UNIT-1

Introduction to contemporary technology

Contemporary technology definition
Contemporary technology means most advanced or recent or modern technology .
Contemporary technology uses scientific technique, method or approach to solve a problem
in industry,commerce,communication. Much of today's technology implies the use of
computers.
For example : Information Technology(IT) is used in the context of computers. The
IT-sector uses software and computers to handle information. Computer software and
electronic computers are used here to transform, secure, and store information and
data.
Similary, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) refers to technologies
that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar
to Information Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies.
This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication
mediums.

Presently used Contemporary technologies OR Applications of

contemporary technology are:

1. The Internet of Things(IOT)

2. Big Data Analytics
3. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
4. 3-D Printing
5. Virtual Reality
6. Robotics
7. E-commerce
8. Cloud Computing
9. E-learning
Need of contemporary technology
We can see the uses and role of technology in our society in many fields:
Business
Since the arrival of computers, the entire face of the business world has been
changed. To run the different departments of business swiftly, use of Information
Technology is important and it is possible with computers and softwares. The use of
information technology can be seen in departments such as finance, human
resources, manufacturing, and security.
Similarly,Information Technology opens the doors for traders and common people to
do online purchases. Banks keep records of all the transactions and accounts through
computers. Unlike before, now the transactions and other deals have become faster
and easier.

Education
Technology enables teachers to be up to date with new techniques and help their
students to be updated with latest technologies such as use of tablets, mobile phones,
computers, etc. in education. Information technology not only helps students to learn
new things but also helps students of college dropouts.
Healthcare
With Information Technology, the field of medicine and health has been seeing
tremendous improvements. For doctors, sending and receiving information, checking
patients, and discussing with other experts have become very convenient. Also, it
reduces the time taken in paperwork.
Security
Online transactions and keeping records of all the online transactions are now more
safe than earlier times. Only proper management and a person responsible for the
system can access the data online. It prohibits any random person from checking the
details. All these have been made possible by keeping the system passwords proof.
Only permissible authority can access your information.
Communication
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) refers to technology use for
regular, everyday tasks: sending an email, making a video call, searching the
internet, using a tablet or mobile phone, and more.
With improvements in information technology, globalization has increased. The world
is brought closer, and the world’s economy is quickly becoming a single
interdependent system. Information can be shared quickly and easily from all over the
globe, and barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries can be torn down as
people share ideas and information with each other.
Employment
With Information Technology, new jobs have been introduced. It creates new jobs for
programmers, hardware and software developers, systems analyzers, web designers
and many others. Information Technology has opened an entirely new fields and
thousands of jobs for IT professionals.
Industrial and manufacturing
Among the most important manufacturing industries are those that produce aircraft,
automobiles, chemicals, clothing, computers, consumer electronics, electrical
equipment, furniture, heavy machinery, refined petroleum products, ships,
steel, and tools and dies.

Contemporary technology Advantages

 Increase production: With machinery, the production can be multiplied the

number of times as machines have the capability to perform better. The work
done by the machine is more accurate and is done with perfection. All the
products are alike, which is not possible in the case of human efforts. Technology
has helped people make profits multiple times.

 Saves time and money : today, time is money. Thus, technology helps to save
a lot of time and increases efficiency and productivity. We can complete huge
tasks within less time. Today everything is automated, and this technology helps
to save a lot of time in doing things that are not possible by humans. Example: If
you do not have the time to buy clothes, just shop online, and you will get the
delivery at your doorsteps. Thus, it is through technology that one can use time
on other important things.
 Easy and quick communication: technology has made communication just a
button away. With a click of a button, you can make calls, send emails, fax, order
things online, and do a lot of things with the help of technology. Technology has
helped us in giving better modes of communication. Now you don’t need to write
letters to your loved ones if you are missing them. Do a video call and feel them
close to you.

 Allows Remote Education

 Cheaper Manufacturing of Products

In the past, the manufacturing industry involved individuals having to labor to

produce each item, one at a time.

For example, in the clothing industry, every piece of clothing had to be hand-
sewn — meaning that someone would need to spend hours (or days) producing
a piece of clothing before it could be sold in the market. This meant the cost of
manufacturing per item was much higher because it required personal labor.

Technology has changed all that. Now, a piece of clothing can be produced
within minutes by an automated production line. As a result, the cost per item
has been driven down significantly.
  Artificial Intelligence Can Make Lives Easier and Solve Complex
Problems
 More Mobility Options : The invention of airplanes changed everything; it
enabled distant places to be connected in a previously impossible way.
 Financial transactions and payments are easier and more secure
 Cloud computing and cloud services
 Helps in health and for discovering new cures

UNIT-2
E-Commerce

Introduce the E-Commerce

E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services
and transmitting of funds , over an electronic network i.e internet.
E-commerce can be conducted over electronic devices such as computers, tablets,
smartphones, and other smart devices.
These business transactions occur either as business-to-business (B2B), business-
to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-business(C2B) or consumer-to-consumer(C2C) .

Advantages of Ecommerce:
E-commerce offers consumers the following advantages:

 Convenience: E-commerce can occur 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

 Increased selection: Many stores offer a wider array of products online than
they carry in their brick-and-mortar counterparts. And many stores that solely
exist online may offer consumers exclusive inventory that is unavailable
elsewhere.
  The price will be standard for all customers
 Time-saving
 Reduce employee cost
 Save the transportation cost
 No crowd

Describe the types of E-Commerce and its application

Types of E-Commerce Models

Electronic commerce can be classified into four main categories. The basis for
this simple classification is the parties that are involved in the transactions. So the
four basic electronic commerce models are as follows:

1. Business to Business
This is Business to Business transactions. Here the companies are doing business
with each other. The final consumer is not involved. So the online transactions
only involve the manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers etc.

2. Business to Consumer

Business to Consumer. Here the company will sell their goods and/or services
directly to the consumer. The consumer can browse their websites and look at
products, pictures, read reviews. Then they place their order and the company
ships the goods directly to them. Popular examples are Amazon, Flipkart, Daraj
etc.

3. Consumer to Consumer

Consumer to consumer, where the consumers are in direct contact with each other.
No company is involved. It helps people sell their personal goods and assets
directly to an interested party. Usually, goods traded are cars, bikes, electronics
etc. OLX, ebay,Hamrobazzar etc follow this model.

4. Consumer to Business

This is the reverse of B2C, it is a consumer to business. So the consumer provides

a good or some service to the company. Say for example an IT freelancer who
demos and sells his software to a company. This would be a C2B transaction.

Most common applications of Ecommerce:

 Retail and W holesale/ Digital Shopping/web and mobile

applications
Ecommerce has numerous applications in this sector. E -retailing is
basically a B2C, and in some cases, a B2B sale of goods and services
through online stores designed using virtual shopping carts and
electronic catalogs. A subset of retail ecommerce is m -commerce, or
mobile commerce, wherein a consumer purchases goods and services
using their mobile device through the mobile optimized site of the
retailer. These retailers use the E-payment method: they accept
payment through credit or debit cards, online wa llets or internet
banking, without printing paper invoices or receipts.

 Online Marketing/Advertising
 This refers to the gathering of data about consumer behaviors,
preferences, needs, buying patterns and so on. It helps marketing
activities like fixing price, negotiating, enhancing product features, and
building strong customer relationships as this data can be leveraged to
provide customers a tailored and enhanced purchase experience.

 Finance/Internet Banking/Mobile Banking

Banks and other financial institutions are using e-commerce to a

significant extent. Customers can check account balances, transfer
money to other accounts held by them or others, pay bills through
internet banking, pay insurance premiums, and so on. Individuals can
also carry out trading in stocks online, and get information about stocks
to trade in from websites that display news, charts, performance reports
and analyst ratings of companies.

 Manufacturing

Supply chain operations also use ecommerce; usually, a few companies

form a group and create an electronic exchange and facilitate purchase
and sale of goods, exchange of market information, back office
information like inventory control, and so on. This enables the smooth
flow of raw materials and finished products among the member
companies and also with other businesses.

 Online Booking/Digital Reservations

This is something almost every one of us has done at some time – book
hotels, holidays, airline tickets, travel insurance, etc. These bookings
and reservations are made possible through an internet booking engine
or IBE. It is used the maximum by aviation, tour operations and hotel
industry.

 Online Publishing

This refers to the digital publication of books, magazines, catalogues,

and developing digital libraries.

 Auctions

Online auctions bring together numerous people from various

geographical locations and enable trading of items at negotiated prices,
implemented with e-commerce technologies. It enables more people to
participate in auctions. Another example of auction is bidding for seats
on an airline website – window seats, and those at the front with more
leg room generally get sold at a premium, depending on how much a
flyer is willing to pay.
 E-Commerce is all around us today, and as an entrepreneur, you should
also get into this realm if you want to expand your markets, get more
customers and increase your profitability.

Introduce the components of E-Commerce and their roles

The Most Important Components of an eCommerce Business are :

 Customer Engagement

 Quality of your Products

 Standardization of your Product Prices

 Ensuring your Store Security

 Reliable and Trusted Customer Support

 Enabling M-Commerce

 Utilize the Power of Social Media

Customer Engagement
To convert potential consumers, you need to make a good first impression. Your website represents
your online presence, and you need to be creative as well.

Getting the best design for your website can last your impression, and easy navigation to your
website can give your consumers an excellent shopping experience.

Adding good quality images and a unique description of your products is also a must. Adding an
FAQ page that can answer the basic questions of your customers will add up to your customer
satisfaction experience.

Quality of your Products

The quality of your products can help you gain trusted and loyal consumers. This also reduces
your time, cost, and risk of getting return requests for defective products.

This will create a negative impression that products you sell online are not of good quality. You
create a good impression and brand reputation by ensuring your online consumers that your
products are genuine and of good quality. Getting ISO accreditation is another way of gaining your
consumers’ trust.
Standardization of your Product Prices
Online consumers always look for and compare the product prices that you offer. Product pricing is
considered to be a marketing tool and has a direct effect on your conversion rates. This is the reason
why you must evaluate your product prices.
You have to keep in mind that when an online consumer visits a website, the first thing they look
for is the product’s price A proven way to standardize your product pricing is by having a cost-
based model that works in three steps deciding your cost price, wholesale price, and your retail
price.

By standardizing your product pricing strategy, you will always succeed in the type of online retail
business you have.

Ensuring your Store Security

Your online store must be secured so that your consumers will have the confidence to purchase
your products. Your online retail shopping cart should have excellent security features that will
prevent your consumers’ personal information from falling into the wrong hands. This can directly
improve your business’ reputation.

Reliable and Trusted Customer Support

Online consumers trust the reliability part. If your customer support attends to their questions,
queries, and problems relating to product purchase, payment, returns, and delivery adds reliability
and trust to your brand.

Your customer service should be available 24/7 and must provide your consumers with an excellent
approach. Additionally, you can use a chatbot for connecting with your audience on a personal level.

Having good customer service will help you gain and retain consumers. This will also help you
build your brand identity.

Enabling M-Commerce
Your online eCommerce business should be able to adapt to technological advancement to stay
competitive in the market. M-Commerce or Mobile Commerce is an innovative trend in online
retailers nowadays.
Most consumers do their product research, purchase, and payment with the use of their
smartphones. Having a mobile app for your online retail store is the main component of an effective
eCommerce business. It is also important that you should monitor and upgrade your app regularly.

Utilize the Power of Social Media

There are approximately 4.4 billion internet users worldwide, out of which 3.44 billion are active on
social media. Most companies sell products or services on Instagram Shopping as it generates more
attention and engagement than Facebook.

Therefore, promoting your eCommerce business on social media will surely boost your store’s
presence, engagement, and conversion rate.
 Analyze the Scope of E-Commerce in Nepal and Governments policy
and steps in implementation of E-Commerce
Start an eCommerce Business in Nepal Now
Today, the internet reach among many people in Nepal has brightened the future of
eCommerce. With the arrival of the latest technology like e-banking websites and payment
apps, Nepal is on its way to success through eCommerce. Now it is much easier to start an
eCommerce business in Nepal than in the past.
Online business in Nepal is facilitated by fast, inexpensive 4G and 5G internet
technology. Additionally, the general people prefer Wi-fi in their homes or public hotspots.
This increased interest in the young generation for the internet.

Scope of eCommerce in Nepal

IT has created more opportunities for eCommerce growth in Nepal. It noted that there are
11.51 million internet users in Nepal. This status proves that there is a good scope of
eCommerce in Nepal.
Today every service and business is going the internet way. People are showing more trust in
the online marketplace. People are more clinched towards purchasing online services in
Nepal.
Nepal is in ultimately growing stages of development. We need to update our business to
evolve to the needs of the new generation. There is a massive scope of eCommerce in Nepal.
The reason behind this is there are benefits for both sellers and buyers.
Many online shopping portals are being launched. Many eCommerce companies have been
successful. Using interactive apps to grow your eCommerce business, you can use new
technology across digital stores. It will provide a considerable boost to your business.

How to scale your online business in Nepal

There is a growing trend of buying products from eCommerce websites. Companies are trying
their best to earn people’s trust and establish themselves. eCommerce companies should
develop their strategies for business. They have to provide proper awareness to customers
about their products.
For successful eCommerce, you need to scale your business. The business should reach as
much as wider to gain more reach. You will get more business traffic if more people know
about your business.
If you want to scale your business, then you need to follow some of the following tips:

 Research market needs and people’s problem

 Before doing eCommerce, you need to look for the problem in customers. Their problems
provide the need. The customer need is an essential factor while doing eCommerce. You have
to make sure about what kind of product you are selling. Search for people’s problems so
that you can find a matched solution.

 Create and develop a solution to their problems with content, product, or service

Develop such a solution that helps the customer. Find the answer to the problem and about
their requirements. You need to invent a solution to a people’s pain. If your product solution
matches customer needs, high demand for your product is likely.

 Regulation of product

It would be best if you gave regularity on products according to customers’ demand. You
need to back up if there is more demand for the product. Sometimes it is better to change
product types. Provides the latest and new designed product to the customer. The latest
designed product will hit trending in the marketplace.

 Maintains high-quality products

In Nepal, there is the main issue with the quality of products. People are not trusting
eCommerce because of quality issues. The most faced problem in Nepal is that customers
are not getting what they see online. Products are different when the customer orders and
receives them. To gain customer trust, keep selling high-quality products only.

 Making a remarkable first impression

The first impression is always the last. The first impression you make on potential customers
after starting an eCommerce business in Nepal matters. Make a strong presentation for
products. It would be best if you had to give proper details about your product in a
presentable manner. Then, you and your product will grab the attention of customers.
Display high-quality pictures of products on your website. The product should be neat and
clean. Please provide accurate details about the stock of your product, whether it is available
or not.

 Marketing

Advertisement is the leading resource to provide information about your product and
business. Before launching, promote your business like coming soon. People will be aware of
your product. Interested customers can wait early for its launch.
 After you launch your business, promote your product and store. Email marketing, social
media marketing, affiliate marketing, influencer marketing, etc., are the best platforms to
advertise your business.
Social media marketing is the process of leveraging the network to interact. It increases traffic
and sales to websites. At the same time, social media is used to promote the product. It is a
place to interact with users and tell them what makes your brand unique. There is a
tremendous amount of users on social media. It is easy to reach wider with the help of social
media.

 Securing your shipment

A secure website is secure for doing eCommerce business. It provides security to both users
and customers. Use a specific mechanism in the admin panel of your websites.
Take care of your customer’s privacy as personal data is not for sharing with others without
customers’ permission.

 Taking advantage of eCommerce

People use mobile phones because it is portable, so they can carry them anywhere they want.
If your eCommerce website is mobile-friendly, then nothing can stop your business from
growing because most people use mobile phones for online shopping.
You can use mobile apps for your eCommerce websites. Customers can reach you faster with
android and iOS applications.

 Delivery

Home delivery is the way to end the travel time of customers. It shouldn’t take more time to
deliver the product. The customer wants their order as fast as possible. The delivery of the
product should be faster. It should be given to the exact location of customers. Customers
love to receive their products in good packaging. You can take some delivery charges from
customers as well.

 Payment

You have to make payments online or cash on delivery. Many digital payment methods are
easy to use. Besides digital payment, credit cards, master cards, etc., can be used for product
payment.
In Nepal, many digital payment gateways have been developed. It is easier and faster to use
these types of services. Different payment apps are now available in Nepal, such as E-Sewa,
Khalti, Prabhu Pay, IME Pay, etc.

 Policy
 Customers refuse to take those types of products and services that don’t match their
expectations. Make those policies for the customer about refunds and returns of the
products.

 Review

Some companies forget to put rating scales on their website about products. People will
attract more to the high-rated product. Those ratings are based on the customer’s review
itself. Customers who buy your product can rate it according to the level of satisfaction. This
scheme will have a positive effect on your business. People always love to buy high-rated and
good review products.

Challenges you face when trying to start an eCommerce business in

Nepal
In Nepal, some successful eCommerce companies are Daraz, Sastodeal, Foodmandu, Gyapu,
Dealayo, and Okdam. Some eCommerce companies are still developing. The people have no
idea about how to start online business in Nepal. Due to the lack of strategies and tactics,
they face such problems.
A large number of people in Nepal still think twice before purchasing online.. Various frauds
are hampering the growth of eCommerce in Nepal. A large chunk of the people rarely
purchases from online stores in Nepal. Few who tried have discontinued using the online
platform due to terrible experiences fueled by lousy customer service. It’s not that they don’t
want to buy online.
The online channel provides more leverage like saving time and ease. It’s been more than 18
years of eCommerce evolution in Nepal, but still, we are growing at a snail’s pace.
Some of the significant challenges of eCommerce in Nepal are:

1. Lack of product reviews on the website

2. Delivery challenges
3. Confusing return policy
4. Lack of availability of the product in the warehouse.

5. Issues regarding the usability and availability of technology

6. Payment issues as big names like Paypal do not fit the country’s law .
7. Supply chain management issues .
8. Lack of problem analysis and management.

Governments policy and steps in implementation of E-Commerce

The government has put in place a national strategy for e-Commerce, the critical first
step in encouraging industries and enterprises to adopt e-commerce, before a
relevant law to govern the sector is drafted.

The strategy that was approved by the Cabinet in 2019,June has given the Ministry
of Industry, Commerce and Supplies one year to draft the guidelines and regulations
for the e-commerce sector.

The online marketplace is growing steadily despite a late start, but there are no laws
to regulate them. Nepal lags in e-commerce because of inadequate information and
technology infrastructure.

The strategy has provisioned taking legal action against the e-commerce firm if they
are found selling substandard products, charging a high price and not delivering the
goods on time. It has also provisioned legal action for selling goods by labelling false
details.

The government plans to bring online advertisements into a legal network by enacting
a new law, according to the strategy. The strategy also has provision for a refund and
return for goods purchased online.

Currently, there is no specific law to regulate e-commerce sector, and consumers

often get cheated. According to a government official, the strategy — which will act
as an initial guideline — will allow the registration, approval and operation of e-
commerce businesses.

The new strategy allows websites to be registered as e-commerce businesses under

the Company Act.

The government doesn’t have the exact data for online marketplaces. According to a
government official, there are a large number of unregistered online shops. Daraz,
Sastodeal, eSewaPasal, Metro Tarkari, Bhatbhateni Online, Mero Kirana, Foodmario,
Foodmandu and Urban Girl are some of the most popular online stores in the country.

UNIT- 3
E-governance

E-Governance Definition
E-Governance can be defined as the application of communication
and information technology for providing government services, exchange of
information, transactions, integration of previously existing services and
information portals.

It makes the whole administrative process convenient, efficient, transparent, fully

accountable and responsible. As a growing economy , e-Governance is a must in
a country like Nepal, both in Government and corporate sector.

Types of E-governance:
[Link] to citizen (G2C)
[Link]-to-business (G2B)
[Link]-to-government (G2G)
[Link]-to-employees (G2E)

Components of E-Governance
 Public Awareness and Engagement

 Ensuring Database Security

 Infrastructure and Technical

 Reliable and Trusted Customer Support

 Monitoring and Evaluation

 Research and Development

 Strategy

 Technology (telephone, fax, personal digital assistants (PDA), short messaging service

(SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), and third-generation technology (3G),

general packet radio service (GPRS), WiFi, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

Access (WiMAX), Bluetooth closed-circuit television (CCTV), radio-frequency

identification (RFID), biometric identification, smart cards)

 Enabling M-Commerce

 Utilize the Power of Social Media

 Advantages of E-governance
 Reduced corruption
 High transparency
 Increased convenience
 Growth in GDP
 Direct participation of constituents
 Reduction in overall cost.
 Expanded reach of government
 Time saving
 No Crowd

Scope of E-governance in Nepal

IT has created more opportunities for egovernance growth in Nepal. It is noted
that there are 11.51 million internet users in Nepal. This status proves that there
is a good scope of egovernance in Nepal.
Today every service and business is going the internet way. People are showing
more trust in the online marketplace. People are more clinched towards
purchasing online services in Nepal.
Nepal is in ultimately growing stages of development. We need to update our
government services to evolve to the needs of the new generation. There is a
massive scope of egovernance in Nepal. The reason behind this is there are
benefits for both Government and citizens .
Many information portals and applications are being launched by the
government such as Nagarik app. Many egovernance services have been
successful.

Government's steps in implementation of E-

governance in Nepal
Almost two decades after the first initiative towards e-Governance through
the IT policy of 2000, Nepal has so far struggled with implementation of e-
Governance due to political instability and the digital divide caused by socio-
 economic issues such as lack of infrastructure, low-income level and low-
literacy rate among others.

However,with trend towards foreign labour, Nepal has seen a huge demand
for communication resulting in improvement in the communication
infrastructure. With access to mobile technology, possibility of citizen reach
and interaction through the means of mobile communication has become
realisable.

Nepal is mGov-ready but is still missing out on making a larger

developmental impact through mGov(mobile government) due to issue
within the leadership and the role of international agencies not
complementing the process in the larger picture.

It is necessary for the government of Nepal to take advantage of witnessed

mGov-readiness by developing policy towards focusing on mobile-oriented
citizen reach and interaction processes for e-Governance.

UNIT – 4
Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IOT)

Cloud Computing definition

Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet(cloud). These
resources include tools and applications like data storage, servers, databases,
networking, and software.

Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device, cloud-
based storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database. As long as an
electronic device has access to the web, it has access to the data and the software
programs to run it.

Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a number of reasons
including cost savings, increased productivity, speed and efficiency, performance,
and security.

Examples of cloud computing are : Google Drive,dropbox,iCloud etc.

Features of Cloud Computing

The essential features of cloud computing are as follows:
1. Resources Sharing
2. On-Demand Self-Service
3. Easy Maintenance
This is one of the best cloud features. Servers are easily maintained, and downtime is minimal or
sometimes zero. Cloud computing powered resources often undergo several updates to optimize
their capabilities and potential. Updates are more viable with devices and perform faster than
previous versions.

4. Scalability
5. Economical
7. Security
Data security is one of the best features of cloud computing. Cloud services make a copy of the
stored data to prevent any kind of data loss. If one server loses data by any chance, the copied
version is restored from the other server. This feature comes in handy when multiple users are
working on a particular file in real-time, and one file suddenly gets corrupted.

9. Resilience
Resilience in cloud computing means the ability of a service to quickly recover from any disruption.
The resilience of a cloud is measured by how fast its servers, databases and network systems restart
and recover from any loss or damage.

Benefits of Cloud Services

Cloud services have many benefits, so let's take a closer look at some of the most important ones.

Flexibility
Work from anywhere
Cost savings
Automatic updates
Disaster recovery

Components/Architecture of Cloud Computing

The Architecture of Cloud computing contains many different components:

 Cloud
Computing Architecture Diagram

[Link] End:

The client uses the front [Link] front end includes web browsers (Chrome, Firefox,
Opera, etc.), clients, and mobile devices.

[Link] End:

The backend part helps you manage all the resources needed to provide Cloud
computing services. This Cloud architecture part includes a security mechanism, a
large amount of data storage, servers, etc.
 Application:
The application can be any software or platform which a client wants to access.

 Service:
The service component manages which type of service you can access
according to the client’s requirements.

 Three Cloud computing services are:

 Software as a Service (SaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

 Runtime Cloud:
Runtime cloud offers the execution and runtime environment to the virtual
machines.

 Storage:
Storage is another important Cloud computing architecture component. It provides a
large amount of storage capacity in the Cloud to store and manage data.

 Infrastructure:
Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and software components like servers,
storage, network devices, virtualization software, and various other storage
resources that are needed to support the cloud computing model.

 Management:
This component manages components like application, service, runtime cloud,
storage, infrastructure, and other security matters in the backend. It also
establishes coordination between them.

 Security:
Security in the backend refers to implementing different security mechanisms for
secure Cloud systems, resources, files, and infrastructure to the end-user.

 Internet:
Internet connection acts as the bridge or medium between frontend and backend. It
allows you to establish the interaction and communication between the frontend and
backend
Classification/types of cloud computing

Based on the service model, cloud can be categorized into IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-
Service), PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service), and SaaS (Software-as-a-Service). Let’s take a
look at each one.

 IaaS

This acronym is short for Infrastructure as a Service. The cloud service provider
manages the entire infrastructure (e.g., data storage, the actual servers, network).

Example: Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure

PaaS

This acronym is short for Platform as a Service. The outside cloud provider offers and
manages hardware and an application software platform.

Example: Google App Engine, Adobe Commerce

SaaS

This acronym means Software as a Service. Whether people know it or not, most
people use SaaS almost every day. SaaS are web applications and mobile apps
accessed through a web browser, offered and managed by the cloud service provider.
The user is responsible for maintenance, bug fixes, and software updates.

Typical SaaS include Gmail, Dropbox, Adobe Creative Cloud. SaaS provides a
considerable advantage because the software doesn't have to be directly loaded into
each user's machine.
Types of Cloud
There are the following 4 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the organization's needs-

o Public Cloud
o Private Cloud
o Hybrid Cloud
o Community Cloud

Public Cloud
Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the pay-per-usage
method.

In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service Provider
(CSP).

Example: Microsoft, Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.

Private Cloud
Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by organizations to
build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third party. It can be deployed using
Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.
Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can say:

Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public cloud can be
accessed by anyone, while the services which are running on a private cloud can be accessed only
by the organization's users.

Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365 (MS Office
on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

Community Cloud(Multiclouds)
Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several organizations
to share the information between the organization and a specific community. It is owned, managed,
and operated by one or more organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of
them.

Example: Health Care community cloud

Scope of cloud computing in Nepal
Businesses nowadays are seeking innovative ways to grow and accomplish
their business goals. With the help of cloud computing, this business will
keep on growing in the future. Cloud computing is powerful and expansive
and will continue to grow in the future and provide many benefits.
Cloud computing is extremely cost-effective and companies can use it for
their growth. The future of cloud computing is bright and will provide
benefits to both the host and the customer.
One should keep in mind that the owner of the company should be familiar
with the latest development taking place in Cloud technology.
IoT definition

The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical

and digital machines, objects, animals or people having the ability to transfer data over
a network .

A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm
animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the
driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be
assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.

Internet-enabled thermostats, doorbells, smoke detectors and security alarms create a

connected hub where data is shared between physical devices and users can remotely
control the "things" in that hub (i.e., adjusting temperature settings, unlocking doors,
etc.) via a mobile app or website.

There are several top IOT devices in the market. Smart Mobiles, smart
refrigerators, smartwatches, smart fire alarms, smart door locks, smart
bicycles, medical sensors, fitness trackers, smart security system, etc., are few
examples of IoT products.

Features of IOT
The most important features of IoT are listed below:

Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the things of IoT to
IoT platform it may be server or cloud. After connecting the IoT devices, it needs a high speed
messaging between the devices and cloud to enable reliable, secure and bi-directional
communication.

Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analyzing the data
collected and use them to build effective business intelligence. If we have a good insight into data
gathered from all these things, then we call our system has a smart system.

Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as well.

Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of data. For
example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have going to end, then the coffee machine itself
order the coffee beans of your choice from the retailer.

Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any change in the
environment and report on their status. IoT technology brings passive networks to active networks.
Without sensors, there could not hold an effective or true IoT environment.
Active Engagement : IoT makes the connected technology, product, or services to active
engagement between each other.

Scale : IoT devices should be designed in such a way that they can be scaled up or down easily on
demand.

Safety : One of the main features of the IoT ecosystem is security. In the whole flow of an IoT
ecosystem, sensitive information is passed from endpoints to the analytics layer via connectivity
components. While designing an IoT system we need to adhere to proper safety, security measures,
and firewalls to keep the data away from misuse and manipulations. Compromising any component
of an IoT ecosystem can eventually lead to failure of the whole pipeline.

Advantages of using the clouds are :-

 Monitor Data
 Ease of Access
 Speedy Operation
 Adapting to New Standards
 Better Time Management
 Automation and Control
 Saving Money
 Scalability
 Security

IoT Components

Here, 4 fundamental components of IoT system, which tells us how IoT works.
i. Sensors/Devices
First, sensors or devices help in collecting very minute data from the surrounding
environment. A device can have multiple sensors that can bundle together to do more
than just sense things.
For example, our phone is a device that has multiple sensors such as GPS,
accelerometer, camera but our phone does not simply sense things.

The most rudimentary step will always remain to pick and collect data from the
surrounding environment be it a standalone sensor or multiple devices.
ii. Connectivity/Gateway
Next, that collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure but it needs a medium for
transport.
The sensors can be connected to the cloud through various mediums of
communication and transports such as cellular networks, satellite networks, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, wide-area networks (WAN), low power wide area network and many more.

iii. Cloud/Server :Data Processing

Once the data is collected and it gets to the cloud, the software performs processing
on the acquired data.

This can range from something very simple, such as checking that the temperature
reading on devices such as AC or heaters is within an acceptable range.

It can sometimes also be very complex, such as identifying objects (such as intruders
in your house) using computer vision on video.

iv. User Interface

Next, the information made available to the end-user in some way. This can achieve
by triggering alarms on their phones or notifying through texts or emails.

Also, a user sometimes might also have an interface through which they can actively
check in on their IOT system. For example, a user has a camera installed in his house,
he might want to check the video recordings and all the feeds through a web server.

Types Of IoT Wireless Networks :

5 Types of IoT Wireless Technologies:

1. Cellular (3G/4G/5G)
Well-established in the consumer mobile market, cellular networks offer reliable
broadband communication supporting various voice calls and video streaming
applications. On the downside, they impose very high operational costs and power
requirements.
While cellular networks are not viable for the majority of IoT applications powered
by battery-operated sensor networks, they fit well in specific use cases such
as connected cars or fleet management in transportation and logistics. For
example, in-car infotainment, traffic routing, advanced driver assistance systems
(ADAS) alongside fleet telematics and tracking services can all rely on the
ubiquitous and high bandwidth cellular connectivity.

Cellular next-gen 5G with high-speed mobility support and ultra-low latency is

positioned to be the future of autonomous vehicles and augmented reality. 5G is
also expected to enable real-time video surveillance for public safety, real-time
mobile delivery of medical data sets for connected health, and several time-
sensitive industrial automation applications in the future.

2. Bluetooth and BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)

Another well-known wireless technology in consumer circles is
Bluetooth. This wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a short-range
communication technology with optimization for power consumption
(Bluetooth Low Energy) positioned to support small-scale consumer IoT
applications.

Bluetooth and BLE are used for everything from fitness and medical
wearables like smartwatches to smart home devices like home security
systems, where data is communicated to smartphones. They work quite
effectively with very short-range communications.

[Link](LAN)
WiFi has played a critical role in providing high-throughput data
transfer in homes and for enterprises - it’s another well-known IoT
wireless technology. It can be quite effective in the right situations,
though it has significant limitations with scalability, coverage, and high
power consumption.

Due to newer enterprise security practices, IoT devices are discouraged

from being added to the same primary Wi-Fi networks as traditional
employee computers or phones .

The high energy requirements often make WiFi a poor solution for
large networks with battery-operated sensors, such as smart buildings and
industrial use. Instead, it’s more effective with devices like smart home
appliances. The latest WiFi technology, WiFi 6, does offer improved
bandwidth and speed, though it’s still behind other available options. And
it carries security risks that other options don’t.

[Link] Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)

Low power wide area networks (LPWAN) provide long-range communication using
small, inexpensive batteries. Proponents of LPWAN position it as longer-range than
WiFi and Bluetooth, but using less power than cellular.

This family of technologies is ideal for supporting large-scale IoT

networks where a significant range is required. However, LPWANs can
only send small blocks of data at a low rate.

A well-known and commonly used IoT network protocol in this category

is LoRaWAN (long range wireless area network), which runs on
the LoRa (long range) communication network.

Advantages of LoRaWAN for IoT devices are its low power requirement
(for long battery life) and relatively low-cost chipsets. Plus, under the right
conditions, a single base station or gateway running on a long-range
network is capable of providing service to a very large area—a few
kilometers in dense urban areas and up to 15–30 kilometers in rural areas.
 UNIT- 5

Artificial Intelligence
AI Introduction
AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a great
scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where

Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI
means "a man-made thinking power."

So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which
can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as
learning, reasoning, and solving problems

With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work,
despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work
with own intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.

Areas of AI
Five Core Technologies/Areas Of Artificial
Intelligence :
1. Computer vision

Computer vision refers to the computer’s ability to recognize objects, scenes and
activities from images. Computer vision technology uses a sequence of image
processing operations and other technologies to decompose image analysis tasks
into small tasks that are easy to manage. For example, some technologies can
detect the edges and textures of objects from images, and classification
technologies can be used to determine whether the recognized features represent
a class of objects known to the system.

Computer vision has a wide range of applications , including: medical imaging

analysis is used to improve disease prediction, diagnosis and treatment; face
recognition is used by Facebook to automatically identify people in photos; in
the field of security and surveillance, it is used to identify suspects; In terms of
shopping, consumers can now take photos of products with their smartphones
to get more purchase options.

2. Machine learning

Machine learning refers to the ability of a computer system not to follow explicit
program instructions, but to rely on data to improve its performance.

Machine Learning Is a Form of Artificial Intelligence that Makes Predictions from

Data .

The core is that machine learning automatically discovers patterns from data,
and once the patterns are discovered, they can be used for prediction. For
example, given the machine learning system a database of credit card transaction
information such as transaction time, merchant, location, price, and whether the
transaction is legitimate, the system will learn patterns that can be used to
predict credit card fraud. The more transaction data processed, the more
accurate the forecast will be.
Machine learning has a very wide range of applications. For those activities that
generate huge amounts of data, it has the potential to improve almost all
performance. In addition to fraud detection, these activities include sales
forecasts, inventory management, oil and gas exploration, and public health.
Machine learning technology also plays an important role in other cognitive
technology fields, such as computer vision, which can improve its ability to
recognize objects through continuous training and improvement of visual
models in massive images.

3. Natural language processing

Natural language processing (NLP) is a field of artificial intelligence in which

computers analyze, understand, and derive meaning from human language in a
smart and useful way. By utilizing NLP, developers can organize and structure
knowledge to perform tasks such as automatic summarization, translation, named
entity recognition, relationship extraction, sentiment analysis, speech recognition,
and topic segmentation.

4. Robot

What is a robot?
A robot is a machine that looks like a human, and is capable of performing out of box actions
and replicating certain human movements automatically by means of commands given to it
using programming. Examples: Automotive Industry Robots, Order Picking Robots, Industrial Floor
Scrubbers etc.

Components of Robot
Several components construct a robot, these components are as follows:
o Actuators: Actuators are the devices that are responsible for moving and controlling a system or
machine. It helps to achieve physical movements by converting energy like electrical, hydraulic and
air, etc. Actuators can create linear as well as rotary motion.
o Power Supply: It is an electrical device that supplies electrical power to an electrical load. The primary
function of the power supply is to convert electrical current to power the load.
o Electric Motors: These are the devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and are
required for the rotational motion of the machines.
o Pneumatic Air Muscles: Air Muscles are soft pneumatic devices that are ideally best fitted for
robotics. They can contract and extend and operate by pressurized air filling a pneumatic bladder.
Whenever air is introduced, it can contract up to 40%.
o Muscles wire: These are made up of nickel-titanium alloy called Nitinol and are very thin in shape. It
can also extend and contract when a specific amount of heat and electric current is supplied into it.
Also, it can be formed and bent into different shapes when it is in its martensitic form. They can
contract by 5% when electrical current passes through them.
o Piezo Motors and Ultrasonic Motors: Piezoelectric motors or Piezo motors are the electrical devices
that receive an electric signal and apply a directional force to an opposing ceramic plate. It helps a
robot to move in the desired direction. These are the best suited electrical motors for industrial robots.
o Sensor: They provide the ability like see, hear, touch and movement like humans. Sensors are the
devices or machines which help to detect the events or changes in the environment and send data to the
computer processor. These devices are usually equipped with other electronic devices. Similar to human
organs, the electrical sensor also plays a crucial role in Artificial Intelligence & robotics. AI algorithms
control robots by sensing the environment, and it provides real-time information to computer
processors.
Applications of Robotics
Robotics have different application areas. Some of the important applications domains of robotics
are as follows:

o Robotics in defence sectors: The defence sector is undoubtedly the one of the main parts of any
country. Each country wants their defence system to be strong. Robots help to approach inaccessible
and dangerous zone during war. DRDO has developed a robot named Daksh to destroy life-
threatening objects safely. They help soldiers to remain safe and deployed by the military in combat
scenarios. Besides combat support, robots are also deployed in anti-submarine operations, fire
support, battle damage management, strike missions, and laying machines.
o Robotics in Medical sectors: Robots also help in various medical fields such as laparoscopy,
neurosurgery, orthopaedic surgery, disinfecting rooms, dispensing medication, and various other
medical domains.
o Robotics in Industrial Sector: Robots are used in various industrial manufacturing industries such as
cutting, welding, assembly, disassembly, pick and place for printed circuit boards, packaging &
labelling, palletizing, product inspection & testing, colour coating, drilling, polishing and handling the
materials.
Moreover, Robotics technology increases productivity and profitability and reduces human efforts,
resulting from lower physical strain and injury. The industrial robot has some important advantages,
which are as follows:
o Accuracy
o Flexibility
o Reduced labour charge
o Low noise operation
o Fewer production damages
o Increased productivity rate.
o Robotics in Entertainment: Over the last decade, use of robots is continuously getting increased in
entertainment areas. Robots are being employed in entertainment sector, such as movies, animation,
games and cartoons. Robots are very helpful where repetitive actions are required. A camera-wielding
robot helps shoot a movie scene as many times as needed without getting tired and frustrated. A big-
name Disney has launched hundreds of robots for the film industry.
o Robots in the mining industry: Robotics is very helpful for various mining applications such as
robotic dozing, excavation and haulage, robotic mapping & surveying, robotic drilling and explosive
handling, etc. A mining robot can solely navigate flooded passages and use cameras and other sensors
to detect valuable minerals. Further, robots also help in excavation to detect gases and other materials
and keep humans safe from harm and injuries. The robot rock climbers are used for space exploration,
and underwater drones are used for ocean exploration.
5. Speech Recognition

Speech recognition is mainly concerned with the technology of converting

human speech automatically and accurately. The technology must face some
similar problems with natural language processing. There are some difficulties
in processing different accents, background noise, and distinguishing
homophones/different words (“buy” and “by” sound the same). It also needs to
have a working speed that can keep up with the normal speaking rate.

The main applications of speech recognition include medical dictation, voice

writing, computer system voice control, telephone customer service, etc. For
example, Domino’s Pizza recently launched a mobile app that allows users to
place orders via voice.

[Link] Networks/ Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

The neural network is a branch of artificial intelligence that makes use of

neurology ( a part of biology that concerns the nerve and nervous system of the
human brain). Neural network replicates the human brain where the human brain
comprises an infinite number of neurons and to code brain-neurons into a system
or a machine is what the neural network functions.

In simple terms, a neural network is a set of algorithms that are used to find the
elemental relationships across the bunches of data via the process that imitates
the human brain operating process.

A neuron in a neural network is a mathematical function whose work is to gather

and classify information according to a particular structure, the network strongly
implements various statistical techniquesto accomplish tasks.
From forecasting to market research, they are extensively used for fraud detection,
risk analysis, stock-exchange prediction, sales prediction and many more.
7. Expert Systems

An expert system refers to a computer system that mimics the decision-making

intelligence of a human expert. It conducts this by deriving knowledge from its
knowledge base by implementing reasoning and insights rules in terms with the
user queries.

The effectiveness of the expert system completely relies on the expert’s knowledge
accumulated in a knowledge base. The more the information collected in it, the
more the system enhances its efficiency. For example, the expert system provides
suggestions for spelling and errors in Google Search Engine.

Expert systems are built to deal with complex problems via reasoning through the
bodies of proficiency, expressed especially in particular of “if-then” rules instead
of traditional agenda to code. The key features of expert systems include extremely
responsive, reliable, understandable and high execution.
Expert Systems can be used in various fields:
 predict the degree and type of lung cancer
 can identify cancer at early stages
 Loan analysis
 Virus detection
 Planning and scheduling
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that
AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple
times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car
which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose,
Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.

Applications of AI
1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can be
helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and going
to have a significant impact on this industry.
o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help
doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach
to the patient before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the
machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is implementing
automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial
processes.
5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the
digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG
bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which
need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts
of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different
users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related
works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to
the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like
interaction with customers for better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your journey
more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such
that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots
which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named
as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment services
such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the
recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result. Now a
day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as
agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful
for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more demanding
in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with
recommended size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate
with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible easily at
any time and any place.

Scope of AI in Nepal
Nepal like other countries is affected by all the latest innovations in technology. How can a developing
country like Nepal benefit from Artificial Intelligence? This is not an easy question to answer. It
depends on many factors and mostly on the government’s policy on IT and related fields.

For developing countries, AI has a more significant effect. We can see how technology-driven
changes have helped such countries in tackling a number of challenges.

Nepal can benefit from this too, especially in Farming, Health Care, Resource provision,
transportation, Electricity and so on. How can this be achieved depends on the policy adopted by the
Government and the private sectors investing in the field of [Link] are some private companies
already operating here in the field of AI, however, no such machines are used significantly until today.

One of those AI companies is Fuse Machines, which was founded in 2011 AD has been operating in
different fields to develop AI-enabled machines and program. There are some other companies and
organizations that are working in AI, like Paaila technology which is developing a robot waiter for
the restaurant business. Apart from the waiter robots, they have developed speech recognition
software for the Nepali language along with text to speech converter.

Some practical uses and future possibility of AI in Nepal are:

Disaster preparedness and post-disaster reconstruction

Smart Agriculture – future is bright

Medicine Delivery in the rural area

Education Sector
Government's steps in promotion of AI in robotics and
technology

There should be laws, plans and national strategies to regulate AI. We also need clear laws
for dealing with malicious use of AI, identity theft, infringement of intellectual property
rights and illegal use, abuse or misuse of AI.

AI in Nepal and India

Nepal lacks policy-level intervention on Artificial Intelligence but the use of AI-based
technologies in banks and health sectors shows that Nepal is not far behind in
technological advancements.

The Naulo Restaurant in Kathmandu has five robot waiters under the slogan of “where
the food meets technology”. The robots are designed and manufactured
by Paaila Technology, which is a Nepali company established by young engineers
specializing in robotics and AI. Interestingly, Naulo is the first digitalised robotic
restaurant in South Asia.

Machine Learning (ML), a subfield of AI, is widely adopted by banks across the globe.
The scope of AI is widening day by day with the advent of digital platforms and
smartphones. Nepal’s banking industries have digitization, fin-tech, mobile banking,
SMS banking, internet banking, payment gateways and e-wallets which are also, in
one or other way, use of AI.

Previously, the use of AI could be seen in Nepal SBI Bank’s robotics introduced in
2017 and Macchapuchhre Bank’s MAYA, a chat assistant on its website, and
Facebook messenger in 2018. The use of AI in Banks and Financial Institutions and
other sectors has proved to be a boon, for the software helps banks to link
transactions, detect fraud/disasters and thereby ensure regulatory compliance.

The government of Nepal has endorsed a program of “Digital Nepal Framework,

2019” which is to be implemented in five years, with the vision of ‘digital Nepal for
good governance, development and prosperity’. With this policy level intervention, the
country aims to ensure digital development in agriculture, education, health, energy,
finance, tourism and urban infrastructure. The Framework is like a lamppost showing
the vivid path to the country in its journey toward becoming a digital state.
The AI has been making progress in Nepal and possibly changes will be seen at a
time when the government and non-government sectors digitize their official business
and set aside paperwork. Like other democracies, Nepal has a wealth of software
talents in AI and IT sector. AI has been introduced as a discipline in university
curricula. Kathmandu University has launched B Tech and M Tech programs in
Artificial Intelligence from the academic session of 2021.

Nepal lacks policy-level intervention on Artificial Intelligence but the use of AI-
based technologies in banks and health sectors shows that Nepal is not far
behind in technological advancements.

The AI is a hotcake and it’s not only future for Nepal but for all humankind. The
students with a degree of AI would be placed in the public sector, judiciary, journalism,
human rights, health, agriculture and among other industrial establishments. It has no
boundaries. Still, the necessity of law and robust policy on AI is being felt and
discussed in Nepal.

UNIT -6
Multimedia
Definition of Multimedia

Multimedia is a representation of information in an attractive and interactive

manner with the use of a combination of text, audio, video, graphics and
animation.
In other words we can say that Multimedia is a computerized method of
presenting information combining textual data, audio, visuals (video),
graphics and animations. For examples: E-Mail, facebook Messenger,
Video Conferencing, Multimedia Message Service (MMS) etc.
Multimedia as name suggests is the combination of Multi and Media that is
many types of media (hardware/software) used for communication of
information.
Components of Multimedia

Following are the common components of multimedia:

 Text- All multimedia productions contain some amount of text. The
text can have various types of fonts and sizes to suit the profession
presentation of the multimedia software.
 Graphics- Graphics make the multimedia application attractive. In
many cases people do not like reading large amount of textual matter
on the screen. Therefore, graphics are used more often than text to
explain a concept, present background information etc. There are two
types of Graphics:
o Bitmap images- Bitmap images are real images that can be
captured from devices such as digital cameras or scanners.
Generally bitmap images are not editable. Bitmap images require
a large amount of memory.
 o Vector Graphics- Vector graphics are drawn on the computer
and only require a small amount of memory. These graphics are
editable.
 Audio- A multimedia application may require the use of speech, music
and sound effects. These are called audio or sound element of
[Link] is also a perfect way for teaching. Audio are of
analog and digital types. Analog audio or sound refers to the original
sound signal. Computer stores the sound in digital form. Therefore,
the sound used in multimedia application is digital audio.
 Video- The term video refers to the moving picture, accompanied by
sound such as a picture in television. Video element of multimedia
application gives a lot of information in small duration of time. Digital
video is useful in multimedia application for showing real life objects.
Video have highest performance demand on the computer memory
and on the bandwidth if placed on the internet. Digital video files can
be stored like any other files in the computer and the quality of the
video can still be maintained. The digital video files can be transferred
within a computer network. The digital video clips can be edited easily.
 Animation- Animation is a process of making a static image look like
it is moving. An animation is just a continuous series of still images
that are displayed in a sequence. The animation can be used
effectively for attracting attention. Animation also makes a
presentation light and attractive. Animation is very popular in
multimedia application
Applications of Multimedia

Following are the common areas of applications of multimedia.

 Multimedia in Business- Multimedia can be used in many
applications in a business. The multimedia technology along with
communication technology has opened the door for information of
global wok groups. Today the team members may be working
anywhere and can work for various companies. Thus the work place
will become global. The multimedia network should support the
following facilities:
o Voice Mail
o Electronic Mail
o Multimedia based FAX
o Office Needs
o Employee Training
o Sales and Other types of Group Presentation
 o Records Management
 Multimedia in Marketing and Advertising- By using multimedia
marketing of new products can be greatly enhanced. Multimedia boost
communication on an affordable cost opened the way for the
marketing and advertising personnel. Presentation that have flying
banners, video transitions, animations, and sound effects are some of
the elements used in composing a multimedia based advertisement to
appeal to the consumer in a way never used before and promote the
sale of the products.
 Multimedia in Entertainment- By using multimedia marketing of new
products can be greatly enhanced. Multimedia boost communication
on an affordable cost opened the way for the marketing and
advertising personnel. Presentation that have flying banners, video
transitions, animations, and sound effects are some of the elements
used in composing a multimedia based advertisement to appeal to the
consumer in a way never used before and promote the sale of the
products.
 Multimedia in Education- Many computer games with focus on
education are now available. Consider an example of an educational
game which plays various rhymes for kids. The child can paint the
pictures, increase reduce size of various objects etc apart from just
playing the [Link] other multimedia packages are available
in the market which provide a lot of detailed information and playing
capabilities to kids.
 Multimedia in Bank- Bank is another public place where multimedia
is finding more and more application in recent times. People go to
bank to open saving/current accounts, deposit funds, withdraw
money, know various financial schemes of the bank, obtain loans etc.
Every bank has a lot of information which it wants to impart to in
customers. For this purpose, it can use multimedia in many ways.
Bank also displays information about its various schemes on a PC
monitor placed in the rest area for customers. Today on-line and
internet banking have become very popular. These use multimedia
extensively. Multimedia is thus helping banks give service to their
customers and also in educating them about banks attractive finance
schemes.
 Multimedia in Hospital- Multimedia best use in hospitals is for real
time monitoring of conditions of patients in critical illness or accident.
The conditions are displayed continuously on a computer screen and
can alert the doctor/nurse on duty if any changes are observed on the
screen. Multimedia makes it possible to consult a surgeon or an expert
 who can watch an ongoing surgery line on his PC monitor and give
online advice at any crucial juncture.
In hospitals multimedia can also be used to diagnose an illness with
CD-ROMs/ Cassettes/ DVDs full of multimedia based information
about various diseases and their [Link] hospitals
extensively use multimedia presentations in training their junior staff
of doctors and nurses. Multimedia displays are now extensively used
during critical surgeries.
 Communication Technology and Multimedia Services- The
advancement of high computing abilities, communication ways and
relevant standards has started the beginning of an era where you will
be provided with multimedia facilities at home. These services may
include:
o Basic Television Services
o Interactive entertainment
o Digital Audio
o Video on demand
o Home shopping
o Financial Transactions
o Interactive multiplayer or single player games
o Digital multimedia libraries
o E-Newspapers, e-magazines

Advantages of Multimedia

Some of the advantages of multimedia are:

(i) It is interactive and integrated: The digitization process

integrates all of the numerous mediums. The ability to receive
immediate input enhances interactivity.

(ii) It’s quite user-friendly: The user does not use much energy
because they can sit and watch the presentation, read the text, and
listen to the audio.

(iii) It is Flexible: Because it is digital, this media can be easily

shared. Adapted to suit various settings and audiences.

(iv) It appeals to a variety of senses(multisensory): It makes

extensive use of the user’s senses while utilizing multimedia, for
example, hearing, observing and conversing.
 (v) Available for all type of audiences(diversity): Multimedia is
not intended just for a single user, but for a wide range of audiences,
even crossing language barriers.

UNIT – 7
Big Data
Introduction
Big Data is a collection of data that is huge in volume, yet growing exponentially with
time. It is a data with so large size and complexity that none of traditional data
management tools can store it or process it efficiently. Big data is also a data but with
huge size.

characteristics of Big data

The 4 V's of big data (Volume,Variety,Velocity,Variability) are the four main and
characteristics:

Big data can be described by the following characteristics:

 Volume
 Variety
 Velocity
 Variability

(i) Volume – The name Big Data itself is related to a size which is enormous. Size of
data plays a very crucial role in determining value out of data. Also, whether a particular
data can actually be considered as a Big Data or not, is dependent upon the volume of
data. Hence, ‘Volume’ is one characteristic which needs to be considered while dealing
with Big Data solutions.

(ii) Variety – The next aspect of Big Data is its variety.

Variety refers to heterogeneous sources and the nature of data, both structured and
unstructured. During earlier days, spreadsheets and databases were the only sources of
data considered by most of the applications. Nowadays, data in the form of emails,
photos, videos, monitoring devices, PDFs, audio, etc. are also being considered in the
analysis applications. This variety of unstructured data poses certain issues for storage,
mining and analyzing data.

(iii) Velocity – The term ‘velocity’ refers to the speed of generation of data. How fast
the data is generated and processed to meet the demands, determines real potential in
the data.
Big Data Velocity deals with the speed at which data flows in from sources like business
processes, application logs, networks, and social media sites, sensors, Mobile devices,
etc. The flow of data is massive and continuous.

(iv) Variability – This refers to the inconsistency which can be shown by the data at
times, thus hampering the process of being able to handle and manage the data
effectively.

Challenges of Big Data

The challenges in Big Data are the real implementation hurdles. Big data
challenges include the storing, analyzing the extremely large and fast-
growing data.
Some of the Big Data challenges are:

1. Sharing and Accessing Data:

 Perhaps the most frequent challenge in big data efforts is the
inaccessibility of data sets from external sources.
 Sharing data can cause substantial challenges.
 It is necessary for the data to be available in an accurate, complete
and timely manner because if data in the companies information
system is to be used to make accurate decisions in time then it
becomes necessary for data to be available in this manner.

2. Privacy and Security:

 It is another most important challenge with Big Data. This challenge
includes sensitive, conceptual, technical as well as legal
significance.
 Most of the organizations are unable to maintain regular checks due
to large amounts of data generation. However, it should be
necessary to perform security checks and observation in real time
because it is most beneficial.

3. Analytical Challenges:
 There are some huge analytical challenges in big data which arise
some main challenges questions like how to deal with a problem if
data volume gets too large?
 Or how to find out the important data points?
 Or how to use data to the best advantage?

4. Technical challenges:
  Quality of data:
 When there is a collection of a large amount of data and
storage of this data, it comes at a cost. Big companies,
business leaders and IT leaders always want large data
storage.
 For better results and conclusions, Big data rather than
having irrelevant data, focuses on quality data storage.
 This further arise a question that how it can be ensured that
data is relevant, how much data would be enough for
decision making and whether the stored data is accurate or
not.
 Fault tolerance:
 Fault tolerance is another technical challenge and fault
tolerance computing is extremely hard, involving intricate
algorithms.
 Nowadays some of the new technologies like cloud
computing and big data always intended that whenever the
failure occurs the damage done should be within the
acceptable threshold that is the whole task should not begin
from the scratch.
 Scalability:
 Big data projects can grow and evolve rapidly. The scalability
issue of Big Data has lead towards cloud computing.
 It leads to various challenges like how to run and execute
various jobs so that goal of each workload can be achieved
cost-effectively.

[Link] of knowledge Professionals:

To run these modern technologies and large Data
tools, companies need skilled data professionals. These professionals will
include data scientists, data analysts, and data engineers to work with the
tools and make sense of giant data sets. One of the Big Data Challenges
that any Company face is a drag of lack of massive Data professionals.
This is often because data handling tools have evolved rapidly, but in most
cases, the professionals haven't.

Advantages of Big data

 Advantages of Big Data are as follows:

 Better Decision Making

 Reduce costs of business processes
 Fraud Detection
 Increased productivity/ Better operational efficiency
 Improved customer service
 Increased agility(adaptability)

Types of Big data :

[Link] Data
[Link] Data
[Link]-Structured Data

1. STRUCTURED DATA
Any data that can be processed, accessed and stored as a fixed format is named
structured data.

Among the 3 types of Big Data, structured data is the easiest to

analyze.

Data stored in a relational database management system is one example

of a ‘structured’ data.

For example:

An ‘Employee’ table in a database is a Structured Data Example:

Employee_ID Employee_Name Gender Department

1865 Meg Lanning Female HR
2145 Virat Kohli Male Finance
4500 Ellyse Perry Female HR
5475 Alyssa Healy Female HR
6570 Rohit Sharma Male Finance
 2. UNSTRUCTURED DATA
Any data with unknown form or the structure is classified as unstructured
data. In addition to the size being huge, un-structured data poses multiple
challenges in terms of its processing for deriving value out of it. A typical
example of unstructured data is a heterogeneous data source containing a
combination of simple text files, images, videos etc.

Nowadays, organizations have wealth of data available with them but

unfortunately, they don’t know how to derive value out of it since this data
is in its raw form or unstructured format.

Human-generated unstructured data is what comes from mobile

data, social media, and websites.
Unstructured Data Example:
The output returned by ‘Google Search.’

Other examples are :

1. Weather data
2. Emails & messages
3. Data from smart devices & IoT
4. Analytics data
 The differences between structured and unstructured data in big data are:

3. SEMI-STRUCTURED DATA

Semi-structured data can contain both the forms of data. We can see semi-
structured data as a structured in form but it is actually not defined with e.g.
a table definition in relational DBMS. Example of semi-structured data is a
data represented in an XML file.

Examples Of Semi-structured Data are:pdf files,xml files etc

Personal data stored in an XML file-

<rec><name>Prashant
Rao</name><sex>Male</sex><age>35</age></rec>
<rec><name>Seema
R.</name><sex>Female</sex><age>41</age></rec>
<rec><name>Satish
Mane</name><sex>Male</sex><age>29</age></rec>
<rec><name>Subrato
Roy</name><sex>Male</sex><age>26</age></rec>
<rec><name>Jeremiah
J.</name><sex>Male</sex><age>35</age></rec>

Examples of big data :

Following are some of the Big Data examples-

 The New York Stock Exchange is an example of Big Data that generates
about one terabyte of new trade data per day.

 Social Media

The statistic shows that 500+terabytes of new data get ingested into the databases
of social media site Facebook, every day. This data is mainly generated in terms of
photo and video uploads, message exchanges, putting comments etc.

 Transportation
 Banking and Financial Services
 Government
 Media and Entertainment
 Meteorology
 Healthcare
 Cybersecurity
 Education
Introduction to Hadoop

Hadoop is an open source software programming framework for storing a large

amount of data and performing the computation. Its framework is based on Java
programming.
Apache Software Foundation is the developers of Hadoop, and it’s co-founders
are Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella.
It’s co-founder Doug Cutting named it on his son’s toy elephant.

Hadoop is an Apache open source framework written in java that allows storing a
large amount of data and distributed processing of large datasets across clusters
of computers .

Hadoop Architecture

At its core, Hadoop has two major layers namely −

 Processing/Computation layer (MapReduce), and
 Storage layer (Hadoop Distributed File System).

MapReduce
MapReduce is a parallel programming model for writing distributed applications for
efficient processing of large amounts of data (multi-terabyte data-sets), on large
clusters (thousands of nodes) of commodity hardware in a reliable, fault-tolerant
manner.
 MapReduce makes the use of two functions i.e. Map() and Reduce() whose task is:
1. Map() performs sorting and filtering of data and thereby organizing them in the
form of group.
2. Reduce() takes the output generated by Map() as input and combines those tuples
into smaller set of tuples.

Hadoop Distributed File System [HDFS]

 HDFS is the primary or major component of Hadoop system and is responsible
for storing large data sets of structured or unstructured data across various
nodes and thereby maintaining the metadata in the form of log files.
 HDFS is Fault Tolerant, Reliable and most importantly it
is Scalable.

How Does Hadoop Work?

Hadoop runs code across a cluster of computers. This process includes the following
core tasks that Hadoop performs −
 Data is initially divided into directories and files. Files are divided into uniform
sized blocks of 128M and 64M (preferably 128M).
 These files are then distributed across various cluster nodes for further
processing.
 HDFS, being on top of the local file system, supervises the processing.
 Blocks are replicated for handling hardware failure.
 Checking that the code was executed successfully.
 Performing the sort that takes place between the map and reduce stages.
 Sending the sorted data to a certain computer.

Advantages of Hadoop

 Hadoop framework allows the user to quickly write and test distributed systems.
 Servers can be added or removed from the cluster dynamically and Hadoop
continues to operate without interruption.
 Another big advantage of Hadoop is that apart from being open source, it is
compatible on all the platforms since it is Java based.