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India 2020
A REFERENCE ANNUAL

Compiled by
NEW MEDIA WING

PUBLICATIONS DIVISION
MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
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2020 (Saka 1941)

E-version of Print Edition (2020)*

64th Edition

© New Media Wing

Ministry of Information and Broadcasting

eISBN: 978-81-230-3274-0

Published by:
The Principal Director General
Publications Division
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
Government of India, Soochna Bhawan
CGO Complex Lodhi Road
New Delhi- 110 003

Editor: Roma Chatterjee

Compilation
K. Satish Nambudiripad
Sayyid Rabeehashmi
Sakshi Singh
Simmi Kumar

Cover Design : Rajesh Kumar

Production : V. K. Meena

For more information, please visit our website:

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* This e-book fully corresponds to the p-book. The spellings, names of places, facts and figures,
nomenclatures and expressions have been retained as per the printed version
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Contents

1. Land and the People

2. National Symbols
3. Polity
4. Agriculture
5. Culture and Tourism
6. Basic Economic Data
7. Commerce
8. Communications and Information Technology
9. Defence
10. Education
11. Energy
12. Environment
13. Finance
14. Corporate Affairs
15. Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs
16. Health and Family Welfare
17. Housing and Urban Affairs
18. India and the World
19. Industry
20. Law and Justice
21. Labour, Skill Development and Employment
22. Mass Communication
23. Planning
24. Rural Development
25. Scientific and Technological Developments
26. Transport
27. Water Resources
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28. Welfare
29. Youth Affairs and Sports
30. States and Union Territories
31. Diary of National Events
32. General Information
Appendices
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1 Land and the People

“INDIA is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the
mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of
tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man
are treasured up in India only.”—Mark Twain
India has a unique culture and is one of the oldest and greatest civilizations of
the world. It stretches from the snow-capped Himalayas in the north to sun
drenched coastal villages of the south and the humid tropical forests on the
south-west coast, from the fertile Brahmaputra valley on its east to the Thar
desert in the west. It covers an area of 32,87,263 sq. km1. It has achieved all-
round socio-economic progress during the last so many years of its
Independence. India is the seventh largest country in the world and ranks second
in population. The country stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is
by mountains and the sea, which give her a distinct geographical entity. Bounded
by the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of
Cancer tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east
and the Arabian Sea on the west.
Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere, the mainland extends between
latitudes 8°4’ and 37°6’ north, longitudes 68°7’ and 97°25’ east and measures
about 3,214 km from north to south between the extreme latitudes and about
2,933 km from east to west between the extreme longitudes. It has a land frontier
of about 15,200 km. The total length of the coastline of the mainland,
Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km.
Geographical Background
Countries having a common border with India are Afghanistan and Pakistan
to the north-west, China, Bhutan and Nepal to the north, Myanmar to the far east
and Bangladesh to the east. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow
channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. The country
can be divided into six zones mainly north, south, east, west, central and north-
east zone. It has 28 states and nine union territories.2
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Physical Features
The mainland comprises four regions, namely, the great mountain zone,
plains of the Ganga and the Indus, the desert region and the southern peninsula.
The Himalayas comprise three almost parallel ranges interspersed with large
plateaus and valleys, some of which, like the Kashmir and Kullu valleys, are
fertile, extensive and of great scenic beauty. Some of the highest peaks in the
world are found in these ranges. The high altitudes allow travel only through a
few passes, notably the Jelep La and Nathu La on the main Indo-Tibet trade
route through the Chumbi valley, north-east of Darjeeling and Shipki La in the
Satluj valley, north-east of Kalpa (Kinnaur). The mountain wall extends over a
distance of about 2,400 km with a varying depth of 240 to 320 km. In the east,
between India and Myanmar and India and Bangladesh, hill ranges are much
lower. Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and Naga Hills, running almost east-west, join the
chain to Mizo and Rakhine Hills running north-south. India_2020_DPD: E
published on DPD mobile app
The plains of the Ganga and the Indus, about 2,400 km long and 240 to 320
km broad, are formed by basins of three distinct river systems—the Indus, the
Ganga and the Brahmaputra. They are one of the world’s greatest stretches of
flat alluvium and also one of the most densely populated areas on the earth.
Between the Yamuna at Delhi and the Bay of Bengal, nearly 1,600 km away,
there is a drop of only 200 metres in elevation.
The desert region can be divided into two parts—the ‘great desert’ and the
‘little desert’. The great desert extends from the edge of the Rann of Kutch
beyond the Luni river northward. The whole of the Rajasthan-Sind frontier runs
through this. The little desert extends from the Luni between Jaisalmer and
Jodhpur up to the northern west. Between the great and the little deserts lies a
zone of absolutely sterile country, consisting of rocky land, cut up by limestone
ridges.
The Peninsular Plateau is marked off from the plains of the Ganga and the
Indus by a mass of mountain and hill ranges varying from 460 to 1,220 metres in
height. Prominent among these are the Aravali, Vindhya, Satpura, Maikala and
Ajanta. The Peninsula is flanked on the one side by the Eastern Ghats where
average elevation is about 610 metres and on the other by the Western Ghats
where it is generally from 915 to 1,220 metres, rising in places to over 2,440
metres. Between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea lies a narrow coastal
strip, while between Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, there is a broader
coastal area. The southern point of the plateau is formed by the Nilgiri Hills
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where the Eastern and the Western Ghats meet. The Cardamom Hills lying
beyond may be regarded as a continuation of the Western Ghats.

Geological Structure
The geological regions broadly follow the physical features and may be
grouped into three regions: the Himalayas and their associated group of
mountains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Peninsular Shield.
The Himalayan mountain belt to the north and the Naga-Lushai mountain in
the east, are the regions of mountain-building movement. Most of this area, now
presenting some of the most magnificent mountain scenery in the world, was
under marine conditions about 60 crore years ago. In a series of mountain-
building movements commencing about seven crore years ago, the sediments
and the basement rocks rose to great heights. The weathering and erosive
elements worked on these to produce the relief seen today. The Indo-Ganga
plains are a great alluvial tract that separate the Himalayas in the north from the
Peninsula in the south.
The Peninsula is a region of relative stability and occasional seismic
disturbances. Highly metamorphosed rocks of the earliest periods, dating back as
far as 380 crore years, occur in this area; the rest being covered by the
Gondwana formations, lava flows belonging to the Deccan Trap formation and
younger sediments.

River Systems
The river systems of India can be classified into four groups viz., (i)
Himalayan rivers, (ii) Deccan rivers, (iii) Coastal rivers and (iv) Rivers of the
inland drainage basin. The Himalayan rivers are formed by melting snow and
glaciers and therefore, continuously flow throughout the year. During the
monsoon months, Himalayas receive very heavy rainfall and rivers swell,
causing frequent floods. The Deccan rivers on the other hand are rainfed and
therefore fluctuate in volume. Many of these are non-perennial. The Coastal
streams, especially on the west coast are short in length and have limited
catchment areas. Most of them are non-perennial. The streams of inland drainage
basin of western Rajasthan are few and far apart. Most of them are of an
ephemeral character.
The main Himalayan river systems are those of the Indus and the Ganga-
Brahmaputra-Meghna system. The Indus, which is one of the great rivers of the
world, rises near Mansarovar in Tibet and flows through India and thereafter
through Pakistan and finally falls into the Arabian sea near Karachi. Its
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important tributaries flowing in Indian territory are the Sutlej (originating in

Tibet), the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum. The Ganga-Brahmaputra-
Meghna is another important system of which the principal sub-basins are those
of Bhagirathi and the Alaknanda, which join at Dev Prayag to form the Ganga. It
traverses through Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. Below
Rajmahal Hills, the Bhagirathi, which used to be the main course in the past,
takes off, while the Padma continues eastward and enters Bangladesh. The
Yamuna, the Ramganga, the Ghaghra, the Gandak, the Kosi, the Mahananda and
the Sone are the important tributaries of the Ganga. Rivers Chambal and Betwa
are the important sub-tributaries, which join the Yamuna before it meets the
Ganga. The Padma and the Brahmaputra join at Bangladesh and continue to flow
as the Padma or Ganga. The Brahmaputra rises in Tibet, where it is known as
Tsangpo and runs a long distance till it crosses over into India in Arunachal
Pradesh under the name of Dihang. Near Passighat, the Debang and Lohit join
the river Brahmaputra and the combined river runs all along the Assam valley. It
crosses into Bangladesh downstream of Dhubri.
The principal tributaries of Brahmaputra in India are the Subansiri, Jia
Bhareli, Dhansiri, Puthimari, Pagladiya and the Manas. The Brahmaputra in
Bangladesh fed by Teesta, etc. finally falls into the Ganga. The Barak river, the
head stream of Meghna, rises in the hills in Manipur. The important tributaries of
the river are Makku, Trang, Tuivai, Jiri, Sonai, Rukni, Katakhal, Dhaleswari,
Langachini, Maduva and Jatinga. Barak continues in Bangladesh till the
combined Ganga-Brahmaputra join it near Bhairab Bazar.
In the Deccan region, most of the major river systems flowing generally in
the east fall into Bay of Bengal. The major east flowing rivers are Godavari,
Krishna, Cauvery and Mahanadi. Narmada and Tapti are major west flowing
rivers.
The Godavari in the southern Peninsula has the second largest river basin
covering 10 per cent of the area of India. Next to it is the Krishna basin in the
region and the Mahanadi is another large basin of the region. The basin of the
Narmada in the uplands of the Deccan, flowing to the Arabian Sea and of the
Cauvery in the south, falling into the Bay of Bengal are about the same size,
though with different character and shape.
There are numerous coastal rivers, which are comparatively small. While
only handful of such rivers drain into the sea near the delta of east coast, there
are as many as 600 such rivers on the west coast.
A few rivers in Rajasthan do not drain into the sea. They drain into salt lakes
and get lost in sand with no outlet to sea. Besides these, there are the desert
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rivers which flow for some distance and are lost in the desert. These are Luni,
Machhu, Rupen, Saraswati, Banas, Ghaggar and others.
The entire country has been divided into 20 river basins/group of river basins
comprising 12 major basins and eight composite river basins. The 12 major river
basins are : (1) Indus, (2) Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna, (3) Godavari, (4)
Krishna, (5) Cauvery, (6) Mahanadi, (7) Pennar, (8) Brahmani-Baitarani, (9)
Sabarmati, (10) Mahi, (11) Narmada and (12) Tapti. Each of these basins has a
drainage area exceeding 20,000 sq. km.
The eight composite river basins combining suitably together all the other
remaining medium (drainage area of 2,000 to 20,000 sq. km) and small river
systems (drainage area less than 2000 sq. km) for the purpose of planning and
management are : (1) Subarnarekha—combining Subarnarekha and other small
rivers between Subarnarekha and Baitarani; (2) east flowing rivers between
Mahanadi and Pennar; (3) east flowing rivers between Pennar and Kanyakumari;
(4) area of Inland drainage in Rajasthan desert; (5) west flowing rivers of Kutch
and Saurashtra including Luni; (6) west flowing rivers from Tapi to Tadri; (7)
west flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari and (8) minor rivers draining
into Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh.

Climate/Seasons
The climate of India may be broadly described as tropical monsoon type. The
Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) designates four official seasons: (i)
Winter, from December to early April. The year’s coldest months are December
and January, when temperatures average around 10-15 °C (50-59°F) in the north-
west; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around 20-
25 °C (68-77 °F) in mainland India’s south-east, (ii) Summer or pre-monsoon
season, lasting from April to June (April to July in north-western India). In
western and southern regions, the hottest month is April; for northern regions,
May is the hottest month. Temperatures average around 32-40 °C (90-104 °F) in
most of the interior, (iii) Monsoon or rainy season, lasting from June to
September. The season is dominated by the humid south-west summer monsoon,
which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June.
Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October.
South India typically receives more rainfall, and (iv) Post-monsoon season,
lasting from October to December. In north-western India, October and
November are usually cloudless.
The Himalayan states, being more temperate, experience two additional
seasons: autumn and spring. Traditionally, Indians note six seasons, each about
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two months long. These are the spring, summer, monsoon, early autumn, late
autumn and winter. These are based on the astronomical division of the 12
months into six parts. The ancient Hindu calendar also reflects these seasons in
its arrangement of months.
India’s climate is affected by two seasonal winds—the north-east monsoon
and the south-west monsoon. The north-east monsoon commonly known as
winter monsoon blows from land to sea whereas south-west monsoon known as
summer monsoon blows from sea to land after crossing the Indian ocean, the
Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal. The south-west monsoon brings most of the
rainfall during the year in the country.

Flora
India is rich in flora. Available data place India in the tenth position in the
world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. From about 70 per cent geographical
area surveyed so far, over 46,000 species of plants have been described by the
Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Kolkata. The vascular flora, which forms the
conspicuous vegetation cover, comprises 15,000 species.
With a wide range of climatic conditions from the torrid to the arctic, India
has a rich and varied vegetation, which only a few countries of comparable size
possess. India can be divided into eight distinct floristic regions, namely, the
western Himalayas, the eastern Himalayas, Assam, the Indus plain, the Ganga
plain, the Deccan, the Malabar and the Andamans.
The western Himalayan region extends from Kashmir to Kumaon. Its
temperate zone is rich in forests of chir, pine, other conifers and broad-leaved
temperate trees. Higher up, forests of deodar, blue pine, spruce and silver fir
occur. The alpine zone extends from the upper limit of the temperate zone of
about 4,750 metres or even higher. The characteristic trees of this zone are high-
level silver fir, silver birch and junipers. The eastern Himalayan region extends
from Sikkim eastwards and embraces Darjeeling, Kurseong and the adjacent
tracts. The temperate zone has forests of oaks, laurels, maples, rhododendrons,
alder and birch. Many conifers, junipers and dwarf willows also grow here. The
Assam region comprises the Brahmaputra and the Surma valleys with evergreen
forests, occasional thick clumps of bamboos and tall grasses. The Indus plain
region comprises the plains of Punjab, western Rajasthan and northern Gujarat.
It is dry, hot and supports natural vegetation. The Ganga plain region covers the
area which is alluvial plain and is under cultivation for wheat, sugarcane and
rice. Only small areas support forests of widely differing types. The Deccan
region comprises the entire table land of the Indian Peninsula and supports
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vegetation of various kinds from shrub jungles to mixed deciduous forests. The
Malabar region covers the excessively humid belt of mountain country parallel
to the west coast of the Peninsula. Besides being rich in forest vegetation, this
region produces important commercial crops, such as coconut, betelnut, pepper,
coffee, tea, rubber and cashewnut. The Andaman region abounds in evergreen,
mangrove, beach and diluvial forests. The Himalayan region extending from
Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh through Sikkim, Meghalaya and Nagaland and
the Deccan Peninsula is rich in endemic flora, with a large number of plants
which are not found elsewhere.
The flora of the country is being studied by BSI and its nine circle/field
offices located all over the country along with certain universities and research
institutions.
Ethno-botanical study deals with the utilization of plants and plant products
by ethnic races. A scientific study of such plants has been done by BSI. A
number of detailed ethno-botanical explorations have been conducted in
different tribal areas of the country. More than 800 plant species of
ethnobotanical interest have been collected and identified at different centres.
Owing to destruction of forests for agricultural, industrial and urban
development, several Indian plants are facing threat of extinction. About 1,336
plant species are considered vulnerable and endangered. About 20 species of
higher plants are categorized as possibly extinct, as these have not been sighted
during the last six to ten decades. BSI brings out an inventory of endangered
plants in the form of a publication titled ‘Red Data Book.’
Faunal Resources
India is very rich in terms of biological diversity due to its unique
biogeographical location, diversified climate conditions and enormous
ecodiversity and geodiversity. India’s immense biological diversity encompasses
ecosystems, populations, species and their genetic make-up. This diversity can
be attributed to the vast variety in physiography and climatic situations resulting
in a diversity of ecological habitats ranging from tropical, sub-tropical,
temperate, alpine to desert. According to world biogeographic classification,
India represents two of the major realms (the Palearctic and Indo-Malayan) and
three biomes (Tropical Humid Forests, Tropical Dry/Deciduous Forests and
Warm Deserts/Semi-Deserts). The Wildlife Institute of India has proposed a
modified classification which divides the country into ten biogeographic regions:
Trans- Himalayan, Himalayan, Indian Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats,
Deccan Peninsula, Gangetic Plain, North-East India, Islands and Coasts. In the
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light of Biodiversity Convention, India holds a unique position with the priority
of conservation of natural resources and sustainable development. Infact, within
only about 2 per cent of world’s total land surface, India is known to have over
7.50 per cent of the species of animals that the world holds and this percentage
accounts nearly for 92,037 species so far known, of which insects alone include
61,375 species. It is estimated that about two times that number of species still
remain to be discovered in India alone.
Demographic Background
Census
The Census of India 2001, was historic and epoch making, being the first
census of the twenty-first century and the third millennium. It reveals benchmark
data on the state of abundant human resources available in the country, their
demography, culture and economic structure at a juncture, which marks a
centennial and millenial transition.
Census 2011 was the 15th census of its kind since 1872. It was held in two
phases: House listing and Housing Census (April to September, 2010) and
Population Enumeration (February 9 to 28, 2011 with Revisional round during
1st to 5th March, 2011). Reference Date was 0.00 hour of March 1, 2011. In
snow bound areas, the Population Enumeration was conducted from September
11 to 30, 2010. The Final Population data was released on April 30, 2013.
Population
The population of India as on March 1, 2011 stood at 1,210.9 million (623.2
million males and 587.6 million females). India accounts for a meagre 2.4 per
cent of the world surface area of 135.79 million sq. km. Yet, it supports and
sustains a whopping per cent of the world population.
The population, which at the turn of the twentieth century was around 238.4
million, increased to reach 1,210.9 million by 2011. As recorded at each
decennial census from 1901 the population has grown steadily except for a
decrease during 1911-21.
Population Density
One of the important indices of population concentration is the density of
population. It is defined as the number of persons per sq. km. The population
density of India in 2011 was 382 per sq. km-decadal growth 17.72 per cent.
The density of population increased in all states and union territories between
1991 and 2011. Among major states, Bihar is the most thickly populated state
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with a population density of 1,106 persons per sq. km followed by West Bengal
1,028 and Kerala 860.
Sex Ratio
Sex ratio, defined as the number of females per thousand males is an
important social indicator to measure the extent of prevailing equality between
males and females in a society at a given point of time. The sex ratio in the
country has always remained unfavourable to females. It was 972 at the
beginning of the twenthieth century and thereafter showed continuous decline
until 1941. The sex ratio from 1901-2011 has registered a 10 point increase at
census 2011 over 2001; however, child sex ratio has declined to 919 per
thousand male.
Literacy
For the purpose of census 2011, a person aged seven and above, who can both
read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate. A
person, who can only read but cannot write, is not literate. In the censuses prior
to 1991, children below five years of age were necessarily treated as illiterates.
The results of 2011 census reveal that there has been an increase in literacy in
the country. The literacy rate in the country is 73.0 per cent, 80.9 for males and
64.6 for females.
Kerala retained its position by being on top with a 94 per cent literacy rate,
closely followed by Lakshadweep (91.9 per cent). Bihar with a literacy rate of
61.8 per cent ranks last in the country. Kerala also occupies the top spot in the
country both in male literacy with 96.1 per cent and female literacy with 92.1 per
cent. On the contrary, Bihar has recorded the lowest literacy rates both in case of
males (71.2 per cent) and females (51.5 per cent).

Note: For details, the Census Report 2011 may be referred to.
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2 National Symbols

National Flag
THE National Flag shall be a tricolour panel made up of three rectangular
panels or sub-panels of equal width. The colour of the top panel shall be India
saffron (kesari) and that of the bottom panel India green. The middle panel shall
be white, bearing at its centre the design of Ashoka Chakra in navy blue colour
with 24 equally spaced spokes. The Ashoka Chakra shall preferably be screen
printed or otherwise printed or stenciled or suitably embroidered and shall be
completely visible on both sides of the Flag in the centre of the white panel. The
National Flag shall be rectangular in shape. The ratio of the length to the height
(width) of the Flag shall be 3:2. The design of the National Flag was adopted by
the Constitutent Assembly of India on July 22, 1947.
Apart from non-statutory instructions issued by the government from time to
time, display of the National Flag is governed by the provisions of the Emblems
and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 (No. 12 of 1950) and the
Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 (No. 69 of 1971). The Flag
Code of India, 2002 is an attempt to bring together all such laws, conventions,
practices and instructions for the guidance of all concerned.
The Flag Code of India, 2002 effective from January 26, 2002 superseded the
‘Flag Code-India’ as it existed then. As per the provisions of the Flag Code of
India, 2002, there is no restriction on the display of the National Flag by
members of general public, private organizations, educational institutions, etc.,
except to the extent provided in the Emblems and Names (Prevention of
Improper Use) Act, 1950 and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act,
1971 and any other law enacted on the subject.
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National Flag
State Emblem
The State Emblem of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Asoka at
Sarnath. In the original, the Lion Capital has four lions mounted back to back, on
a circular abacus. The frieze of the abacus is adorned with sculptures in high
relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening
Dharma Chakras. The abacus rests on a bell shaped lotus.
The profile of the Lion Capital showing three lions mounted on the abacus
with a Dharma Chakra in the centre, a bull on the right and a galloping horse on
the left, and outlines of Dharma Chakras on the extreme right and left was
adopted as the State Emblem of India on January 26, 1950. The bell-shaped lotus
was omitted. The motto “Satyameva Jayate”-Truth alone Triumphs—written in
Devanagari script below the profile of the Lion Capital is part of the State
Emblem of India.
In the State Emblem lies the official seal of the Government of India. Its use
is regulated by the State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act,
2005 and The State Emblem of India (Regulation of Use) Rules, 2007 [read with
State Emblem of India (Regulation of Use) Amendment Rules, 2010].
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National Emblem

National Anthem
The song Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bangla by Rabindranath
Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the
National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950. It was first sung on December
27, 1911 at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress. The complete
song consists of five stanzas. The first stanza contains the full version of the
National Anthem:

Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he
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Bharata-bhagya-vidhata
Panjaba-Sindhu-Gujarata-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
uchchala-jaladhi-taranga
Tava subha name jage, tave
subha asisa mage,
Gahe tava jaya-gatha.
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,
Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!

The playing time of the full version of the National Anthem is approximately
52 seconds. A short version consisting of the first and last lines of the National
Anthem (playing time approximately 20 seconds) is also played on certain
occasions. The following is Tagore’s English rendering of the anthem:

Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people,

Dispenser of India’s destiny.
Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sind,
Gujarat and Maratha,
Of the Dravida and Orissa and Bengal;
It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas,
mingles in the music of Jamuna and Ganges and is
chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea.
They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise.
The saving of all people waits in thy hand,
Thou dispenser of India’s destiny.
Victory, victory, victory to thee.

National Song
The song Vande Mataram, composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra
Chatterji, was a source of inspiration to the people in their struggle for freedom.
It has an equal status with Jana-gana-mana. The first political occasion when it
was sung was the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. The following is
the text of its first stanza :

Vande Mataram!
Sujalam, suphalam, malayaja shitalam,
Shasyashyamalam, Mataram!
Shubhrajyotsna pulakitayaminim,
Phullakusumita drumadala shobhinim,
Suhasinim sumadhura bhashinim,
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Sukhadam varadam, Mataram!

Vande Mataram,
Vande Mataram!

The English translation of the stanza rendered by Sri Aurobindo in prose1 is :

I bow to thee, Mother,

richly-watered, richly-fruited,
cool with the winds of the south,
dark with the crops of the harvests,
The Mother!
Her nights rejoicing in the glory of the moonlight,
her lands clothed beautifully with her trees in flowering bloom,
sweet of laughter, sweet of speech,
the Mother, giver of boons, giver of bliss.

National Calendar
The National Calendar based on the Saka Era, with Chaitra as its first month
and a normal year of 365 days was adopted from March 22, 1957 along with the
Gregorian calendar for the following official purposes : (i) Gazette of India, (ii)
news broadcast by All India Radio, (iii) calendars issued by the Government of
India and (iv) Government communications addressed to the public.
Dates of the National Calendar have a permanent correspondence with dates
of the Gregorian Calendar, 1 Chaitra falling on March 22 normally and on
March 21 in leap year.
Website : www.mha.gov.in
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