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Family Therapy

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History,Theory, and Practice

Gladding
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Samuel T. Gladding
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 Sixth Edition

Global Edition

Family Therapy
History, Theory, and Practice

Samuel T. Gladding
Wake Forest University

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 Preface

Philosophy
Therapeutic work with families is a recent scientific phenomenon but an ancient art.
Throughout human history, designated persons in all cultures have helped couples and
families cope, adjust, and grow. In the United States, the interest in assisting families
within a healing context began in the 20th century and continues into the 21st. Family life
has always been of interest, but because of economic, social, political, and spiritual val-
ues, outsiders made little direct intervention, except for social work, into ways of helping
family functioning until the 1950s. Now, there are literally thousands of professionals who
focus their attention and skills on improving family dynamics and relationships.
In examining how professionals work to assist families, the reader should keep in
mind that there are as many ways of offering help as there are kinds of families. How-
ever, the most widely recognized methods are counseling, therapy, educational enrich-
ment, and prevention. The general umbrella term for remediation work with families is
family therapy. This concept includes the type of work done by family professionals who
identify themselves by different titles, including marriage and family therapists, licensed
professional counselors, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, psychiatric nurses,
pastoral counselors, and clergy.
Family therapy is not a perfect term; it is bandied about by a number of professional
associations, such as the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT),
the American Counseling Association (ACA), the American Psychological Association
(APA), and the National Association of Social Workers (NASW). Physicians who treat
families also debate this term. As doctors, are they “family therapists,” or, because they
are engaged in the practice of medicine, are they “family medical specialists”? For pur-
poses of this book, the generic term family therapy is used because of its wide accept-
ance among the public and professionals who engage in the practice of helping families.
Within this term, some aspects of educational enrichment and prevention are included.

Organization
As a comprehensive text, this book focuses on multiple aspects of family therapy.
Part 1 introduces the reader to the foundations on which family therapy is built,
such as general systems theory, and the history of the profession. It also acquaints readers
with various types of families and family forms (e.g., nuclear, single parent, blended),
characteristics of healthy and dysfunctional families, and cultural as well as ethical and
legal considerations in working with families.
Part 2 examines the main theoretical approaches to working therapeutically with
couples and families. For couples, these theories are behavioral couple therapy (BCT),
cognitive–behavioral couple therapy (CBCT), and emotionally focused therapy (EFT). For
families, major theories are psychodynamic, Bowen (or transgenerational), experiential
(including feminist), behavioral, cognitive–behavioral, structural, strategic, solution-
focused, and narrative approaches. Each theoretical chapter emphasizes the major
theorist(s) of the approach, premises, techniques, process, outcome, and unique aspects of
the theory, and a comparison with other approaches. Case illustrations are also provided.
3

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 4 Preface

Does

Shows how

Knows how

Knows

Part 3 covers professional issues and research in family therapy, with a chapter spe-
cifically about working with substance-related disorders, domestic violence, and child
abuse and another chapter on research and assessment in family therapy. This part of the
book is the briefest, but it is also meaty in focusing on issues that are relevant to society
and to the health and well-being of people and the profession.
As you read, consider Miller’s (1990) four-level pyramid of clinical competence.
In this conceptualization, the base of the pyramid is built on factual knowledge gained
by reading and studying didactic information. One level up is “knows how,” or the
ability to apply the knowledge gained on the previous level. On top of that level is
“shows how,” which is represented by the person’s ability to act appropriately in a
practical or simulated situation. At the top of the pyramid is the “does” level, which is
actual clinical work in regular practice (Miller, 2010). The present text can be consid-
ered as the base of the pyramid, with exercises to help you begin to reach the second
and third levels, so that with advanced training you will be able to function effectively
at the final level.

New to This Edition

The sixth edition of Family Therapy is considerably different from the fifth edition. High-
lights of the differences are as follows:
• First, the organization of the book is different. There are now 15 instead of 17 chapters,
which makes the book more suitable for a semester-based class.
• Second, to make the chapters better focused for the reader and more user-friendly,
learning objectives are place at the beginning of each chapter, specifically a “chap-
ter overview” and an “as you read consider” section.
• Third, the book has three new chapters and much fresh material. The second chap-
ter is new and focuses on the theoretical context of family therapy. It highlights the
importance of understanding general systems theory, cybernetics, individual and
family developmental life cycles, and the most prevalent factors leading families to
seek counseling over time. In addition, the chapter on healthy and dysfunctional
families now covers types of families, as well as functionality. Furthermore, what
were formerly separate chapters on working with single-parent families and blended
families have been combined because of the overlap and the many similarities in

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 Preface 5

treatment related to them. Finally, the ethical codes of the American Association for
Marriage and Family Therapy and the International Association for Marriage and
Family Counselors (IAMFC) have been eliminated, since they are easily accessible
online and are subject to change.
• Fourth, while the three-part format of the book has been kept, the content in
these sections has changed in order to better lead the reader developmentally
into understanding the field of family therapy. Specifically, the chapter on the
history of family therapy has been moved into the first section of the book as
Chapter 1.
• Fifth, a dozen new illustrations have been added to the text to visually enhance the
concepts that are described in words. These illustrations are original drawings by
Lindsay Berg, a graduate of the counseling program at Wake Forest University and
my graduate assistant while this book was being revised.
• Sixth, while relevant and classic citations have been kept, less-important or dated
references have been deleted. In addition, over 175 new sources have been
added.
• Seventh, a chart giving models of family therapy that highlights the main points of
the family therapeutic approaches covered in the book has been added as an
appendix. This reference should be useful in helping readers to quickly grasp the
essentials of these theories.
Overall, the sixth edition of Family Therapy is a much different text than its pre-
decessors. It is more developmental, better illustrated, and a more reflective book
while not sacrificing content or scholarship. There is an emphasis on both the reader’s
family of origin and families he or she will work with. Overall, the sixth edition of
Family Therapy takes a broader and more progressive approach to treating families
while remaining rich in covering theories and ways of preventing families from becom-
ing dysfunctional.

A Personal Note
In undertaking the writing of this work, I have been informed not only by massive
amounts of reading in the rapidly growing field of family therapy, but also by my experi-
ences during the last 40 years of therapeutically working with families. Both my family of
origin and current family of procreation have influenced me as well. In addition, as a
member of both the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy and the Inter-
national Association for Marriage and Family Counselors, I have tried to view families and
family therapy from the broadest base possible. Readers should find information in this
work that will help them gain a clear perspective on the field of family therapy and those
involved with it.
Like the authors of most books, I truly hope that you as a reader enjoy and benefit
from the contents of this text. It is my wish that when you complete your reading, you
will have gained a greater knowledge of family therapy, including aspects of prevention,

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 6 Preface

enrichment, and therapy that affect you personally as well as professionally. If such is the
case, then you will have benefited and possibly changed. I, as an author, will have
accomplished the task that I set out to do.

Acknowledgments
I am grateful to the reviewers who spent many hours critiquing the first edition of this
book: James Bitter, California State University at Fullerton; Donald Bubenzer, Kent State
University; Harper Gaushell, Northeast Louisiana University; J. Scott Hinkle, University of
North Carolina at Greensboro; Gloria Lewis, Loyola University of Chicago; Donald Mattson,
University of South Dakota; Eugene R. Moan, Northern Arizona University; and Tom
Russo, University of Wisconsin, River Falls.
I also gratefully acknowledge the contributions of time and insightful suggestions
from reviewers for the second edition: Charles P. Barnard, University of Wisconsin–Stout;
Peter Emerson, Southeastern Louisiana University; and Eugene R. Moan, Northern Arizona
University.
Reviewers who provided me with valuable input for the third edition of the book
were Michael Carns, Southwest Texas State University; Thomas A. Cornille, Florida State
University; Merith Cosden, University of California, Santa Barbara; Vonda Jump, Utah
State University; and Jeffrey M. Smith, Kent State University.
I would like to express appreciation to those who critiqued the fourth and fifth edi-
tions of this text as well: Joseph F. Bertinetti, University of Nebraska–Omaha; Alan Demmitt,
University of Dayton; Grace Mims, University of South Dakota; William H. Quinn, University
of Georgia; David A. Spruill, Louisiana State University, Gonzalo Bacigalupe, University of
Massachusetts; Linda Horsey, Old Dominion University; and William O’Connell, Xavier
University.
Finally, I wish to thank the reviewers of this sixth edition: Eric Albers, University of
Nevada, Reno; Kurt D. Baker, California State University, Stanislaus; Kimberly Donovan,
Southeastern Oklahoma State University; Tamara Coder Mikinski, University of Kansas;
and Sangeeta Singg, Angelo State University.
I especially want to thank my graduate research assistants for the academic year
2012–2013, Lindsay Berg, and the summer of 2009, Ned Martin, for their tireless efforts in
helping me find updated statistics and articles for this and the previous edition of Family
Therapy and for making excellent suggestions about individual chapters and the book as
a whole. Ned even proofread a couple of chapters for this edition of the book, which
helped me a lot. Similarly, Cassie Cox, my graduate assistant during the academic year
2008–2009, supplied me with valuable materials for this book, and I am most grateful to
her. In addition, Trevor Buser, another graduate assistant back in 2006, helped me locate
massive amounts of information for the fourth edition. He went on to earn his Ph.D. and
is a professor of counseling at Rider University, which does not surprise me, because his
work ethic and efficiency, like that of Lindsay, Ned, and Cassie, was exceptional. In addi-
tion, Virginia Perry of Winston-Salem, my former graduate assistants Michele Kielty-Briggs
and Jenny Cole, and the current program manager of the Department of Counseling,
Pamela Karr, of Wake Forest University, have been constructive and positive in their
input on previous editions of this text as well. I am most grateful to them. Furthermore, I
am indebted to my current editor at Pearson, Meredith Fossel, for her tireless effort,

A01_GLAD8795_06_GE_FM.indd 6 8/6/14 2:52 PM

 Preface 7

support, and assistance on my behalf. She has been a pleasure to work, with as was
Kevin Davis, my previous editor.
This text is dedicated to my family, especially my parents. My father died in April
1994, at the age of 84, soon after I completed the first edition of this text. My mother died
in August, 2000, 2 months short of turning 90, just as I was finishing the third edition of the
book. The love and courage of both my parents, along with the legacy left to me by previ-
ous generations of my family, have affected me positively. I know I am most fortunate.
Finally, and as important, I am indebted to my wife, Claire, for her encouragement
and comfort during the writing process. She has insisted throughout this effort, as through
our 28 years of marriage, that we talk and build our relationship as a couple. She has
employed all of her communication skills, including a generous dose of humor, to help
me be a better spouse. She has also been, throughout this time, my partner, friend, and
lover in the raising of our three children: Ben, Nate, and Tim.
Samuel T. Gladding

Pearson wishes to thank and acknowledge the following people for their work on the
Global Edition:

Contributor
Neeta Mohan

Reviewers
Asmah Binti Ismail, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Timothy P. Carey, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Haslee Sharil Lim Bin Abdullah, University of Malaya
Reenee Singh

A01_GLAD8795_06_GE_FM.indd 7 8/6/14 2:52 PM

 About the Author

Samuel T. Gladding is chair and a professor in the Department

of Counseling at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem,
North Carolina. He has been a practicing counselor in public
and private agencies since 1971. His leadership in the field of
counseling includes service as the following:
• President of the American Counseling Association (ACA)
and chair of the ACA Foundation.
• President of the Association for Counselor Education and
Supervision (ACES).
• President of the Association for Specialists in Group Work
(ASGW).
• President of Chi Sigma Iota (international academic and pro-
fessional counseling honor society).
• President of the American Association of State Counseling Boards.
• President of the Alabama Association of Marriage and Family Therapists.
• Approved supervisor, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy.
Dr. Gladding is the former editor of the Journal for Specialists in Group Work and
the ASGW newsletter. He is also the author of more than 100 professional publications. In
1999, he was cited as being in the top 1% of contributors to the Journal of Counseling
and Development for the 15-year period from 1978 to 1993. Some of his most recent
books include The Counseling Dictionary, 3rd edition (2011); Counseling: A Comprehen-
sive Profession, 7th edition (2013); Group Work: A Counseling Specialty, 6th edition (2012);
and The Creative Arts in Counseling, 4th edition (2011).
Dr. Gladding’s previous academic appointments have been at the University of
Alabama at Birmingham, Fairfield University (Connecticut), and Rockingham Com-
munity College (Wentworth, North Carolina). He was also director of Children’s Ser-
vices at the Rockingham County (North Carolina) Mental Health Center. He received
his degrees from Wake Forest (B.A., M.A. Ed.), Yale (M.A.R.), and the University of
North Carolina–Greensboro (Ph.D.). He is a National Certified Counselor, a Certified
Clinical Mental Health Counselor, and a Licensed Professional Counselor (North Carolina).
He was a member of the North Carolina Board of Licensed Professional Counselors
from 2008 to 2014 and has twice been a Fulbright Specialist: Turkey (2010) and
China (2013).
Dr. Gladding is the recipient of numerous honors, including the David K. Brooks
Distinguished Mentor Award, American Counseling Association; the Arthur A. Hitchcock
Distinguished Professional Service Award, American Counseling Association; the Research
in Family Counseling Award, International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors;
the Gilbert and Kathleen Wrenn Award for a Humanitarian and Caring Person, American
Counseling Association; the Bridgebuilder Award, American Counseling Association Foun-
dation; the Humanitarian Award, Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in
Counseling; the Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for Creativity in Counseling; the

A01_GLAD8795_06_GE_FM.indd 8 8/6/14 2:52 PM

 About the Author 9

Joseph W. and Lucille U. Hollis Outstanding Publication Award Association for Humanistic
Counseling; the Professional Leadership Award, Association for Counselor Education and
Supervision; and the Eminent Career Award, Association for Specialists in Group Work. He
is also a Fellow in the American Counseling Association and the Association for Specialists
in Group Work.
Dr. Gladding is married to the former Claire Tillson and is the father of three children—
Ben, Nate, and Tim. Outside of counseling, he enjoys swimming, walking, and humor.

A01_GLAD8795_06_GE_FM.indd 9 8/6/14 2:52 PM

 Brief Contents

Prologue 22

Part 1 Foundations of Family Therapy 25

Chapter 1 Family Therapy over the Years 27
Chapter 2 The Theoretical Context of Family Therapy 51
Chapter 3 Family Types and Their Functionalities 80
Chapter 4 Therapy for Single-Parent and Blended Families 104
Chapter 5 Therapy for Culturally Diverse Families 137

Part 2 Therapeutic Approaches to Working

with Families 165
Chapter 6 The Process of Family Therapy 167
Chapter 7 Couple and Marriage Therapy: Approaches, Theories,
Treatments, and Enrichment 193
Chapter 8 Transgenerational Theories: Psychodynamic Family
Theory and Bowen Family Systems Theory 222
Chapter 9 Experiential Family Therapy 249
Chapter 10 Behavioral and Cognitive–Behavioral Family Therapies 271
Chapter 11 Theory, Treatments, and Outcomes of Structural Family
Therapy 293
Chapter 12 Theory, Treatments, and Outcomes of Strategic Family
Therapies 311
Chapter 13 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy and Narrative
Family Therapy 331

Part 3 Professional Issues and Research

in Family Therapy 357
Chapter 14 Therapy for Substance-Related Disorders, Domestic
Violence, and Child Abuse 359
Chapter 15 Family Therapy: Research and Assessment 381

Appendix Models of Family Therapy   401

Glossary  407
References  427
Name Index  474
Subject Index  485

10

A01_GLAD8795_06_GE_FM.indd 10 8/6/14 2:52 PM

 Contents

Prologue 22

Part 1 Foundations of Family Therapy 25

Chapter 1 Family Therapy over the Years 27

Chapter Overview 27
Inhibitors of the Development of Family Therapy 28
Catalysts for the Growth of Family Therapy 29
Family Therapy: 1940 to 1949 30
Family Therapy: 1950 to 1959 30
Family Therapy: 1960 to 1969 32
Family Therapy: 1970 to 1979 36
Family Therapy: 1980 to 1989 40
Family Therapy: 1990 to 1999 42
Family Therapy: 2000 to 2009 45
Continued Development of the Profession 46
Family Therapy: 2010 to the Present 46
Summary and Conclusion 47 • Summary Table 48

Chapter 2 The Theoretical Context of Family Therapy 51

Chapter Overview 51
Families, Systems, and Systems Theory 52
What Is a Family? 53
What Is a System, and What Is Systems Theory? 55
Systems Theory 55
Cybernetics and Causality 55
Feedback and Feedback Loops 57
Individual Development and Family Life Cycle Development 59
Individual and Family Development 59
Individual Life Cycle Development 61
Family Life Development 62
Unifying Individual and Family Life Cycles 71
Implications of Life Cycles for Family Therapy 73
Match of Life Cycles Between Family and Therapist 73
Ethnicity and Life Cycles 74

11

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 12 Contents

Acute and Chronic Illnesses and Life Cycles 74

Special-Needs Children and Life Cycle 75
Poverty, Professionalism, and Life Cycles 76
Summary and Conclusion 77 • Summary Table 78

Chapter 3 Family Types and Their Functionalities 80

Chapter Overview 80
Types of Families 81
Qualities Associated with Healthy and Dysfunctional Families 84
Qualities of Healthy Families 85
Family Life Stressors 90
Expected Life Stressors 91
Unexpected Life Stressors 92
Family Structure and Functionality 94
Symmetrical/Complementary Families 94
Centripetal/Centrifugal Families 95
Cohesion/Adaptability 96
Coping Strategies of Families 97
Implications of Health in Working with Families 100
Summary and Conclusion 101 • Summary Table 102

Chapter 4 Therapy for Single-Parent and Blended Families 104

Chapter Overview 104
Single-Parent Families 105
Types of Single-Parent Families 106
Single Parenthood as a Result of Divorce 106
Single Parenthood as a Result of Death 108
Single Parenthood by Choice 108
Single Parenthood as a Result of Temporary Circumstances 108
Dynamics Associated with the Formation of Single-Parent
Families 109
Dynamics of Single-Parent Families Formed Through Divorce 109
Dynamics of Single-Parent Families Formed as a Result
of Death 110
Dynamics of Single-Parent Families Formed Through Choice 111
Dynamics of Single-Parent Families Formed Through Temporary
Circumstances 112

A01_GLAD8795_06_GE_FM.indd 12 8/6/14 2:52 PM

 Contents 13

Strengths and Challenges Connected with Single-Parent Families 112

Strengths of Single-Parent Families 112
Challenges of Single-Parent Families 113
Approaches for Working with Single-Parent Families 114
Prevention Approaches 114
Educational and Behavioral Approaches 115
Role of the Therapist 116
Process and Outcome 116
Blended Families 117
Forming Blended Families 118
Common Concerns of Blended Families 118
Dealing with the Death of a Parent 119
Dealing with the Divorce of a Couple 120
Dynamics Associated with Blended Families 121
Strengths and Challenges of Blended Families 125
Strengths of Blended Families 126
Challenges of Blended Families 127
Approaches for Treating Blended Families 128
Guidance in Retaining Old Loyalties 128
Focus on Parental Involvement 129
Provide Education 129
Assist in the Creation of Family Traditions and Rituals 130
Role of the Therapist 130
Process and Outcome 132
Summary and Conclusion 133 • Summary Table 133

Chapter 5 Therapy for Culturally Diverse Families 137

Chapter Overview 137
What Is Culture and Why Is It Important? 138
Dynamics Associated with Culturally Diverse Families 140
Issues within Culturally Diverse Families 141
Sensitivity 142
Experience 142
Acceptance 142
Ingenuity 143
Specificity 143
Intervention 144

A01_GLAD8795_06_GE_FM.indd 13 8/6/14 2:52 PM

 14 Contents

Approaches for Working with Culturally Diverse Families 144

Gay and Lesbian Families 144
African American Families 146
Asian American Families 149
Hispanic/Latino American Families 151
American Indians and Alaska Natives Families 153
Arab American Families 155
European American Families 156
Guidelines for Selecting Treatment Approaches in Working
with Culturally Diverse Families 157
Role of the Therapist 158
Summary and Conclusion 160 • Summary Table 160

Part 2 Therapeutic Approaches to Working

with Families 165

Chapter 6 The Process of Family Therapy 167

Chapter Overview 167
Common Factors in Therapy 168
The Personhood of the Family Therapist 169
Common Problems of Beginning Family Therapists 170
Overemphasis 171
Underemphasis 173
Appropriate Process 176
Pre-Session Planning and Tasks 176
Initial Session(s) 178
Middle Phase of Treatment 183
Termination 186
An Example of Appropriate Process in Family Therapy 188
Initial Session(s) 188
Middle Phase of Treatment 189
Termination 189
Summary and Conclusion 190 • Summary Table 191

Chapter 7 Couple and Marriage Therapy: Approaches, Theories,

Treatments, and Enrichment 193
Chapter Overview 193
Types of Couple and Marriage Treatments 194

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 Contents 15

Preventive Approaches to Working with Couples 196

Major Theorists in Marriage Preparation and Couple Enrichment:
David and Vera Mace and John Gottman 197
Major Theories for Prevention 198
Marriage and Relationship Education 198
Marriage Enrichment 199
Marriage and Couple Therapy 202
Major Theorists: Susan Johnson 202
Therapeutic Approaches for Working with
Couples 203
Behavioral Couple Therapy 204
Cognitive–Behavioral Couple Therapy 207
Emotionally Focused Therapy 209
Infidelity 213
Approaches for Treating Infidelity 214
Divorce Therapy, Mediation, and Collaboration 216
Divorce Therapy 216
Family Mediation 218
Collaborative Divorce 218
Summary and Conclusion 219 • Summary Table 219

Chapter 8 Transgenerational Theories: Psychodynamic Family

Theory and Bowen Family Systems Theory 222
Chapter Overview 222
Common Characteristics of Psychodynamic and Bowen
Family Therapies 223
Psychodynamic Family Therapy 224
Major Theorists 224
Nathan Ackerman (1908–1971) 224
Premises of the Theory 226
Treatment Techniques 227
Transference 227
Dream and Daydream Analysis 228
Confrontation 228
Focusing on Strengths 228
Life History 229
Complementarity 229
Interpretation 229

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 16 Contents

Role of the Therapist 230

Process and Outcome 230
Unique Aspects of Psychodynamic Family Therapy 231
Emphases 231
Comparison with Other Theories 232
Bowen Family Therapy 234
Major Theorists 234
Murray Bowen (1913–1990) 234
Premises of the Theory 235
Treatment Techniques 239
Genograms 239
Going Home Again 241
Detriangulation 241
Person-to-Person Relationships 241
Differentiation of Self 241
Asking Questions 242
Role of the Therapist 242
Process and Outcome 243
Unique Aspects of the Bowen Family Therapy Approach 243
Emphases 243
Comparison with Other Theories 244
Summary and Conclusion 246 • Summary Table 247

Chapter 9 Experiential Family Therapy 249

Chapter Overview 249
Major Theorists 250
Virginia Satir (1916–1988) 250
Carl Whitaker (1912–1995) 251
Premises of the Theory 253
Treatment Techniques 253
Therapists Who Use Few Techniques: Carl Whitaker 254
Therapists Who Use Structured Techniques: Virginia Satir 255
Other Experiential Techniques 260
Role of the Therapist 263
Process and Outcome 264
Unique Aspects of Experiential Family Therapy 266
Emphases 266

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 Contents 17

Comparison with Other Theories 266

Summary and Conclusion 269 • Summary Table 269

Chapter 10 Behavioral and Cognitive–Behavioral Family

Therapies 271
Chapter Overview 271
Major Theorists 272
Gerald Patterson (1926–) 273
Neil Jacobson (1949–1999) 273
Premises of the Theory 274
Types of Behavioral and Cognitive–Behavioral Family
Therapies 276
Behavioral Parent Training 276
Functional Family Therapy 277
Behavioral Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions 278
Cognitive–Behavioral Family Therapy 279
Treatment Techniques 280
General Behavioral and Cognitive–Behavioral Approaches 280
Specific Behavioral and Cognitive–Behavioral Techniques 280
Role of the Therapist 285
Process and Outcome 286
Unique Aspects of Behavioral and Cognitive–Behavioral
Approaches 287
Emphases 287
Comparison with Other Theories 288
Summary and Conclusion 290 • Summary Table 290

Chapter 11 Theory, Treatments, and Outcomes of Structural Family

Therapy 293
Chapter Overview 293
Major Theorists 294
Salvador Minuchin (1921–) 294
Premises of the Theory 295
Treatment Techniques 299
Joining 300
Disequilibrium Techniques. Eleven Interventions for Changing
a Family System 301
Role of the Therapist 304
Process and Outcome 305

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 18 Contents

Unique Aspects of Structural Family Therapy 305

Emphases 305
Comparison with Other Theories 306
Summary and Conclusion 308 • Summary Table 309

Chapter 12 Theory, Treatments, and Outcomes of Strategic Family

Therapies 311
Chapter Overview 311
Strategic Family Therapy: The Influence of Milton Erickson
(1901–1980) 313
Major Strategic Theorists 314
Jay Haley (1923–2007) 314
Cloé Madanes (1945–) 315
Premises of the Theory 315
Treatment Techniques 316
Reframing 316
Directive 317
Paradox 317
Ordeals 318
Pretend 318
Positioning 318
Role of the Therapist 318
Process and Outcome 319
Unique Aspects of Strategic Family Therapy 319
Emphases 319
Comparison with Other Theories 320
Milan Systemic Family Therapy 321
Major Theorist 321
Mara Selvini Palazzoli (1916–1999) 321
Premises of the Theory 323
Treatment Techniques 323
Hypothesizing 323
Positive Connotation 324
Circular Questioning 324
Invariant/Variant Prescriptions 324
Rituals 324
Role of the Therapist 325
Process and Outcome 325

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 Contents 19

Unique Aspects of Systemic Therapy 326

Emphases 326
Comparison with Other Theories 326
Summary and Conclusion 328 • Summary Table 329

Chapter 13 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy and Narrative

Family Therapy 331
Chapter Overview 331
Solution-Focused and Solution-Oriented Family Therapies 332
Major Theorists 332
Steve deShazer (1940–2005) 333
Insoo Kim Berg (1935–2007) 333
Bill O’Hanlon (1952–) 334
Michele Weiner-Davis 334
Premises of the Theory 334
Treatment Techniques 336
Role of the Therapist 338
Process and Outcome 340
Unique Aspects of Solution-Focused Family Therapy 340
Emphases 340
Comparison with Other Theories 341
Narrative Family Therapy 343
Major Theorists 343
Michael White (1948–2008) 343
Premises of the Theory 344
Treatment Techniques 345
Externalization of the Problem 345
Influence (Effect) of the Problem on the Person 345
Influence (Effect) of the Person on the Problem 345
Raising Dilemmas 346
Predicting Setbacks 346
Using Questions 347
Letters 347
Celebrations and Certificates 348
Role of the Therapist 348
Process and Outcome 350
Unique Aspects of Narrative Family Therapy 351

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 20 Contents

Emphases 351
Comparison with Other Theories 351
Summary and Conclusion 353 • Summary Table 353

Part 3 Professional Issues and Research in Family

Therapy 357

Chapter 14 Therapy for Substance-Related Disorders, Domestic

Violence, and Child Abuse 359
Chapter Overview 359
Substance-Related Disorders and Families 360
Manifestation of Substance-Related Disorders 361
Engaging Substance-Related Disorder Families in Treatment 363
Approaches for Treating Substance-Related Disorder Families
After Engagement 365
Domestic Violence and Families 370
Assessment of Domestic Violence 372
Approaches for Treating Domestic Violence 372
Child Abuse and Neglect in Families 376
Approaches for Treating Child Abuse and Neglect 377
Summary and Conclusion 379 • Summary Table 380

Chapter 15 Family Therapy: Research and Assessment 381

Chapter Overview 381
Importance of Research in Family Therapy 383
Research Findings in Family Therapy 383
Two Types of Family Therapy Research 386
Difficulties in Family Therapy Research 388
Design 389
Sampling 389
Instrumentation 390
Procedure 391
Theory 391
Statistics 392
Validity/Reliability 393
The Importance of Assessing Families 393
Dimensions of Assessing Families 395

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 Contents 21

Methods Used in Assessing Families 396

Informal Methods of Assessing Families 396
Formal Methods of Assessing Families 396
Summary and Conclusion 398 • Summary Table 399

Appendix Models of Family Therapy   401

Glossary 407
References 427
Name Index 474
Subject Index 485

A01_GLAD8795_06_GE_FM.indd 21 8/6/14 2:52 PM

Random documents with unrelated
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 Criminology - Study Materials
Winter 2024 - Program

Prepared by: Prof. Johnson

Date: July 28, 2025

Discussion 1: Practical applications and examples

Learning Objective 1: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 2: Current trends and future directions
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 11: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 15: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 16: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 17: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 18: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 3: Current trends and future directions
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 23: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 28: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 29: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 4: Practical applications and examples
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 33: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 35: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
Practice Problem 40: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 41: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 42: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 44: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 46: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 6: Theoretical framework and methodology
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 53: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Test 7: Fundamental concepts and principles
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 61: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 64: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 68: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 69: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 8: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 71: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 77: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 78: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 9: Experimental procedures and results
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 82: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 83: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 85: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 86: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 89: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 89: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 10: Learning outcomes and objectives
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 95: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 98: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 99: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Topic 11: Best practices and recommendations
Practice Problem 100: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 101: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 12: Literature review and discussion
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 114: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 115: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 116: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 118: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 13: Theoretical framework and methodology
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 123: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 124: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 127: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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