................................................20

3.1 Preliminary Study/Selection of site............................................................20

3.2 Data Collection...........................................................................................20

3.3 Building Detailed Design...........................................................................20

3.4 Structural Analysis.....................................................................................20

CHAPTER 4: PRELIMINARY DESIGN............................................................22

4.1 Preliminary design......................................................................................22

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CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS.........................................................28

5.1 Introduction................................................................................................28

5.2 Material specifications:..............................................................................28

5.3 Grid information:........................................................................................28

5.4 3-d Model of building................................................................................30

5.5. Load Combination:....................................................................................31

5.6 Centre of mass and centre of rigidity.........................................................31

5.7 Seismic weight of building.........................................................................32

5.8 Base shear calculation................................................................................32

5.9 Lateral force distribution............................................................................35

5.10Vertical irregularity:..................................................................................35

5.10.1 Check for soft storey:............................................................................35

5.11 Story drift calculation...............................................................................36

5.12 Story Displacement Calculation...............................................................44

5.13 Irregularity check:....................................................................................47

5.13.1 Check for torsional irregularity of equivqlent ststic analysis:...............47

5.14 Column-beam Capacity ratio check:........................................................51

CHAPTER 6 DETAIL DESIGN..........................................................................52

6.1 Design of slab.............................................................................................52

6.2 DESIGN OF FLANGED BEAM...............................................................59

6.3 Design of column.......................................................................................67

6.4 Design of Staircase.....................................................................................75

6.5 Design of Isolated Footing.........................................................................81

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION..............................................................................87

CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES...............................................................................88
x
xi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1:General Features of Building............................................................................2

Table 2:preliminary Design of Beam...........................................................................23
Table 3: preliminary Design of column.......................................................................24
Table 4:Preliminary Of staircase..................................................................................26
Table 5:X-grid Information..........................................................................................28
Table 6: Y-grid Information.........................................................................................29
Table 7: Height and Elevation Information..................................................................29
Table 8:Center of Mass and Center of Rigidity...........................................................31
Table 9: Seismic Weight calculation............................................................................32
Table 10: Base Shear Calculation................................................................................33
Table 11:Lateral force distribution for USL................................................................35
Table 12:Story Drift Check for X Direction (ULS).....................................................36
Table 13:Story Drift in Y - Direction (ULS)................................................................37
Table 14:Story Drift in X - Direction (SLS)................................................................38
Table 15:Story Drift in Y - Direction (SLS)...............................................................40
Table 16:Model mass participation ratio:.....................................................................42
Table 17:Displacement Check for equivalent static method(ULS).............................44
Table 18:Displacement Check for equivalent static method(SLS)..............................44
Table 19:Maximum Story Displacement.....................................................................45
Table 20:Maximum Story Displacement y direction...................................................46
Table 21:Torsional irregularity in X-dirn XSLS..........................................................47
Table 22:Torsional Irregularity in Y - Direction (SLS)...............................................48
Table 23:Torsional Irregularity in Y - Direction (ULS)..............................................49
Table 24: Uls in X direction.........................................................................................50

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1:Methodology Flow Chart...............................................................................21

Figure 2: 3 D Model of Building..................................................................................30
Figure 3:Maximun Story Drift in X - Direction (ULS)................................................35
Figure 4:Maximum Story Drift in Y - Direction (ULS)...............................................36
Figure 5:Maximum Story Drift in X - Direction (SLS)...............................................37
Figure 6:Maximun Story Drift in Y - Direction (SLS)................................................38
Figure 7: Max story Displacement for ULS (X direction)...........................................40
Figure 8:Max story Displacement for ULS (Y direction)............................................41
Figure 9:Torsional Irregularity.....................................................................................42
Figure 10:Bar Diagram of Tortional Irregularity.........................................................43
Figure 11:Bar Diagram for Torsional Irregularity.......................................................44
Figure 12:Bar Diagram for Torsional Irregularity.......................................................45
Figure 13:Bar Diagram for Torsional Irregularity.......................................................46
Figure 14: C/B Ratio Check.........................................................................................46
Figure 15: Plan of Staircase.........................................................................................68
Figure 16:Load Diagram of Staircase..........................................................................70
Figure 17: Reaction Diagram.......................................................................................71

xii
i
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND.
Hotel industry has become one of the most popular and profitable industries in Nepal.
It is helping to boost the economy of the country and stand as one of the major
suppliers for tourism in these countries. A hotel is an establishment that provides paid
lodging on a short-term basis. Facilities provided may range from a modest-quality
matters in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a
refrigerator and other kitchen facilities, upholstered chairs, a flat screen television,
and en-suite bathrooms. Small, lower-priced hotels may offer only the most basic
guest services and facilities. Larger, higher-priced hotels may provide additional guest
facilities such as swimming pool, business center (with computers, printers, and other
office equipment), conference and event facilities, gym, restaurants, day spa, and
social function services.

The recent earthquake of 7.8 magnitude in Nepal after the earthquake the government
has newly revised the policies governing the construction of star hotels outside the
Kathmandu Valley in a bid to spread out tourism. The minimum number of rooms
one- to five-star hotels are required to have has been reduced as per the regulation
recently amended by the Department of Tourism. As per the new provision, a five-star
hotel can be opened outside the Valley with 80 rooms. Earlier, the minimum was 100
rooms. Similarly, four- and three-star hotels need to have 60 and 45 rooms
respectively, down from 80 and 60 rooms previously. Two- and one-star hotels are
required to have 30 and 15 rooms compared to 40 and 20 rooms. (SOURCE: THE
KATHMANDU POST JAN 2,2018). The amended regulation has also dropped the
parking space requirement for hotels located in areas without motorable roads.
Likewise, four- and five-star hotels in the mountain region will not be required to
build swimming pools. However, all hotels are required to have a well-managed
garden. The lobby has to accommodate at least 100 people and possess earthquake
protection system.

1
1.2 GENERAL FEATURES OF BUILDING:
S. N Site Features Description

1 Type of Building Hotels and Dormitories

2 Location Deep-16,Pokhara

3 Structure system RCC, Frame building

4 Ground Coverage 26.67 %

5 FAR 0.226

6 Seismic City Pokhara

7 Floor to floor height 3m

8 Total height of building 18m

9 Types of Slabs Two-way slab

10 Type of beam Rectangular beam

12 Seismic Zone Factor 0.3

13 Types of Staircases Dog-legged staircase

Characteristics Strength of:

14 Concrete: M:25 Fe

Steel grade (fy): 500

15 Soil bearing capacity 150 KN/sq.m (Assume)

Table 1:General Features of Building

2
1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Our proposed site lies on seismic zone factor 0.3 and has medium soil type.
The bearing capacity of soil was necessary to assume 150KN/m2. Grade of
concrete used has to be minimum M25 and Fe500 for steel as per NBC
105:2020 code. The maximum center to center span of column is 5m. This
project aims to design a suitable earthquake resisting.

1.4 OBJECTIVES
The major objectives of the project were:

a. Architectural Design of Hotel building, seismic Analysis< detailing of

structural components using ETABS.

b. Preparation of detailed structural drawing.

c. Estimation of overall quantity and cost of the construction of building.

1.5 SCOPE OF PROJECT

We believe, this particular project of 3 Star Hotel has a lot to contribute to the tourism
and hospitality sector of the country. Every year Nepal attracts millions of tourists,
thanks to the beauty it possesses. Establishment of better hotels flourishes the tourism
in the country. Nepal being seismically vulnerable zone, seismic resistant structure
will provide safe working and living environment for building occupants. Structurally
safe building will provide assurance of the guest. At the end of the project public and
junior people will gain the knowledge about importance of seismic resistant structure.
The scope of the study encompasses various aspects in design and structural analysis
(of different structural members such as beam, column and slab) of a building using
SAP- 2000, AutoCAD as well as SketchUp. Nowadays, most of the civil engineering
projects are using these softwares. Having done this project, we be able to gain
exposure in various computer applications related to civil engineering. It familiarizes
us in conducting literature review on codes of practice to structural behavior of
buildings and understanding the architectural RCC drawings. It exposes us with
preliminary design

3
of geometry of structural members with the help of architectural drawing and
familiarize with byelaws and codes.

1.6 LIMITATIONS
1 Environmental impact study is not carried out.
2 Geotechnical studies such as soil bearing test, ground water
observations couldn’t be conducted.

3 Design and layout of building services likes electrification, sanitary are not
covered.

4
CHAPTER 2 LITETARURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction:
Hotel is an establishment providing accommodation, meals, and other services for
travelers and tourists. Hotels are classified into Star categories (1- Star to 5- Star) as
per the room area, different level of amenities, range of facilities, and quality of
service.

General interpretations of the Hotel Star ratings system are:

a) One Star Hotel
In this classification hotels will typically a smaller, independently owned
establishment with a more informal, family-like atmosphere. The owner and their
family may provide most of the services, creating a personalized experience for
guests. These hotels tend to have limited facilities, and meals may be basic, with some
hotels not offering lunch or only serving simple meals. In terms of accommodations,
some rooms may not have an en-suite bathroom or shower, though basic standards of
maintenance, cleanliness, and comfort should always be met. A One-Star Hotel is
required to have at least 20 rooms, and each room must be no smaller than 169
square feet in size.

b) Two Star Hotel

In this classification hotels will typically a small to medium-sized establishment that
offers more amenities and comfort compared to a One-Star Hotel. These hotels often
cater to both leisure and business travelers, providing comfortable, well-equipped
rooms with an en-suite bath or shower [Link] overall standard of service is more
professional than in a One-Star Hotel, with staff providing a broader range of basic
services such as food and drink. Guests can expect a more organized and functional
experience. A Two-Star Hotel should have at least 40 rooms, with each room being
no smaller than 169 square feet and equipped with attached bathrooms.

c) Three Star Hotel

5
At this level, hotels are usually of a size to support higher staffing levels, and a
significantly greater quality and range of facilities than at the lower star
classifications. Reception and the other public rooms will be more spacious and the
restaurant normally also cater to non-residents. All bedrooms will have an ensuite
bath and shower rooms and offer a good standard of comfort and equipment, such as a
hair dryer, direct dial telephone and toiletries in the bathroom. Besides room service,
some provisions for business travelers can be expected. Three-star hotels should have
at least 60 rooms, each not smaller than 196 square feet.

d) Four Star Hotel

Expectations at this level include a degree of luxury as well as quality in the
furnishings, decor and equipment, in every area of the hotel. Bedrooms will also
usually offer more space than at the lower star levels, and well designed, coordinated
furnishings and decor. The ensuite bathrooms will have both a bath and fixed shower.
There will be a high enough ratio of staff to guests to provide services like porterage,
24-hour room service, laundry and dry-cleaning. The restaurant will demonstrate a
serious approach to its cuisine. Four Star Hotels should have at least 80 rooms, all
with attached bathrooms. Each room should not be smaller than 230 square feet.

e) Five Star Hotel

Here we can find spacious and luxurious accommodation throughout the hotel,
matching the best international standards. Interior design impresses with its quality
and attention to detail, comfort and elegance. Furnishings should be immaculate.
Services should be formal, well supervised and flawless in attention to guests’ needs,
without being intrusive. The restaurant will demonstrate a high level of technical skill,
F&B production to the highest international standards. Staff will be knowledgeable,
helpful, well versed in all aspects of customer care and combining efficiency with
courtesy. As per the provision, a Five Star Hotel room should have an area of at least
250 square feet and have an attached bathroom. Likewise, 15 percent of the beds have
to be king- or queen-sized. The lobby has to accommodate at least 100 people and
possess an earthquake protection system. The number of vehicle parking spaces
should not be less than 25 percent of the number of rooms in the hotel.

6
2.2 ESSENTIAL ARCHITECHTURAL REQUIREMENT

2.2.1 AS PER NBC 206:2024, ARCHITECTURAL

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS:
Based on occupancy, Hotel Building is classified as:

Group A: Residential Building

Sub Group A4: Dormitories and Hotels which shall include any buildings under single
management in which sleeping accommodation is provided with or without dining
facilities for more than 10 persons. Any residential building with occupancy loads
greater than 40 persons is required to fulfill the requirement of this group. All the
hotels shall fulfill the minimum requirements for this group.

Based on Story and Height.

Group S2: Medium Rise.
a) Criteria- 6 to 8 stories or between 16m to below 20m.
b) Medium rise includes buildings whose height are within the reach of fire house
streams.
c) In case of emergency, rescue through stairway by firefighter are possible.
CRITERIA FOR THREE STAR BUILDING (AS PER TOURISM BOARD)

1) Should have at least 60 bedrooms with attached bathrooms having at

least area of 196 sq. ft. (reduced to 45 rooms).
2) All rooms should be equipped with air conditioning.
3) The structure should be designed for earthquake resistance.

2.2.2 Earthquake resisting design.

Nepal lies in the boundary of two tectonic plates that is Indian plate and Tibetan plate.
Earthquake is experienced frequently in Nepal so apart from gravity loads, the lateral
loads due to earthquake is also experienced in the structure which is uncertain.
Earthquake loads are very complex, uncertain, and potentially more damaging than
wind load because it creates ground movements that cause a serious damage of
structure. So, every structure in earthquake zone must be able to withstand this

7
loading of different intensities. Although the ground under a structure may shift in any
direction, only the horizontal component of this movement is usually considered
critical in structural analysis. The seismic load is calculated by taking the total weight
and converting it into a horizontal force by multiplying by the seismic response
coefficient CS. The earthquake resistance of building can be improved by following
basic principles and construction practice.

1) Light structure:
Since earthquake force is function of mass, the building shall be as light as
possible with structure safety and functional requirements.
2) Building configuration:
The safety of building against earthquake also depends on its shape, size and
geometry. The various components of building configurations are Symmetry,
Simplicity and regularity, Size of building.
Symmetry: A building that is rectangular plan and is symmetrical both with
respect to mass and rigidity the center of mass and center of rigidity
coincides with each other. No other joints other than expansion joints are
necessary in such buildings.

Simplicity and regularity: A building with simple regular plan is

considered as safe building rather than shapes like L, T, H, etc. These types
of buildings are separated into rectangular blocks. For preventing ponding or
hammering between blocks, a separation of 3 to 4cm throughout the height
above plinth level is required.

Size of building: In large buildings, the horizontal movement of the floor

during ground shaking is large. Short in height but long building also has
more effect during earthquake. In short. Buildings with one of their
dimensions much larger or smaller than the other two do not perform well
during earthquake. Thus the building length shouldn’t be more than three
times its width.
3) Slopes
Hill side slopes are liable to slide during earthquake. Also building with

8
unequal members will also twist underground movement and may result in
collapse and damage.
4) Foundation:
The buildings shouldn’t be constructed on loose soils. These soils will
compact and subsidies and result in unequal settlement of building and
damage it. Although such soil can be compacted properly for small
structures. But for large buildings rigid raft foundation can be used.

2.2.3 Building Structure Systems:

a) LOAD BEARING
Load bearing is a type of construction where the walls bear the weight of the roof and
floors. This type of building system is typically made of masonry or concrete and is
commonly used for low-rise buildings. The walls in a load bearing construction must
be strong enough to support the weight of the building, so the material used are
typically heavy and durable. It is a popular choice for residential and small
commercial buildings. It is a cost effective and durable option that can be customized
to fit one’s specific needs.

b) COMPOSITE FRAME:
A composite frame building system is a type of construction that combines the load-
bearing properties of masonry or concrete with the flexibility of a frame system. This
type of construction typically consists of a steel or concrete frame with masonry or
concrete walls. The walls in a composite frame construction are load-bearing, which
means they provide support for the weight of the building, but they are not as thick or
heavy as the walls in a traditional load-bearing construction. The frame in a composite
frame construction provides additional support for the building and allows for larger
pen spaces than a traditional load-bearing construction. This type of construction is
commonly used for mid-rise and high-rise buildings.

c) FRAME:
Frame is a type of construction where the weight of the building is supported by a
skeletal framework of beams and columns. This type of construction is typically made
of steel or wood and is commonly use for mid-rise and high-rise buildings. The walls

9
in a frame construction are not load bearing, so they can be made of lighter materials
such as glass or dry wall. This type of construction is a popular choice for commercial
and industrial buildings allows for large open spaces and can be customized to fit
one’s specific needs. The structural components of frame structure are described
below:

1) Footings
Footings are the structural elements that transfer load from the building or individual
column to the earth below. If these loads are to be transferred properly, Foundations
should be designed to prevent excessive settlement and rotation, to minimize
differential settlement and to provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning.

Isolated footing under individual columns:

Isolated footing also known as pad or individual footing are commonly used for
shallow foundation in order to carry and spread concentrated load caused by column
or pillars. They may be rectangular, circular or square in plan. Foundation can be
classified as:

Strip foundation or Wall foundation:

Strip foundations are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a
continuous, level strip of support for linear structures such as walls or closely-spaced
rows of columns that are built on top of the foundation, placed centrally along their
length.

Combined footing supporting two or more column load:

When two or three columns are located very near to each other, we provide a single
substructure for them and the footing is known as a combined footing.

2) Raft and mat foundation:

A raft or mat foundation is a large continuous rectangular or circular concrete slab

that carries the entire load of the superstructure and spreads it over the whole area
beneath the building. The raft or mat foundation is adopted when the area occupied by

10
the footing is more than half of the total area. This type of foundation is very useful in
controlling the differential settlement.

3) Pile Foundation

A pile foundation is a kind of deep foundation can be defined as a slender column or

long cylinder made of materials such as concrete or steel which are used to support
the structure and transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin
friction.

4) Well Foundation:

Well foundation is a type of deep foundation which is generally provided below the
water level for bridges.

d) COLUMNS:

Columns are vertical structural members which are predominantly subjected to axial
forces. Columns support the beams and slabs and transfer the load to the foundation.
On the basis of slenderness ratio, the column is classified into long column or short
column. A short column generally fails by direct compression whereas a long column
fails by buckling. Slenderness ratio is the ratio of effective length to the least
dimension of the column.

Based on nature of loading columns may be classified as either axially loaded,

uniaxial loaded or biaxial loaded columns. Axial loaded columns are under pure axial
compression whereas uniaxial and biaxial loaded columns have eccentric loading in
one or both direction respectively. Columns in framed structure under seismic loads
are generally biaxial loaded and hence designed accordingly.

e) BEAMS:

11
Beams are structural members assigned to transmit the loads from slab to the columns
through it. There are three types of reinforced beam concrete beams:

Singly reinforced beams

Doubly reinforced beams

Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams

In singly reinforced simply supported beams, reinforcement are placed at tension side
of the beam. Reinforcement are placed at bottom of the beam whereas on top in case
of cantilever beams.

Doubly reinforced concrete beam is reinforced in both compression and tension side.
The necessity of using steels in compression side arise when depth of the section is
restricted due to functional and aesthetic requirements.

A complete design of beam involves consideration of safely under ultimate limit state
in flexure, shear, and torsion. As well as consideration of serviceability limit states of
deflection, crack, width, durability etc. Preliminary design of the beam is also done as
per the deflection criteria. (Clause 23.2.1). IS 456:2000

f) SLABS:

Slabs are those element which forms floor and roof of a building and carry distributed
load primarily by flexure. A slab is supported by beams or wall and may be used as
the flange of a T or L beam. There are 2 types of slab:

One – way slab spanning in one direction. (Length more than twice the breadth) Two-
way slab spanning on both directions.

The reinforcement provided in slab is least among the all the structural members. A
slab can be distinguished from a beam as follows: Minimum span of slab shouldn’t be
less than four times the overall depth and slab are much thinner than the beams. Slab
are analyzed and designed as having unit width (1m). Shear stress is very low in slab

12
hence shear reinforcement is not provided. If needed, depth is increased rather than
providing shear reinforcement.

Preliminary design of the slab is done according to the IS 456: 2000 code according to
which Span/Effective depth is greater than or equal to the product of α, β, ϒ, λ, and δ.
Where symbols has their usual meaning as mentioned in the code and a critical slab is
selected for the calculation.

g) STAIRCASE:

Staircase is simply a set of steps that leads from lone floor to another floor. Steps
consist of tread and riser.

Tread: treads are the horizontal component of steps of stairs. These act as landing of
feet while climbing the stairs.

Riser: Riser are the vertical component of stair which gradually increases the staircase
height along each step.

No of riser= No. of tread +1

2.3 RCC design philosophy:

2.3.1 WORKING STRESS METHOD:

This method is based on the assumption that concrete behave as linear-elastic material
and their stress are directly proportional to the strain. Materials strength aren’t fully
utilized in designing the members of structure. No factor of safety is used for loads.
But factor of safety is applied to the materials allowable stress. So working stress
design is based on the maximum stresses that a material can withstand.

2.3.2 Ultimate load method:

The ultimate load method is a design method that involves calculating the maximum
load that a structure can support and then applying a factor of safety to ensure that the
structure doesn’t fails under normal loading conditions. In this method the structure is
subjected to a load that is gradually increased until the structure fails. The maximum

13
load that the structure can support before it fails is known as ultimate load. This load
is then divided by a factor of safety which is typically 1.5 to 2 to determine the
allowable load that the structure can support under normal loading conditions.

2.3.3 Limit state method:

The main difference between the limit state method and other design methods, such as
working stress and ultimate load method is that the limit state method takes into account both
the strength of the materials being used and the loads that the structure will be subjected to
during life time. The limit state method uses two different limit states, the ultimate limit state
(USL) and the serviceability limit state (SLS) to analyses the structure and ensure that it
doesn’t fail under normal loading conditions.

The ultimate limit state is the maximum load that the structure can support without
experiencing failure, while the serviceability limit state is the maximum load that the
structure can support while still meeting the required service ability criteria such as deflection
or vibration limits.

Limit state of collapse:

This state corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity. Violation of collapse limits
state implies failure in the sense that a clearly defined limit state of structural usefulness has
been exceeded. However, it does not mean a complete collapse. This

a) Flexure
b) Compression
c) Shear
d) Torsion

Limit State of Serviceability:

The limit state that concern with the functioning of the structure or structural members under
normal use, or comfort of people or appearance of the construction works shall be classified
as limit states of serviceability. It includes limit for deflection and cracking or local damage.
This method corresponds to a development of excessive deformation and is used for checking
for members in whom magnitude of deformation may limit the use of structure or its
components. This limit states may correspond to:

14
 a) Deflection
b) Cracking
c) Vibration

2.6 Loads:

2.6.1 Dead loads:

These are the self-weight of the structure to be designed. Dead load of any component of
building can be calculated by multiplying the unit weight of the material with the cross
section of the component. The value of unit weight of materials are specified on Part 1 of IS:
875.

2.6.2 Imposed loads:

They are also known as live loads and consist of the loads other than dead load of the
structure. The value of live loads depends upon the functional requirements of the structure.
The value of live load for hotel building is also mentioned in code - Part 2 of IS 875.

2.6.3 Earthquake loads:

The impact of earthquake on structure depends on the stiffness of structure, soil, height and
location of the structure. Accordingly, the country has been divided into several zones.
Earthquake generates waves which move from origin with the velocity depending on the
intensity and magnitude of the earthquake.

15
2.7. Codal Provisions:
Following codes have been used for the completion of this project:

2.7.1 NBC 206:2024 Architectural Design Requirements.

This module of Nepal national building code covers general architectural building
requirements in accordance with the principles stated in building Act 2055.

2.7.2 NBC 105:2020 Seismic Design of Building in Nepal.

This code covers the requirements for seismic analysis and design of various building
structures to be constructed in the territory of the Federal Republic of Nepal. This code is
applicable to all buildings, low to high rise buildings, in general. Requirements of the
provisions of this standard shall be applicable to buildings made of reinforced concrete,
structural steel, steel concrete composite, timber and masonry.

2.7.3 IS 875 (Part 1): 1987 Dead loads

This part deals with the dead load to be assumed in the design of the building. These loads
are given in the form of unit weight of materials. The unit weight of the materials that are
likely to be stored in the building are also given in the code for the purpose of the load
calculation due to stored materials. This code covers the unit weight or mass of the materials
and parts and components in the building that apply to the determination of the dead load in
the design of building.

2.7.4 IS 875 (PART 2): Imposed load:

Imposed Loads Imposed load is the load assumed to be produced by the intended use or
occupancy of a building including the weight of moveable partitions, distributed,
concentrated loads, loads due to impact and vibrations and dust loads (Excluding wind,
seismic, snow, load due to temperature change, creep, shrinkage, differential settlements etc.)
This part of the code deals with imposed load of the building produced by the intended
occupancy or use.

2.7.5 IS 456:2000 Design of RCC structures:

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice is an Indian standard code of practice for
general structural use of plain and reinforced concrete. The latest revision of this standard
was done in year 2000, and reaffirmed 2021. This code uses the limit state design approach as

16
well as the working stress design approach. However the Code recommends use of the limit
state design approach. It is written for use in India. It gives extensive information on the
various aspects of concrete.

2.7.6 Basti Bikas Mapdanda 2072

Basti Bikas Mapdanda include urban development and building construction provision in
accordance with 2045 clause 23 of Nagar bikas and clause 26 of Kathmandu city
development authority following the guidelines of Nepal government to guide the structure to
be built with codal provision to be safe and stable.

2.7.7 SP 16:1980

Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456-1978has tables and charts that help structural
engineers to design simple sections rapidly. Even though the design aid is based on the 1978
code, it continues to be used without revision as there have been no major changes to Section
5, on which the design aid is based.

2.8 Software Available:

2.8.1 SAP2000:

SAP2000 is civil engineering software ideal for the analysis and design of any type of
structural system. Basic and advanced system, ranging from simple to complex 2D and 3D
structure can be modeled. It features a powerful graphical user interface unmatched in terms
of ease-of-use and productivity. Creation and modification of modal, execution of the
analysis, checking and optimization of the design are all done through single interface.

2.8.2 E-TABS

Similar to SAP, ETABS is also and engineering software product that caters to multi story
building analysis and design. Modeling tools and templates, Code-based load prescriptions,
analysis methods and solution techniques, are available in this software.

Applications:
a) Construction of structural framework according to given drawing. Assigning size,
material, name etc. Of the members used in the structure.
b) Loading all vertical loads in horizontal members.

17
 c) Assigning earthquake forces in both X and Y directions. Slab is considered as rigid by
constructing diaphragm at different floor level.

2.9 Seismic Analysis:

There are two methods of linear analysis for seismic load calculation:

a) Equivalent lateral method:

In this method the vibration of earthquake is changed into lateral force (base shear). This base
shear which is considered as the total lateral force acting on the structure is calculated on the
basis of seismic weight and seismic coefficient and is distributed along the height of the
building as per the formula given in the code. This method is limited to low-medium height.

b) Response spectrum method:

In this method the responses of the multi degree of freedom (MDOF) system is expressed as
the superposition of modal responses, each model response being assessed from the special
analysis of single degree of freedom (SDOF) system.

According to NBC 105:2020, Earthquake analysis should be done in two ways:

a) Ultimate limit state method:

In ultimate limit state, the horizontal base shear coefficient Cd(T1) shall be given by the
formula which is given in the NBC 105:2020 code:

Cd(T1) = C(T1) / (Rμ × Ωu)

Where,
C(T1) = Elastic site spectra
Rμ = Ductility Factor
Ωu = Over Strength factor for ULS

Now, horizontal seismic base shear (V):

18
V = Cd(T1) × W
Where, W = seismic weight of structure

b) Serviceability Limit state:

For serviceability limit state, the horizontal base shear coefficient Cd(T1) shall be given by:

Cd(T1) = Cs(T1) / Ωs

Where,
Cs(T1) = Elastic Site Spectra determined for Serviceability Limit State
Ωs = Over Strength Factor for SLS

Now, Horizontal seismic base shear (V):

V = Cd(T1) × W
Where, W = seismic weight of structure

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY
To finalize the project, the series of methods or steps need to be followed during the project
time. These steps include collecting the required data, working out the plans of all floors of
the building, structural analysis, exterior and interior modelling and finalizing.

3.1 Preliminary Study/Selection of site

The preliminary study including site selections, field visits, map study, field study etc. are
required before working through the project. So, working on all those studies will be carried
out primarily.

19
3.2 Data Collection
Data collection is done mainly from secondary sources. After preliminary study, all the
required data including blue print map, data analysis, soil type, environmental problems,
seismicity etc. need to be collected. This data collection work will be carried out by visiting
some of the related authority, skimming through various websites and consulting with the
experts around.

3.3 Building Detailed Design

After collecting all required data, the detailed structure designed needs to be prepared.
According as the required capacity for the parking the plan and elevation are to be worked
out using Autodesk AutoCAD software for all the floors. The detailed design of every
footing, columns, beams, slabs, ramps, staircase, walls, is performed.

3.4 Structural Analysis

Estimating and idealizing the loads according as the capacity dimensions of the building (i.e.,
dead load, live load) using ETABs software as well as all the members of the buildings like
columns, beams, slabs, ramps, will also be analyzed.

20
 3.5 Project Task Flow Chart

Figure 1:Methodology Flow Chart

21
CHAPTER 4: PRELIMINARY DESIGN

4.1 Preliminary design

Preliminary design in construction refers to the early phase of the design process
where initial concepts and ideas for project are developed. It is a critical step in
project planning as it lays the groundwork for detailed design and subsequent
construction activities. In preliminary design, the size of the member is pre-assumed
so that it will neither overestimate the load nor under estimate the stiffness of the
building. The tentative sizes of the structural elements are determined through the
preliminary design. so that the pre-assumed dimensions may not deviate considerably
after analysis thus making the final design both safe and economical.

Table 1: Preliminary Design of Slab

Preliminary design of Slab

lx 4500

ly 5000

ly/lx 1.11 <2 (two-way slab)

(as per IS 456:2000 Cl D-1.11)

Grade of concrete: M25

Grade of steel: Fe500

Assume

% of tension steel: 0.4

α 26 (continuous slab)

β 1 (span less then 10m)

γ 1.22 (as per IS 456:2000 Cl 23.2.1 figure 4)

δ 1 (assume no compression steel)

λ 1 (for no web)

22
 from deflection IS 456:2000 Cl 23.2.1

d=lx/αβγδλ 141.87 <150

Table 2:preliminary Design of Beam

Preliminary design of beam

Grade of concrete M25
Grade of steel Fe500
m
L 5000 m (longest beam span)
% of tension steel 2% (assume)
α 26
β 1 Span less then 10m
(as per IS 456:2000 Cl 23.2.1 figure
γ 0.75 4)
δ 1 assuming no compression steel
λ 1 for no web
from deflection
criteria:

256.410256 m
d=lx/αβγδλ 4 m
m
≈ 350 m
m
Nominal cover 30 m
m
effective cover 38 m 30+ dia /2
m
≈ 50 m
m
D 400 m 400+50

23
 B/D>0.3 NBC 105 Cl 4.1.1
m
B 300 m
Adopt BxD 300x400

Table 3: preliminary Design of column.

Preliminary design of column

From drawing : grid with column C-C;3-3

unit
Load Intensity on Slab s

Slab Thickness 0.125 m

kN/
Unit Weight 25 m²

kN/
Self Weight (25*0.15) 3.125 m²

kN/
Live Load 4 m²

kN/
Floor Finish 1.2824 m²

kN/
Total Load 8.4074 m²

Slab Area (half to half) 23.75 m²

Load Intensity on Slab 199.675 kN

Load due to Wall (19.2*0.23*(3- 101.47 KN

0.4)*(5000/2+5200)+20.4
*0.032*(3-
0.4)*(5000/2+5200))/

24
 1000

70 % of load due to wall 71.029 kN

((25*0.3*(0.4-
0.125)*(5200+2250+250
Self weight of beam 0))/1000 20.52 kN

Self weight of column (0.45*0.45*25*3) 15.18 kN

Total point load(W) 306.411 kN

Total factored load(1.5W) 459.61 kN

consider all floor (5 floor) 2298.1 kN

For Short Axial loaded member (IS456:2000c

in compression l39.3)

Pu=0.4fck Ac+0.67fy As

assuming area of steel =3% of

Gross area `

Taking M25 concrete ,Fe 500

steel

Pu=0.4fck Ac+0.67fy As

2298.086*10³=0.4*25*Ac+0.67
*500*0.03*Ac

Ac 114617.76

B=D 338.552

≈400 mm

assume cover=50

overall B=D 450 mm

25
 As per NB 105:2020;

Minimum size of beam 300 mm

(Assuming 16 mm bar in
beam,Column size=20*rebar dia
in beam) 320 mm

Table 4:Preliminary Of staircase

Preliminary Design Of Staircase

Type of staircase (dog legged staircase)
Floor to floor height 3000 mm
Assume riser (R) 150 mm
Total number of risers 20
Number of risers in 1st flight 10
Number of risers in 2nd flight 10
Number of treads in 1st flight 9
Number of treads in 2nd flight 9
Tread 280 mm
Width of landing 1690 mm
Effective length 4230 mm
Based on deflection criteria (Cl 23.2.1. IS
456:2000)
Span to depth ratio = α x β x ϒ x λ x δ
Α 26 for continuous beam.
Β 1 for span up to 10m
For ϒ, assume % of tension reinforcement =
0.4%
Fs = (0.5xfyxAreaof steel required)/Area of
steel provided
Assume area of steel provided = area of

26
 steel required
So, fs = 0.58x500 = 290
(from IS456:2000, cl
ϒ 1.16 23.2.1 fig -4)
(assume no compression
Δ 1 steel)
(assume no flanged
Λ 1 beam)
L/d 30.16
D 140.252
Take d 150 mm
Hence, Width of: landing = 1690mm, riser (R) = 150mm, Tread = 280mm Number
of riser= 20 number of tread = 1, depth = 150mm

CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

5.1 Introduction
For seismic analysis of the building, we use ETABS software following the code
NBC105:2020 and IS 13920: 2016, ductile detailing of structural components. The
building was analyzed against presence of irregularities like torsion irregularity, mass

27
irregularity, inter story drift, soft story and deflection and it was designed as per
requirement of NBC105:2020 to make it earthquake resistance.

5.2 Material specifications:

According to NBC 105:2020, clause 2.1, the minimum grade of structural concrete
shall be M20, but for building more than 12m in height use M25 grade of concrete.
For high strength use Fe500 rebar.

Material type: concrete

Grade: M25, Modulus of elasticity (E) = 25000MPa
Material type: Steel
Grade: Fe500

5.3 Grid information:

Table 5:X-grid Information

Grid ID X Spacing (m) Visible Bubble Loc

A 4.5 Yes End

B 5 Yes End

C 4.5 Yes End

D 5 Yes End

E 5 Yes End

F 4.5 Yes End

Table 6: Y-grid Information

Grid ID Y Spacing (m) Visible Bubble Loc

28
1 5 Yes Start

2 4.5 Yes Start

3 5 Yes Start

4 0 Yes Start

29
Table 7: Height and Elevation Information

Story Height m Elevation m

Story 6 3 18

Story 5 3 15

Story 4 3 12

Story 3 3 9

Story 2 3 6

Story 1 3 3

Base 0

30
5.4 3-d Model of building

Figure 2: 3 D Model of Building.

31
5.5. Load Combination:
After modeling and assigning load and diaphragram in the model, model analysis was
done as per load combination of parallel system as per NBC 105: [Link] load
combination adopted is as follow:

1) 1.2DL+1.5LL
2) DL+0.3LL+EQX(SLS)
3) DL+0.3LL+EQY(SLS)
4) DL+0.3LL+EQY(ULS)
5) DL+0.3LL+EQX(ULS)
6) DL+0.3LL-EQX(SLS)
7) DL+0.3LL-EQY(SLS)
8) DL+0.3LL-EQY(ULS)
9) DL+0.3LL+EQX(ULS)

5.6 Centre of mass and centre of rigidity

Table 8:Center of Mass and Center of Rigidity

Cum Cum
Diaphrag Mass X Mass XC YC Mass X Mass Y XCC YCC
S.N m (kg) Y(kg) M M (kg) (kg) M M

Story 265444. 16.0 265444. 265444.

1 D1 01 265444 5 7.77 01 01 16.05 7.77

Story 403282. 16.1 403282. 403282.

2 D2 35 403282.4 0 7.39 35 35 16.10 7.39

Story 396781. 16.3 396781. 396781.

3 D3 48 396781.5 9 7.28 48 48 16.39 7.28

Story 374857. 16.1 374857. 374857.

5 D4 12 374857.1 3 7.05 12 12 16.13 7.05

Story 390581. 16.1 765438. 765438.

4 D4 7 390581.7 5 7.33 82 82 16.14 7.19

Story 98349.9 16.5 12.1 98349.9 98349.9

6 D6 3 98349.93 2 3 3 3 16.52 12.13

32
5.7 Seismic weight of building

CALCULATION OF SEISMIC WEIGHT

Table 9: Seismic Weight calculation

Floor Slab Column M beam Staircase Wall Chhajja Total

1263.8
1st 2948.93 413.1 1107.00 220.05 5 263.85 6216.78

2nd 3026.60 413.1 1107.00 220.05 1404.2 243.56 6414.51

1491.4
3rd 3026.60 413.1 1107.00 220.05 6 243.56 6501.77
1269.0
4th 3053.15 413.1 1107.00 220.05 7 264.34 6326.71

5th 2503.73 413.1 1107.00 220.05 934.6 313.13 5491.61

Roof 494.90 51.875 85.50 110.025 294.82 153.60 1190.72

TOTAL LOAD 32142.10

5.8 Base shear calculation

As per NBC 105:2020 the horizontal base shear coefficient is calculated as follows:
Table 10: Base Shear Calculation

Horizontal Base shear Coefficient Calculation

(Height of the building from
Height of Building (H) = 18.000m foundation or from top of a rigid
basement.)
Seismic Zone Factor (Z) = 0.3 Ref (Cl 4.1.4)
Importance Factor (I) = 1 Ref (Cl 4.1.5)
"Soil type B " (medium soil is
B
Soil Type = assumed)
Structure type = Moment resisting concrete frame

33
(Kt)= 0.075 Ref (Cl 5.1.2)
Approximate Fundamental Period of Vibration:
(T1) = KtH0.75= 0.655Sec Ref (Cl 5.1.2)
Amplification of approximate period:
T1=1.25*T1= 0.819Sec Ref (Cl 5.1.3)
Method of Analysis= Equivalent Static Method
Lower period of flat part of spectrum
Ta = 0.1 Ref (Cl 4.1.2)
Lower period of flat part of spectrum
Tc = 0.7 Ref (Cl 4.1.2)
Peak spectral acceleration normalized by PGA
α= 2.5 Ref (Cl 4.1.2)
Coefficient that controls the descending branch of the spectrum
K= 1.8 Ref (Cl 4.1.2)
Spectral shape factor
Ch(T) = 2.2452 Ref (Cl 4.1.2, Eq. 4.1(2))
Elastic site spectra for horizontal loading
C(T)=Ch(T) Z I= 0.67356 Ref (Cl 4.1.1, Eq. 4.1(1))
Elastic site spectra for Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
Cs(T)= 0.2* C(T) = 0.134712 Ref (Cl 4.2, Eq. 4.2(1))
Ductility Factor
Ductility factor for Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
Rμ = 4 Ref (Cl 5.3.1, Table 5-2)
Overstrength Factor
Overstrength factor for ULS
Ωu = 1.5 Ref (Cl 5.4.1, Table 5-2)
Overstrength factor SLS
Ωs = 1.25 Ref (Cl 5.4.2, Table 5-2)
Horizontal base shear coefficient for ULS,
Cd(T1)=C(T1)/(Rμ*Ωu)= 0.112 Ref (Cl 6.1.1, Eq. 6.1(1))

34
 Horizontal base shear coefficient for SLS,
Cd(T1)=Cs(T1)/Ωs = 0.108 Ref (Cl 6.1.2, Eq. 6.1(2))
Exponent related to the structural period (K)
K= 1.160 Ref (Cl 6.3)
Accidental Eccentricity
e= 0.100 Ref (Cl 5.7)

Displacement Check
Allowable ratio ULS= 0.025 Ref (Cl 5.6.3)
Allowable ratio SLS= 0.006 Ref (Cl 5.6.3)
Allowable Displacement ULS
dmax = 0.025H/Rμ = 112.5mm Ref (Cl 5.6.3)
Allowable Displacement SLS
dmax = 0.006H/Rs = 108mm Ref (Cl 5.6.3)

Drift Check
Allowable Drift Ratio, ULS
dmax = 0.025/Rμ = 0.00625 Ref (Cl 5.6.3)
Allowable Drift Ratio, SLS
dmax = 0.006/Rs = 0.006 Ref (Cl 5.6.3)
Total seismic load(W) 32142.10
V=
Base Shear Cd(T1)*W Clause 6.2
From ultimate limit state 3599.91
Base Shear
From Serviceability limit
state
Base Shear 3471.34

Hence. The observed value of base shear of building by manual calculation was found
to 3599.91 for ULS and for SLS 3471.34

35
5.9 Lateral force distribution
Table 11:Lateral force distribution for USL

Storey Wi hi Wi*hik Fi Storey Shear Remarks

Storey6 1190.720 18 34035 279.229 279.229

Storey5 5491.610 15 127047.33 1042.317 1321.546

Storey4 6326.710 12 112986.92 926.963 2248.509

Storey3 6501.770 9 83167.36 682.319 2930.828

Storey2 6414.510 6 51264.761 420.584 3351.412

Storey1 6216.780 3 22234.438 182.415 3533.827

Total 430735.81

5.10Vertical irregularity:

5.10.1 Check for soft storey:

As per NBC 105:2020 cl [Link] a soft storey is the one whose stiffness of the lateral
force resisting system is less than 70% of the lateral force resisting system stiffness in
an adjacent story above or below or less than 80% of the average lateral force
resisting system stiffnesss of the three stories above or below.

Table 12:Soft Storey Check.

Storey Stiffness (KN/m) 0.7*Ki 0.7(Ki+1) Remarks

Storey6 66158.499 46310.949 46311.649 Ok

Storey5 248687.838 174081.487 174082.187 Ok

Storey4 297754.919 208428.443 208429.143 Ok

Storey3 308451.714 215916.200 215916.900 Ok

Storey2 341936.161 239355.313 239356.013 Ok

Storey1 540856.413 378599.489 378600.189 Ok

36
5.11 Story drift calculation
Story Drift is the ratio of the inter story displacement to the story height under
consideration. As per the recommendations of NBC 105: 2020 5.6.3, The ratio of the
inter-story deflection to the corresponding story height shall not exceed: 0.025 at
ultimate limit state 0.006 at serviceability limit state The deflections shall be obtained
by using the effective stiffness properties of the components. It also safeguards the
non- structural components of the structure.

The story drift for all the story is shown on table below:

FOR ULS IN X  DIRECTION

Table 13:Story Drift Check for X Direction (ULS)

Allowable Ratio, Remarks

Story X-Dir Y-dir EQX-ULS

Story1 0.001675 0.000155 0.00625 Ok

Story2 0.00386 0.000099 0.00625 Ok

Story3 0.003615 0.000503 0.00625 Ok

Story4 0.002867 0.000334 0.00625 Ok

Story5 0.001971 0.000099 0.00625 Ok

Story6 0.001675 0.000155 0.00625 Ok

Base 0.000 0.000 0.00625 Ok

37
 Figure 3:Maximun Story Drift in X - Direction (ULS)

FOR ULS IN Y  DIRECTION

Table 14:Story Drift in Y - Direction (ULS)

Allowable Ratio, Remarks

Story X-Dir Y-dir EQY-ULS

Story1 0.00007 0.003019 0.00625 Ok

Story2 0.000054 0.004867 0.00625 Ok

Story3 0.000058 0.004644 0.00625 Ok

Story4 0.000041 0.003731 0.00625 Ok

Story5 0.000088 0.002789 0.00625 Ok

Story6 0.000029 0.002264 0.00625 Ok

38
 Base 0.000 0.000 0.00625 Ok

Figure 4:Maximum Story Drift in Y - Direction (ULS)

FOR SLS IN X  DIRECTION
Table 15:Story Drift in X - Direction (SLS)

Allowable Ratio, Remarks

Story X-Dir Y-dir EQX-SLS
Story1 0.002334 0.000335 0.006 Ok

Story2 0.003695 0.000549 0.006 Ok

Story3 0.00346 0.000482 0.006 Ok

Story4 0.002745 0.00032 0.006 Ok

Story5 0.001886 0.000095 0.006 Ok

Story6 0.001604 0.000148 0.00625 Ok

Base 0.000 0.000 0.00625 Ok

39
 Figure 5:Maximum Story Drift in X - Direction (SLS)

FOR SLS IN Y  DIRECTION

Table 16:Story Drift in Y - Direction (SLS)
Allowable Ratio, Remarks
Story X-Dir Y-dir EQY-SLS

Story1 0.000067 0.00289 0.006 Ok

Story2 0.000052 0.004658 0.006 Ok

Story3 0.000056 0.004445 0.006 Ok

Story4 0.000039 0.003571 0.006 Ok

Story5 0.000084 0.00267 0.006 Ok

Story6 0.000028 0.002167 0.006 Ok

Base 0.000 0.000 0.006 Ok

40
Figure 6:Maximun Story Drift in Y - Direction (SLS)

41
42
5.12 Model mass participation ratio:
Table 17:Model mass participation ratio:

Cas Mo Peri U Sum Sum Sum Sum Sum Sum

e de od UX UY Z UX UY UZ RX RY RZ RX RY RZ
sec
Mo 1.13 0.00 0.81 0.18 0.00 0.01
dal 1 4 0.0015 0.8106 0 15 06 0 0.183 0.0002 0.0142 3 02 42
Mo 1.08 0.13 0.82 0.18 0.01 0.69
dal 2 8 0.1384 0.0152 0 99 58 0 0.0041 0.0181 0.6856 72 83 98
Mo 0.83 0.82 0.00004 0.18 0.18 0.83
dal 3 0.96 0.6915 0.0002 0 14 6 0 128 0.1648 0.1371 72 31 69
Mo 0.37 0.83 0.91 0.75 0.18 0.83
dal 4 1 0.0001 0.0934 0 15 94 0 0.5637 0.0004 0.0003 09 35 72
Mo 0.34 0.84 0.91 0.75 0.23 0.92
dal 5 5 0.0087 0.0004 0 02 99 0 0.003 0.0531 0.0845 4 66 18
Mo 0.32 0.00004 0.92 0.91 0.00004 0.75 0.75 0.92
dal 6 8 0.082 824 0 23 99 0 853 0.5181 0.0077 4 47 94
Mo 0.22 0.92 0.95 0.83 0.75 0.92
dal 7 6 0.0003 0.0303 0 26 02 0 0.0796 0.0013 0 37 6 94
Mo 0.22 0.92 0.95 0.83 0.76 0.94
dal 8 4 0.0023 0.0001 0 49 03 0 0.0003 0.0096 0.0132 39 55 27
Mo 0.20 0.95 0.95 0.00004 0.83 0.83 0.94
dal 9 3 0.0278 0.0002 0 27 04 0 0.0005 0.0739 339 44 94 27
Mo 0.17 0.00000 0.95 0.95 0.83 0.84 0.96
dal 10 6 0.0018 3388 0 46 04 0 0.0001 0.0048 0.0263 45 42 9
Mo 0.15 0.00001 0.95 0.97 0.00003 0.00001 0.90 0.84 0.96
dal 11 7 615 0.0234 0 46 39 0 0.0706 778 091 5 42 91
Mo 0.14 0.00001 0.97 0.97 0.00004 0.90 0.90 0.97
dal 12 4 0.0197 24 0 43 39 0 851 0.0616 0.0025 51 58 16
5.12 Story Displacement Calculation.
As per NBC 105:2020 Cl 5.6.1
Table 18:Displacement Check for equivalent static method(ULS).

For ULS
Y-
Description X-Direction Direction Remarks
Design Displacement 44.612 mm 62.67mm ETABS
NBC105:2020
(CL.5.3.2)
Allowable ratio 0.025 0.025
Height of building (h) 3000 3000 Plan
NBC105:2020
Ductility Factor 4 4 (CL.5.3.2)
Allowable Displacement Ratio 108mm 108mm
Check (Design Allowable) TRUE TRUE Design <Allowable

Table 19:Displacement Check for equivalent static method(SLS).

For SLS
X- Y-
Description Direction Direction Remarks

Design Displacement 44.151mm 59.984 ETABS

NBC 105:2020
Allowable ratio 0.025 0.025 (CL.5.3.2)

Height of building (h) 3000 3000 Plan

NBC 105:2020
Ductility Factor 4 4 (CL.5.3.2)

Allowable Displacement Ratio 108mm 108mm

Check(Design Allowable) TRUE TRUE Design <Allowable

44
Table 20:Maximum Story Displacement.

Maximum Story Displacement

For X-Direction
Story ULS SLS
Story6 46.128 44.151
Story5 44.558 42.648
Story4 38.636 36.98
Story3 29.992 28.707
Story2 19.083 18.265
Story1 7.431 7.113
Base 0 0

Maximum Story Displacement

7

5
STOREY

4
X-Dir
3 Y-Dir

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

DISPLACEMENT

Figure 7: Max story Displacement for ULS (X direction).

45
Table 21:Maximum Story Displacement y direction.

Maximum Story Displacement

For Y-Direction

Story ULS SLS

Story6 62.67 59.984

Story5 56.214 53.805

Story4 48.804 46.713

Story3 37.61 35.998

Story2 23.678 22.663

Story1 9.078 8.689

Base 0 0

Maximum Story Displacement

7
6
5
STOREY

4 X-Dir
3 Y-Dir
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

DISPLACEMENT

Figure 8:Max story Displacement for ULS (Y direction).

46
5.13 Irregularity check:
Structures with simple and regular configurations suffer much less damage during a
large earthquake. Irregular structures on the other hand suffer heavy damage during a
large earthquake. Therefore efforts are made to make the structure regular as possible.

5.13.1 Check for torsional irregularity of equivalent static analysis:

According to NBC 105: 2020, Torsion irregularity is considered to exist where the
maximum horizontal displacement of any floor in the direction of the lateral force
(applied at the center of mass) at one end of the story is more than 1.5 times its
minimum horizontal displacement at the far end of the same story in that direction.

Figure 9:Torsional Irregularity.

The ratio of maximum displacement to minimum displacement of each floor are under
the following Tables.

FOR XSLS IN X - DIRECTION

Table 22:Torsional irregularity in X-dirn XSLS

STORY ∆MAX ∆MIN ∆MAX/∆MIN ALLOWABLE REMARKS

Story6 43.852 43.203 1.015 1.5 OK

Story5 42.083 39.916 1.054 1.5 OK

Story4 36.438 34.358 1.061 1.5 OK

Story3 28.265 26.572 1.064 1.5 OK

47
 Story2 17.98 16.888 1.065 1.5 OK

Story1 7.001 6.575 1.065 1.5 OK

Base 0 0 0 1.5 OK

Torsion check for sls (x direction)

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

∆MAX/∆MIN ALLOWABLE

Figure 10:Bar Diagram of Tortional Irregularity.

FOR SLS IN Y  DIRECTION
Table 23:Torsional Irregularity in Y - Direction (SLS)

STORY ∆MAX ∆MIN ∆MAX/∆MIN ALLOWABLE REMARK

Story6 65.736 59.483 1.105 1.5 OK

Story5 65.468 53.41 1.226 1.5 OK

Story4 56.872 45.881 1.24 1.5 OK

Story3 43.899 35.256 1.245 1.5 OK

Story2 27.688 22.122 1.252 1.5 OK

Story1 10.642 8.428 1.263 1.5 OK

Base 0 0 0 1.5 OK

48
 Torsion check for sls (y direction)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

∆MAX/∆MIN ALLOWABLE
Figure 11:Bar Diagram for Torsional Irregularity.

FOR ULS IN Y  DIRECTION

Table 24:Torsional Irregularity in Y - Direction (ULS)

STORY ∆MAX ∆MIN ∆MAX/∆MIN ALLOWABLE REMARKS

Story6 62.443 62.443 1.003 1.5 OK

Story5 56.18 55.689 1.009 1.5 OK

Story4 48.738 47.8 1.02 1.5 OK

Story3 37.552 36.727 1.026 1.5 OK

Story2 23.636 23.045 1.026 1.5 OK

Story1 9.058 8.778 1.032 1.5 OK

Base 0 0 0 1.5 OK

49
 Torsion check for uls (y direction)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

∆MAX/∆MIN ALLOWABLE
Figure 12:Bar Diagram for Torsional Irregularity.

FOR ULS IN X DIRECTION

Table 25: Uls in X direction.

STORY ∆MAX ∆MIN ∆MAX/∆MIN ALLOWABLE REMARKS

Story6 45.547 43.795 1.04 1.5 OK

Story5 47.17 42.21 1.118 1.5 OK

Story4 40.864 36.34 1.124 1.5 OK

Story3 31.708 28.108 1.128 1.5 OK

Story2 20.17 17.683 1.129 1.5 OK

Story1 7.854 6.954 1.129 1.5 OK

Base 0 0 0 1.5 OK

50
 Torsion check for uls (x direction)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

∆MAX/∆MIN ALLOWABLE
Figure 13:Bar Diagram for Torsional Irregularity.

5.14 Column-beam Capacity ratio check:

A building to be an earthquake resistance, it should have a column stronger than the
beam. According to NBC 105:2020, At every beam column junction in a frame, the
summation of the moment capacities of the column end section shall be greater than
1.2 times the summation of the beam end moment capacities. Our model has passed in
column beam moment capacity ratio test, since all ratio is greater than 1.2

Figure 14: C/B Ratio Check.

51
CHAPTER 6 DETAIL DESIGN.

6.1 Design of slab

Slab ID=D-E (2-3)

Beam Size=400mm*450mm

Overall Depth of Slab=170mm, D>125mm for earthquake resistant design

Clear Cover=15mm

Effective Cover=20mm

Concrete Grade=25N/mm2

Steel Grade=500N/mm2

Clear Long Span=5m

Clear Short Span=4.5m

Diameter of the bar=10mm

Effective Depth in Shorter span=150mm

Effective Depth in Long span=140mm

Effective Span

Ly=Lesser of (5+0.14) and (5+0.4)=5.14m, (smaller among two)

Lx=Lesser of (4.5+0.15) and (4.5+0.4)=4.65m (smaller among two)

Ly 5.14
== =1.11<2, Hence it is Two Way Slab.
Lx 4.65

Load Calculation

Dead Load=γRC *b*D*1 ,γRC =25KN/m2

=4.25KN/m2

Floor Finish=1.25KN/m2

52
Live Load=3KN/m2

Total Dead Load(W)=5.5KN/m2

Total Factored Load(Wu)=1.2DL+1.5LL

=11.1KN/m2

Check For Shear

Wu∗Lx
Maximum Shear Force (Vmax)=
2

=25.8075KN

Vmax
Maximum Shear Stress (τ max) =
bd

3
25.8075∗10
=
bd

=0.1721N/mm2, less than 0.28

Hence it is safe in shear.

Moment Calculation

α x= (((0.032-0.028)/(1.2-1.1))*(1.11-1.1))+0.028

=0.028, Positive Moment at Mid span

α x= (((0.043-0.037)/(1.2-1.1))*(1.11-1.1))+0.037

=0.038, Negative Moment at continuous edge

α y= (((0.024-0.024)/(1.2-1.1))*(1.11-1.1))+0.024

=0.024, Positive Moment at Mid span

α y= (((0.032-0.032)/(1.2-1.1))*(1.11-1.1))+0.032

=0.032, Negative Moment at continuous edge

+¿ ¿
Mx =α x +¿ ¿*w*Lx^2

53
 =6.7203KNm
−¿¿ −¿¿
Mx =α x *w*Lx^2

=9.1204KNm
+ ¿¿ + ¿¿
My =α y *w*Lx^2

=5.7602KNm
−¿¿ −¿¿
My =α y *w*Lx^2

=7.6803KNm

Mmax=9.1204KNm

Check for Balancing Depth

For Fe500

Mmax=0.133*fck*b*d^2, from cl38.1 of code IS 456:2000

or 9.1204*10^6=0.133*25*1000*d^2

∴d=52.3734mm<150mm

Hence OK

Reinforcement Calculation

fy∗Ast
M max =0.87*fy*Ast*d*(1- ) From Annex G,1.1 of Code IS 456:2000
fck∗b∗d

For Shorter span Direction:

Positive Reinforcement Calculation:

+¿ ¿
MX =6.703KN/m
+¿ ¿
A st , x = 104.5007mm2

+¿ ¿
A st , x should be greater than A st ,min and less than A st ,max .

A st ,min =0.12%of b*d

54
 =180mm2, Hence not OK

Area of single bar, A st 1=78.5398 mm 2

Spacingx +¿ A st 1*b/ A st , x+¿=751.572mm ¿ From cl 26.3.3 of Code IS 456:2000

Spacing should not be greater than [Link] not OK.

Spacing should not be greater than 3d. Hence not OK.

Hence, Provide Spacingx +¿=200mm

Then, A st +¿ provided=¿ ¿392.699mm2, Hence Provide 10mm bar @150mm Spacing.

Negative Reinforcement Calculation:

−¿¿
MX =9.1204KN/m
−¿¿
A st , x = 142.5558mm2
−¿¿
A st , x should be greater than A st ,min and less than A st ,max .

A st ,min =0.12%of b*d

=180mm2, hence not OK

Area of single bar, A st 1=78.5398 mm 2

Spacingx +¿ A st 1*b/ A st , x+¿=550.9408 mm ¿ From cl 26.3.3 of Code IS 456:2000

Spacing should not be greater than [Link] not OK.

Spacing should not be greater than 3d. Hence not OK.

Hence, Provide Spacingx +¿=200mm

Then, A st +¿ provided=¿ ¿392.699mm2, Hence Provide 10mm bar @150mm Spacing.

For Longer Span Direction:

Positive Reinforcement Calculation:

+¿¿
My =5.7602KN/m

55
 +¿ ¿
A st , y = 95.947mm2
+¿ ¿
A st , y should be greater than A st ,min and less than A st ,max .

A st ,min =0.12%of b*d

=180mm2, hence not OK

Area of single bar, A st 1=78.5398 mm 2

Spacingx +¿ A st 1*b/ A st , x+¿=818.5748 mm ¿ From cl 26.3.3 of Code IS 456:2000

Spacing should not be greater than [Link] not OK.

Spacing should not be greater than 3d. Hence not OK.

Hence, Provide Spacingx +¿=200mm

Then, A st +¿ provided=¿ ¿392.699mm2, Hence Provide 10mmbar @150mm Spacing.

Negative Reinforcement Calculation:

−¿ ¿
My =7.6803KN/m
−¿ ¿
A st , y = 128.5366mm2
−¿ ¿
A st , y should be greater than A st ,min and less than A st ,max .

A st ,min =0.12%of b*d

=180mm2, Hence not OK

Area of single bar, A st 1=78.5398 mm 2

Spacingx +¿ A st 1*b/ A st , x+¿=611.0306 mm ¿ From cl 26.3.3 of Code IS 456:2000

Spacing should not be greater than [Link] not OK.

Spacing should not be greater than 3d. Hence not OK.

Hence, Provide Spacingx +¿=200mm

Then, A st +¿ provided=¿ ¿392.699mm2, Hence Provide 10mmbar @150mm Spacing.

56
Hence Provide 10mm bar @150mm Spacing at Mid Span of X-Axis.

Hence Provide 10mm bar @150mm Spacing at Support of X-Axis.

Hence Provide 10mm bar @150mm Spacing at Mid Span of Y-Axis.

Hence Provide 10mm bar @150mm Spacing at Support of Y-Axis.

Check for Deflection

α =26 From cl 26.3.3 of Code IS 456:2000

β =1 Since L x<10m

λ=1

δ =1

Now, For γ :( A¿ ¿ st /bd)∗100 ¿%=0.231% From Figure 4 of Code IS 456:2000

Fs=0.58*fy*¿ ¿)

=77.1716N/mm2

Modification Factor, (γ )=2 From Figure 4

=αβγδλ=52

( L/d ¿ ¿ provided=31¿ cl 23.2 .1 of Code IS 456 :2000

For Deflection it must satisfy this expression:¿<αβγδλ

Deflection Control is satisfactory.

Check for the Development Length

0.87∗fy∗∅
Ld =
4 τ bd

=485.4911mm

fy∗Ast
M 1=0.87*fy*Ast*d*(1- ) From Annex G-1.1b) of Code IS 456:2000
fck∗b∗d

=24.282KNm

57
Take Lo=largest(d,12∅ )=150mm, Lo=¿Anchor Length

1.3( M 1/v) + Lo=1373.156mm,

1.3( M 1/v) + Lo> Ld , From cl [Link] of Code IS 456:2000

Development Length is OK.

Check for Corner Bars

Area of steel at corner ( Ast c )=three quarters of mid span area

=294.524mm2 From cl D-1-8 of IS 456:2000

Area of each bar, Ast=78.539mm2

Spacing= (1000* Ast i )/ Ast c

=266.667mm2

Provide 10mm∅ 200mm c/c spacing at the corners.

6.2 DESIGN OF FLANGED BEAM

STEP :1

Beam size = 450*450 mm

Depth of Beam = 450 mm

Width of Beam = 400 mm (which is greater than 200 mm) cl 4.1.1 (b) of NBC
105:2020

Thickness of flange (Df) = 150 mm

Clear Span of Beam (L) = 5000 mm

Grade Of Concrete (fck) = 25 N/mm²

Grade of Steel (fy) = 500 N/mm²

Effective Cover (d´) = 35mm

58
Effective Depth (d) = 415mm

STEP :2

Effective Width of the flange beam

Effective Length (leff) = 5000 mm

leff 5000
D= =
12 12

= 416.67 mm (Is less than 450, Hence ok) cl 23.12 (a) of IS code 456:2000

Distance between two point of contra flexure (lo) = 0.7*leff = 0.7*5000

= 3500 mm (for continuous Beam)

Cl 23.12 (a) of IS code 456:2000.

LO
bf = ( ) + bw + 6Df (For T Beam )
6

3500
= + 400 + 6*150
6

= 1883.33 mm

STEP :3

Check for Axial Stress

Factored Axial Stress = 0 KN/m²

0.08 fck =0.08*25 = 2 (which is greater than Axial stress) cl : 4.1 of NBC 105:2020

(Hence Design as a flexure Member)

STEP: 4

Check for size in Beam.

B/D = 0.89 (which is greater than 0.3, Hence Ok) cl: 4.1.1 (a) of NBC 105:2020

L/D = 11.11 (which is greater than 4, Hence Ok) cl: 4.1.1 (c) of NBC 105:2020

59
STEP: 5

Check for Limiting Longitudinal Reinforcement

Minimum Reinforcement = 0.0024% (0.24*fck 0.5) / fy ) cl : 4.1.2(c) of NBC

105:2020

Ast,min = 398.4 mm²

Maximum Reinforcement = 0.025*b*d cl: 4.1.2 (b) of NBC 105:2020

= 4150 mm²

STEP :6

For Left Support at Hogging

Moment (Mu, Hogging,Left ) =89.84KNm (From ETABAS)

Assuming Depth of Neutral Axis (Xu)

Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*d(1-(fyAst)/fck*bf*d) IS code 456:2000

Ast,top = 504.419 mm² (Ast,max>Ast,top>Ast,min, Hence Ok). IS code 456:2000.

Ast,toprequired = 504.419 mm²

Depth of Neutral Axis (xu) = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*bf) = 12.94 mm (Less than depth

of flange)

Hence our assumption that Neutral Axis lies in Flange is true.

STEP 7:

Calculation of the limiting value of depth of neutral axis (xu,max)

(xu,max/d) (0.46) = 190.90 mm ( For Fe500)

Comparison between xu and xu,max

Since xu (ie 12.94 mm) <xu,max(190.90mm)

60
Hence, the section is under reinforced section. Therefore, design Singly reinforced
beam.

Hence, Area for compression reinforcement (Asc) is not required at bottom, But Asc
must be at least 50% of Ast, Hence

Asc = 50% of Ast = 252.209 mm² Cl 4.1.2 (d) NBC 105:2020

For mid span at sagging:

Moment (Mu,sagging,mid) = 15.44 KNm ( From ETABS)

Assuming depth of neutral axis (Xu)

Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*d(1-(fyAst)/fck*bf*d) IS code 456:2000

Ast,top = 85.75 mm² (Not OK)

Ast,toprequired = 398.4 mm² IS code 456:2000

Depth of Neutral Axis (xu) = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*bf) = 10.22 mm (Less than depth

of flange).

Hence our assumption that Neutral Axis lies in Flange is true.

Calculation of the limiting value of depth of neutral axis (xu,max)

(xu,max/d) (0.46) = 190.90mm (For Fe 500)

Comparsion between Xu and Xu,max

Since Xu (i.e.10.224mm) <Xu,max (190.90mm)

Hence, The Section is under reinforced section. Therefore, design is singly reinforced
beam.

Hence, Area for compression reinforcement (Asc) is not required at top.

Asc = 50% of Ast = 199.2mm² Cl 4.1.2 (d) NBC 105:2020

For right support at hogging:

Moment (Mu,sagging,mid) = 57.07 KNm ( From ETABS)

61
Assumption deptht of Neutral Axis :

Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*d(1-(fyAst)/fck*bf*d) IS code 456:2000

Ast,top = 318.89 mm² (Not OK)

Ast,toprequired = 384 mm² IS code 456:2000

Depth of Neutral Axis (xu) = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*bf) = 10.22 mm (Less than depth

of flange).

Hence our assumption that Neutral Axis lies in Flange is true.

Calculation of the limiting value of depth of neutral axis (xu,max)

(xu,max/d) (0.46) = 190.90mm (For Fe 500)

Comparison between Xu and Xu,max

Since Xu (i.e.10.224mm) <Xu,max (190.90mm)

Hence, The Section is under reinforced section. Therefore, design is singly reinforced
beam.

Hence, Area for compression reinforcement (Asc) is not required at top.

Asc = 50% of Ast = 192.2mm² Cl 4.1.2 (d) NBC 105:2020

STEP 8:

Conclusion For Longitudinal Reinforcement

For Hogging:

Left Mid Right

Mu (KN) 89.84 0 57.07
At Top,Ast (mm² ¿ 504.419 0 398.4
At Bottom,Asc (mm² ¿ 252.209 0 199.2

For Sagging:

62
 Left Mid Right
Mu (KN) 0 15.440 0
At Top,Ast (mm² ¿ 0 398.400 0
At Bottom,Asc (mm² ¿ 0 199.2 0

Reinforcement Due to Flexure:

Top Left Mid Right

Diameter of Rebar(mm) 20 20 20
Ast of 1 bar (mm² ¿ 314.159 314.15 314.159
Number of Rebars (nos) 4 4 4
Ast, Provided 1256.637 1257 1256.637

Bottom Left Mid Right

Diameter of Rebar(mm) 20 16 20
Ast of 1 bar (mm² ¿ 314.159 201.6 314.159
Number of Rebars (nos) 4 4 4
Ast, Provided 1256.63 804.24 1256.637
Design of Shear:

For Left end:

Tensile Steel Provided at left end = (100*Ast)/(b*d) IS code 456:2000

= 0.757

τc = 0.576 N/mm² Is code 456:200

Design of shear strength of concrete = τc∗b∗d

= 95758.388N = 95.75KN

For Mid Span:

Tensile steel provided at left end = (100*Ast)/b*d

63
 = 0.484

τc=¿ 0.484 N/mm² Is code 456:2000.

Design of shear strength of concrete = τc *b*d

= 80113.066 N = 80.111KN

For Right End:

Tensile steel provided at left end = (100*Ast*)/(b*d)

= 0.757 Is code 456:2000

τc = 0.576 N/ mm² Is code 456:2000

Design of shear strength of concrete =τc *b*d

= 95758.38 N = 95.75 KN

Check for Shear Force:

Shear force (Vu,a ) = 533 KN

Shear force (Vu,b) = 522 KN

Design shear force at A = 533 KN (Maximum of shear force) Cl:4.1.3 e of NBC

Design shear force at B = 522 KN ((Maximum of shear force) Cl:4.1.3 e of NBC

Design for stirrups:

For the left end

Design for shear force (Vu) =533 KN (Maximum of shear force)

Capacity of the concrete (Vuc) = 95.75 KN

Required capacity of the stirrups at the left end (Vus) =Vu-Vuc

= 437.24KN

Since Vus is greater stirrups is necessary.

So provide stirrups of, diameter of stirrups = 8mm

64
No. of stirrups = 2 nos.

Asv = 100.531mm²

For, Spacing,

Sv = (0.87*fy*Asv*d)/Vus = 41.50mm

Maximum Spacing = 273.31mm Cl [Link] of IS 456:2000

= 311.25mm Cl [Link] of IS 456:2000

Provide Spacing = 100mm

Therefore, provide 8mm,2 Legged stirrups @100mm c/c spacing.

To meet the ductility requirement:

Provide closely spaced link over a length of 2d = 2*400 =800mm on either side of
section.

Spacing of bar up to 800mm = minimum of (d/4;8db,100mm) = 100mm (Minimum is

8db = 8*10 = 80mm) Cl 4.1.3 of NBC 105:2020

Over the remaining length of beam maximum spacing = d/2 Cl 4.1.3 of NBC105:2020

= 207.5mm

Spacing Provided = 50mm

Provide first bar at a distance of 50mm from the joint face.

STEP: 9

Check for deflection.

α = 23 (for simply supported beam) Cl [Link] of code IS 456:2000

β = 1 Since Lx<10m

λ = 0.8

For δ:

(Asc/bd) *100% = 0.757 %

65
Δ = 1.17, From Figure 5

Now, For γ:

(Ast/bd) *100% = 0.757 % (IS 456: 2000) IS 456:2000

Fs = 0.58 * fy * (Ast,req/Ast,prov) = 116.407 N/ mm²

Modification Factor, (γ) =1.6 (From, Figure 4)

(L/d) provided = 11.11 CL 23.2.1 of Code IS 456:2000

αβλδγ = 34.448

For deflection it must satisfy this expression; (l/d) provided< αβλδγ

Deflection control is satisfactory.

STEP: 10

Check for the development length.

Ld = 0.87fyφ/(4τbd) = 970.98mm IS 456:2000

M1 = 0.87 *fy*Ast*d*(1-(fy*Ast)/(fck*b*d) = 192.508 KNm.

Take Lo = largest (d,12φ) =350mm (Lo = Anchor Length)

1.3(M1/v) +Lo = 924.532mm , 1.3(M1/v) + Lo>Ld Cl [Link] of code IS

Development length is ok.

6.3 Design of column

STEP :1

Column Size = 450*450 mm

Width along X-direction (b) = 450 mm

Width along Y – direction (d) = 450 mm

Effective Cover (d' ) = 50 mm

Unsupported Length (L) =2250 mm

66
Grade of Concrete ( f ck ) = 25 N/mm²

Grade of Steel ( f y ) = 500 N/mm²

Percentage of steel (Pt )= 1.5%

Effective Width of Column along x- direction = 400mm

Effective Width of Column along y - direction = 400mm

Axial Force ( Pu) = 1194.03 KN (From ETABS)

Moment about x- Direction = 150.92 KNm (From ETABS)

Moment about y- Direction = 101.73 KNm (From ETABS)

STEP :2

Check For Axial Stress

Pu/bd = 5.896 N/mm² ¿ 0.08 f ck = 2N/mm² (cl 4.2 of NBC 105:2020)

Hence it is designed as compression number.

STEP :3

Calculation of effective length

Effective Length ( Leff ) = 1657.5mm (from table 28 of IS code 456:2000)

STEP: 4

Check of Slenderness Ratio

Slenderness Ratio for x- axis, λx=Leff /b

1657.5
=
450

= 3.6833

Slenderness Ratio for y- axis, λy = Leff / d

67
 1657.5
=
450

= 3.683

Hence it is a short column.

STEP :5

Check for Eccentricity

l b
Minimum Eccentricity, e min, x = ( + )
500 30

= 20.1mm. (Is Less than 12) Cl 25.4 of is 456:2000.

l d
Minimum Eccentricity, e min, y = ( + )
500 30

= 20.1mm (Is Less than 12) Cl 25.4 of is 456:2000

Permissible Eccentricity along x- direction = 0.05*b

= 0.05*450

= 22.5 (Greater than e min.)

Permissible Eccentricity along y- direction = 0.05*D

= 22.5

STEP :6

Calculation of moment due to eccentricity

M x , e min= Pu* e min, x

= 1194.03* 20.1

= 24 KNm ( M UX greater than M x , e min)

M y , e min= Pu * e min , y

68
 = 1194.03 *20.1

= 24 KNm ( M UX greater than M y , e min)

Hence the design moment are.

M UX = 150.92 KNm

M Uy= 101.73 KNm

STEP: 7

Calculation of moment capacity

((Mux/Mux1) αn+(Mux/Mux1) αn) cl 39.6 of IS code 456:2000

Moment Capacity along larger side
Assume reinforcement to be distributed equally on four side
d'/D = 0.11
Pt /fck = 0.06
Pu/fckbd =0.23
Now, mux1/fck bD²= 0.09
Mux1= 205031250N/mm
= 205.03KNm

Moment Capacity along shorter side

d'/D = 0.11
Pt /fck = 0.06
Pu/fckbd =0.23
Now, muy1/fck bD²= 0.09
Muy1= 205031250N/mm
= 205.03KNm
Puz = 0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fyAsc
= 3383015.63N
= 3383.01KN
Pu/Puz = 0.35

69
αn = 1.25

((Mux/Mux1) αn+(Mux/Mux1) αn) = 1.1

Hence not ok

The design is not safe with 1.5% steel.

STEP: 8
Calculation and check of area and Number of longitudinal Reinforcement.
Area of steel = 1.5% of Db
= 3037.5mm²
Minimum Reinforcement = 1% of Db (cl 4.2.2 (b) of NBC 105:2000)

= 2025mm² (As 3037.5 > 2025) Hence ok

Maximum Reinforcement = 4% of bd (cl 4.2.2 (c) of NBC 105:2000
= 8100 mm² (As 3037.5 < 8100) Hence ok
Provide, 20mm diameter longitudinal bars.
π∗ϕ ²
Area of each Bars = = 314.15mm²
4
Number of Bars Provided = 12 number (Greater than 6) cl [Link] of Is code
456:2000
Area of Bar Provided 3769.9116 mm² (Between 2025 to 8100) Hence ok.

STEP: 9
Check for Spacing of Longitudinal Bars
Provide 4 bars along each x- and y- direction.
S = (475-50*2-2*20- \3
= 111.67mm > 75 mm provide cross tie (cl [Link].b Is code 456:2000)
STEP 10
Provide 8mm diameter lateral ties
Diameter of lateral ties = greater (6mm or d/4mm) cl 26.5.2c Is code 456:2000
= 8mm >6mm or 20/4 =5
Spacing between bars = minimum (b, 16d, 300) cl 26.5.3.2c Is code 456:2000

70
 = 200 mm < 300mm
STEP 11
Check of Column according to NBC 105:2000

i. Dimensional limits (cl 4.2.1 of NBC

a) Minimum dimension of column 450mm > 20db = 400 mm or 300 mm (ok)
b) Width / Depth =1 >0.45 (ok)
ii. Longitudinal Reinforcement (cl 4.2.2 of NBC)
a) No of bar Provided =12 number >8 (ok
b) Minimum Longitudinal steel = 1.861 % >1%, (ok)
c) Maximum Longitudinal steel = 1.861 % < 4 % , (ok)
d) Minimum Diameter of Bar =20 mm > 12mm, (ok)
iii. Transverse Reinforcement (cl 4.2.3 of NBC)
a) Spacing of longitudinal bars = 111.67mm < 300mm, cross tie not required
b) Hook Length Provided = 70mm > 6*8 = 48mm or 65mm
c) Minimum Diameter of hoop = 8mm
d) Maximum Spacing of Hoop =200 mm (475/2 = 237.5mm) ok
e) Transverse Reinforcement shall be able to resist the shear reinforcement
resulting from larger of:
a. Factored Shear force as per linear structure analysis.
b. Factored Equilibrium shear force demand when plastic hinges area formed a
a. Shear force from ETABS.
V u 2= 75.943 KN from ETABS
V u 3= 77.36 KN from ETABS
b. Factored Equilibrium shear force
At end A of Beam (left Side)
M u , lim ¿¿= 0.87* f y *Ast*d*(1-Ast/bd* f y / F ck)
Hogging Moment ( M u Ah ¿=¿ 90.187KNm
Sagging Moment ( M u Ah) = 58.3 KNm
At End B Of Beam (Right side)
Hogging Moment ( M u Ah) = 58.3 KNm
Sagging Moment ( M u As ) = 58.3 Knm

71
 For Sway to Right
V u , a= 51.013KN
For Sway to Left
V u , a= 64.963 KN
Maximum shear force, V max = 77.360KN

Check for shear:

Shear stress, T u ,= 0.38 N/mm²

T c , max = 0.865 N/mm² (for PT = 2.356% from Table 19

STEP: 12

Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length lo from the face

of the joint toward mid height of column on either side of joint or at section

where flexural yielding is likely to occur.

The required length lo is calculated as:

l c1 ,
l o ,=maximum ( Dc ,; ;450mm) cl 4.3.1 of NBC
6

Dc ,= Largest cross sectional dimensional = 450mm

l c 1 ,=clear length of column = 3000 mm

l c1 ,
= 500 mm
6

so, l o , maximum (475,500,525) (Cl 4.3.1) of NBC

taken 525 mm.

The area ash of cross section of bar forming links/ hoops or spiral shall be at least.

A sh=maximum of (0.18 S vh ( F ck/ f y )( A g / Acc -1);0.05 sV h F ck/ f y ) cl 4.3.2 of NBC

Where,

72
h =longer dimension of rectangular link/hoop measured to its outer face, which does
not exceed 300 mm
Acc = area of confined concrete core in rectangular link/hoop measured to its outer
dimension.
h = 195 mm
F ck= 25 MPA
f y = 500 MPA
A g= 202500mm²
Acc =156025mm²

Taking 8 mm diameter bars

A sh= 50.26 mm²

A shis maxm of (0.18 S vh ( F ck/ f y )( A g / Acc -1)

0.8330sv

i. 0.05 S vh F ck /f y)(

0.5187 S v
ii. 1.7464 S v = 50.26mm²
so, S v= 60.34 mm

also, S v= 96.90mm
The spacing of the confining reinforcement shall be as follows:
Spacing = minimum ( Bc /4;6d b ;100mm)
Bc = smallest cross sectional dimensional of column

= 450mm
Db = Diameter of smallest longitudinal bar of column

= 20mm
So, take spacing 100mm.
Hence provide 8mm diameter 2 legged ties @ 100mm c/c for distance of lo =525mm
on either end of column.

73
6.4 Design of Staircase
F ck =25MPA

F y = 500 MPA

Space between two flights = 0.3(from CAD)

Width of two landing = 0.880+1.810

= 2.69

Width of going =2.52

2.52
No of tread =
0.28

=9

Design of Staircase

0.23 0.23
Effective span of flight =5+ +
2 2

= 5.23m

= 5230 mm

1
Thickness of Waist slab = ∗5230
20

= 261.5mm

Take, d = 275mm

D =300mm

Loads

i. Weight of Waist Slab in plan per width

√
= D 1+
R2
T
2
×25

74
 √
= 0.3 1+
150 2
280
2
×2= 8.50 KN\m

ii. Weight of steps (per m width of flight)

25 RT
=
2T
1
∗0.15∗0.28
= 2
∗25
0.28
= 1.875 KN\m
Total load =8.50+1.87 = 10.375 KN\m
Live Load = 3KN\m per width of staircase
Total DL+LL =10.375+3
= 13.375
Factored Load = 1.5* 13.375
= 20.06
For Landing,
DL= 0.30*25*1
= 7.5KN\m
Live Load =3KN\m
Total LL+DL= 7.5+3=10.5
Factored Load=1.5*10.5=15.75 KN/m

75
Reaction at Support
∑fy = 0 (↑+)
R A + R B - (15.75*0.88) – (20.06 * 2.52) – (15.75*1.81) =0

∑MA =0
0.88 2.52
-RB *5.21+ (15.75*0.88) * + (20.06*2.582) *(0.88+ )
2 2
1.81
+(15.75*1.81) *(0.88+2.52+ 2 ) =0

By solving above equation, we get,

R B = 45.48 KN

R A = 47.43 KN

Bending Moment at X Distance

76
 0.88 0.88
M X = 47.43*X – (15.75*0.88) (X-0.88 + ) – 20.06* (X – 0.88) * (X - )
2 2

20.06
= 47.43X – 13.86X + 12.196 – 6.0984 - 2
* (X – 0.88)²

= 33.57X + 6.09 – 10.03 (X² -1.76X + 0.77)

= 51.22X -10.33X² - 1.633

= -10.33X² + 51.22X -1.633

Now,

dmx
=0
dx

-10.03 * 2x + 51.22

51.22
X = 20.06

= 2.55

Now, Putting the value of X in above Equation

M max = 63.72 KNM

Maximum Bending moment allowed for a singly reinforced section at FE500

M u= 0.133fck bd²

= 0.133* 25 * 1000*275²

= 251.45 KNM¿ 63.72 KNM

Hence the section can be designed as singly reinforced.

Area of reinforcement

A st∗500
M u= = 0.87fy A std (1- )
2120∗275∗25

77
 A st∗500
63.72* 10^6 = 0.87* 500* A st * 275 * (1- )
2120∗275∗25

By calculating this above equation, we get

A st= 542.77mm²

Using 12 mm bar

π
A∅ = * 12²
4

=113.1mm²

113.1
Spacing = * 1000
542.77

= 208.37 mm

Provide 12 mm bar @ 150 mm / cc

Distribution Steel = 0.12% of area

0.12
= * 2120 * 300
100

= 763.2mm²

78.53
Spacing of 10∅ bars = *1000
763.2

= 102.89mm

Provide 10 mm ∅ bars @ 150 mm c/c

Development Length

∅ σs
Ld =
4 τbd

12∗0.87∗500
= 4∗1.4∗1.6

78
 = 582.58

Adopt 600mm length of bars at point where is required.

Check For Development Length

M1
Ld < 1.3
V

fy∗A st
M 1= 0.87 * fy * A st *d*(1- )
fck∗bd

500∗542.77
= 0.87*500*542.77*275*(1- )
25∗2120∗275

= 63719892.54

= 63.71*10^6 Nmm

Or,

6
63.71∗10
1.3¿ 3 = 1746.21mm
47.43∗10

M1
Ld < 1.3 , Hence ok .
V

Check For Shear Force

For M25 Concrete

SF
τV =
Bd

3
47.43∗10
=
2120∗275

= 0.08 N/mm²

A st
% of steel provided = *100
Bd

79
 542.77
= 2120∗275 *100 = 0.09

From table 19:

τ c=0.29 N/mm²>τ c= (ok)

6.5 Design of Isolated Footing

Isolated footing for grid=E3

Load Combination=DD+LL

Service Load at the joint (Wl)=983.01KN

Grade of concrete(fck)=25N/mm2

Grade of steel(fy)=500N/mm2

Width of Column(a)=450mm

Depth of Column(b)=450mm

Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil (SBC)=150KN/m2

Depth of Footing (Df)=1.8m

Step 1: Determine the size of the footing.

Assume self-weight of footing equal to 10% of superimposed load (Wd)=98.301KN

Now, total load(W)=Wl+Wd

=1081.311KN

W
So, the required area of footing(A)=
SBC

=7.2m2

Now, for Square footing(B)=√ A

=√ 7.2

=2.68 ≈ 3m2

80
Provide 3m*3m size footing.

Step 2: Find out upward pressure (Po).

W
Upward Pressure (Po)=
B∗B

1081.311
=
3∗3

=120.14KN/m2

Step 3: Depth of footing based on BM.

Po∗B
Bending Moment (BM)= *(B-b) ^2
8

120.1∗3
= *(3-0.45) ^2
8

=292.96KNm

Ultimate Bending Moment (Mu)=1.5*292.96

=439.44KNm

For dreq,

Mu=0.133fckBd^2

or 439.44*10^6=0.133*25*3000*d^2

∴d=209.890mm≈ 300m

Provide 50mm cover i.e d'

D=300+50

=350mm

Due to shear consideration adopt higher effective depth.

Adopt 400mm as effective depth and provide 50mm cover.∴ dtaken=400mm

∴D=450mm

81
Step 4: Area of Reinforcement.

fy∗Ast
Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*d (1- )
fck∗b∗d

500∗Ast
or 439.44*10^6=0.87*500*Ast*400*(1- )
25∗3000∗400

∴ Ast=2641.839mm^2

Ast
Then, P= ( )*100
Bd

2641.839
=( )*100
3000∗400

∴ P =0.22%

From Table 19, IS 456:2000, by interpolation.

τc=0.339 N /mm2

y1 0.15 x1 0.29
y1 0.22 X 0.339 (by interpolation)
y2 0.25 x2 0.36

Using 16mm bars in both directions,

π
ast= *16^2
4

=201.06mm2

Ast
No of bars=
ast

2641.839
=
201.06

=13.14≈ 14

Provide 16mm ∅ bars, 14 number of bars uniformly in both directions.

82
 B
Spacing=
No of bars

3000
=
14

=214.285 mm c/c

Step 5: Check for one way shear.

For one way shear, critical section is located at a distance ‘d’ from the face of column.

1
Now, Shear Force(V)= Po∗B∗( ∗( B−b )−d)
2

1
=120.14*3*( ∗( 3−0.45 )−0.4 ¿
2

=315.367KN

Ultimate Shear force (Vu)=1.5*315.367

=473.05KN

Vu
Nominal shear stress(τ v) = (from cl 40.1 IS 456:2000)
Bd

3
473.05∗10
=
3000∗400

=0.394N/mm2

Now, Design shear strength of concrete(τ c’)

τ c’=τ c*k

K=1 because depth>300mm

Then, τ c’=0.339*1

=0.339N/mm2

Hence, τ v>τ c’ OK

83
 Vu
Again, =τ c*k
Bd

3
Vu 473.05∗10
or d= =
Bkτ c 3000∗1∗0.339

∴d=465.142mm>d(300mm) OK

Step 6: Check for two-way shear.

d
For 2-way shear (punching shear) the section lies at a distance from the column
2
face all round.

Then width(bo)=b+d

=450+400

=850mm

Now, Net Shear Force acting on the perimeter.

F=Po*(B^2-bo^2)

=120.14*(3^2-0.85^2)

=994.45KN

Fu=1.5*994.45

=1491.68KN

From clause 31.6.2 IS 456:2000

Fu
τv =
4 bod

3
1491.68∗10
=
4∗850∗400

=1.096N/mm2

Now, Permissible shear stress ksτc

ks=0.5+Bc (from cl 31.6.3 IS 456:2000)

84
 0.45
=0.5+
0.45

=1.5≤1

∴ks=1

τc =0.25√ fck

=0.25√ 25

=1.25N/mm2

Ksτc =1*1.25

=1.25N/mm2

Hence, τv >ksτc OK

Hence, Safe in Two way shear.

Step 7: Check for development length.

∅ σs
Ld= (from cl 26.2.1 IS 456:2000)
4 τbd

16∗0.87∗500
=
4∗1.2∗1.6

=906.25mm

L l
(Ld)available= - -cover
2 2

3000 450
= - -50
2 2

=1225mm

Hence, Total available length>Ld.

Therefore, safe in development length.

Step 8: Check for Bearing.

85
 3
Wl∗1.5∗10
Bearing stress in column=
a∗b
3
983.01∗1.5∗10
=
450∗450

=7.28N/mm2

A1
And Bearing Capacity=√ *0.45*fck
A2

Where, A2=450*450=202500mm2

A1= (450+2*400) *(450+2*400)=1562500mm2

A1
So, √ =2.77>2 (from cl 34.4 IS 456:2000)
A2

A1
Then, √ =2
A2

Bearing Capacity=2*0.45*25=22.5N/mm2

Bearing Capacity>Bearing stress, Hence OK

CHAPTER 7 COST ESTIMATION

The estimate is probable cost of work and was determined theoretically by
mathematical calculation based on the plan and drawings and current rates. The
calculation of estimation of quantity of proposed building is given in ANNEX B.

Various items of work are categorized and quantity of works were obtained with the
help of drawing, plans and calculation. The district rate of kaski of fiscal year 2081/82

And building norms of Nepal government formulated by DUDBC 204 is used for rate
analysis of those obtained quantity. The general rates are also tabulated in ANNEX B.

The abstract of cost of building is given below.

ABSTRACT OF THE COST

SEISMIC ANALYSIS,DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF THE 3-STAR HOTEL BUILDING

86
S.N DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTI RATE AMOUNT RS Remarks
TY
A CIVIL WORKS:
1 Site (Grass cutting, sqm 596.2 20.183 12033.1046
weeping out their root,
removal of debris,
levelling and lead of debris
and disposal to the
designated area

2 Earthwork in exacation in cum 394.278 702 276783.156

foundation
3 100 mm thick stone soiling cum 185.25 3939.75 729838.7
4 [Link] in foundation cum 13.893 13453.23 186905.7244
([Link])
5 PCC for RCC WORK cum 1046.46 24890.182 26046604.75
6 First Class Brickwork cum 298.24 17173.52 5121830.605
7 Plastering sqm 3298 377.765 1245868.97
8 Screeding sqm 3191.5 603.69 1926676.635
9 Stone masonry cum 53.424 13871.37 741064.1
10 Skirting [Link] 1112.32 4805.77 5345554.086
11 Formwork sqm 4553.77 840.044 3825363.8
12 Salwood frame work in cum 11.802 2717762.1 32075028
door
13 Framework in windows cum 33.558 4520.99 151715.4
15 RCC Work M.T. 71.97 126335.4 9092358.7
16 38mm salwood in sqm 124.3 30751.453 3822405.6
panneled door
19 Two coat emulsion paint sqm 3298.5 300.404 990882.594
over one coat
20 Two coat distemper sqm 86.267 63.56 5483.1
painting over one coat
primer in door pannel

21 Two coat readymade sqm 86.269 300.404 25915.6

enamel paint
Total estimated civil works 91622312.62

S.N DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTI RATE AMOUNT RS Remarks

TY

87
B Water supply and sanitation cost including all installation 7329785.01
works @8% of total civil works

C Electrification cost including all installation works@8% of 7329785.01

total civil works

D Miscelleneous item for civil works, electrical works, water 9162231.262

supply and sanitation work @10% of civil work

E Contractor profit and overhead cost @15% of the total 13743346.89

civil works

F All contingencies cost including all miscelleneous 4581115.631

overhead @5% of total civil works cost

Grand total 133768576.4

G VAT@13% Nrs 17389914.94
Total estimated amount of civil works, Nrs 151158491.4
electrical works,water supply and sanitation
works with VAT

Rate per [Link] Nrs 125234.8727

88
 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION
The building was found to be safe and earthquake resistance because of the following
result obtained from the analysis:
1. All design was done as per different building codes, earthquake criteria, loading
criteria, ductile detailing and other essential codes.
2. The structure has strong column and week beam as the column beam moment
capacity ratio was found to be greater than 1.2.
3. The torsional irregularities of any floor of each block were not found to exceed
1.5 thus, the building is safe against twisting
4. The comparison made on Area of steel required in beam and column between
manual calculation and ETABS data were found to be close enough.

89
5. The observed value of base shear of building by manual calculation was found to
3533.826 KN for ULS and for SLS 3392.47 KN from ETABS 3554.55 for ULS
and for SLS 3713.71 which are quite similar.
6. The story drift ratio of the building in X-direction as well as Y-direction of blocks
was found to be EQX(ULS):0.0086, EQY(ULS):0.000658, EQX(SLS):0.003695,
EQY(SLS):0.004658.
7. The story displacement of the building in X-direction as well as Y- direction of
both blocks was found to be EQX(ULS):46.127568,
8. EQY(ULS):62.66959, EQX(SLS):44.150672, EQY(SLS):58.983752.

90
REFERENCES`
Code of Practice:

1. Bureau of Indian Standards, 2000. IS 456: Plain and reinforced concrete –

Code of practice. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards.
2. Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC),
2024. NBC 206: Architectural design requirements. Kathmandu: Government
of Nepal.
3. Indian Standard Institution, 1987. IS 875 (Part 1): Code of practice for design
loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures – Part 1: Dead
loads. New Delhi: Indian Standard Institution.
4. Indian Standard Institution, 1987. IS 875 (Part 2): Code of practice for design
loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures – Part 2: Imposed
loads. New Delhi: Indian Standard Institution.
5. Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC),
2020. NBC 105: Seismic design of buildings in Nepal. Kathmandu:
Government of Nepal.
6. Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC),
2020. NBC 206: Architectural design requirements. Kathmandu: Government
of Nepal, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works.

91
ANNEX

92