M25C04 Makerspace Lab (Electronics) R2025

1 SRM MCET / BE/ BTech / I Year I Semester

M25C04 Makerspace Lab (Electronics) R2025

2 SRM MCET / BE/ BTech / I Year I Semester

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SYLLABUS
Course Code COURSE NAME L T P C
ME25C04 Makerspace 0 0 4 2
Course Objectives:
• To provide hands-on training in electrical wiring practices, and the use of electronic
components, sensors, and actuators.
List of Activities
(D). Electronics Components / Equipment Practices
i. Electronic components, equipment & safety measures.
ii. Dis-assembly and assembly of Computers.
iii. Hands-on session of Soldering Practices in a Printed Circuit Board.
iv. Hands-on session of Bridge Rectifier, Op-Amp and Transimpedance amplifier.
v. Hands-on session of integration of sensors and actuators with a Microcontroller.
vi. Demonstration of Programmable Logic Control Circuit.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
On completion of the course, students will be able to:
CO1: Demonstrate proper use and handling of basic hand and power tools.
CO2: Carry out electrical wiring installations and repairs, applying safety measures in
domestic applications
CO4: Adapt and follow safety protocols in the work environment.

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CONTENTS

Page No Submission Faculty

EX NO Date Name of the Experiment Mark Signature
Date
1.1 Find the value of a resistor, find the 7
value/polarity of a capacitor, test
and identify a diode, identify
terminals of a transistor
1.2 Produce different signals with AFO 13
and analyze them on CRO
Connect AFO to CRO and study
waveform characteristics
1.3 Operate a DC Power Supply and 17
take readings with Ammeter &
Voltmeter
2.1 Recognize and describe the 21
function of computer hardware
units
2.2 Remove and recognize components 25
during PC disassembly
3 Perform soldering of a resistor on 31
PCB and measure current using
digital multimeter
4 Construct a bridge rectifier circuit 35
using diodes, take readings, and
plot input/output waveforms and
characteristics
5 Construct an inverting and non- 39
inverting operational amplifier
circuit, take readings, and plot
input/output waveforms and
characteristics
6 Interface a temperature sensor with 43
a microcontroller to monitor
temperature and write a
microcontroller program to control
the operation of a DC motor
7 Use ladder logic to control 48
switches in a PLC Virtual Lab
simulation

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EXPT:1.1 Find the value of a resistor, find the value/polarity of a capacitor, test
and identify a diode, identify terminals of a transistor

AIM
To find the Resistor values, Capacitor types, Diode polarity, and Transistor terminals using color
code charts and digital multimeter readings.
REQUIREMENTS:
Sl. No. Name of the Component Quantity
1 Resistors Few
2 Capacitors Few
3 Diodes 2
4 Transistors 2
5 Digital Multimeter (DMM) 1
6 LCR meter 1

THEORY:
Resistors:

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We need to understand how to apply it in order to get the correct value of the resistor. The
“left-hand” or the most significant coloured band is the band which is nearest to a connecting
lead with the colour coded bands being read from left-to-right as follows

The fourth and fifth bands are used to determine the percentage tolerance of the resistor. Resistor
tolerance is a measure of the resistors variation from the specified resistive value and is a
consequence of the manufacturing process and is expressed as a percentage of its “nominal” or
preferred value. Typical resistor tolerances for film resistors range from 1% to 10% while carbon
resistors have tolerances up to 20%. Resistors with tolerances lower than 2% are called precision
resistors with the or lower tolerance resistors being more expensive.
Capacitors
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte, an ionic conducting liquid,
as one of its plates, to achieve a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types. They are used
in relatively high- current and low frequency electrical circuits. However, the voltage applied to
these capacitors must be polarized; one specified terminal must always have positive potential with
respect to the other. These are of two types, axial and radial capacitors as shown in figure. The
arrowed stripe indicates the polarity, with the arrows pointing towards the negative pin.
Ceramic capacitors are generally non-polarized and almost as common as radial electrolytic
capacitors. Generally, they use an alphanumeric marking system. The value represented is in pF.
They may also be written out directly, for instance, 2n2 = 2.2 nF.

Diodes
Diodes are a two lead semiconductor. They are polarized and typically have axial leads. The
two leads are referred to as the anode and cathode. Signal diodes are around the size of ¼ watt
resistors and sometimes use a glass body. The cathode is marked by a band or stripe on the
body of the diode. The cathode of an LED is usually marked by a flat spot on the plastic housing
or by the shorter of the two leads.

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

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A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It
is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit. The transistor is an arrangement of semiconductor materials that share common physical
boundaries. Materials most commonly used are silicon, gallium-arsenide, and germanium, into
which impurities have been introduced by a process called “doping.

Digital Multimeter
The digital multimeter is a multi-function instrument that can measure ac and dc voltage or
current, and resistance. Some multimeters can also measure capacitance and test components
like diode and transistor.

PROCEDURE:
Resistors:
 Note the color bands on each resistor.
 Decode value using the resistor color code chart.
 Verify by measuring resistance with a DMM.
 Example Calculation: Red–Violet–Orange–Gold = 27 kΩ ±5%. Measured: ~26.8 kΩ →
Within tolerance.
Capacitors:
A number code is often used on small capacitors where printing is difficult:
 the 1st number is the 1st digit,
 the 2nd number is the 2nd digit,
 the 3rd number is the number of zeros to give the capacitance in pF.
 Ignore any letters - they just indicate tolerance and voltage rating.
Identification of Diode Polarity
 Locate the band → Cathode (K).
 Use diode test mode of DMM:
 forward drop (0.6–0.7 V for Si) confirms Anode (A) to Cathode (K).
Example: 1N4007 → Vf = 0.68 V, reverse = OL.
Identification of Transistor Terminals
 Read part number;
 Confirm with diode test: NPN → Base to Emitter & Base to Collector show ~0.6–0.7 V.
Example: BC547 (TO-92, flat side facing user: pins = C–B–E).

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OBSERVATIONS:

READING TABLE (Resistors)

S.No Color Code Rated Value (Ω) Measured (Ω) Within Tolerance?
1 Red-Violet-Orange-Gold 27 kΩ ±5% 26.8 kΩ Yes
2
3

READING TABLE (Capacitors)

S.No Type Label/Marking Measured Value

1 Ceramic
2 Electrolytic

READING TABLE (Diode)

S.No Diode Number Type of the diode

1
2

READING TABLE (Transistors)

S.No Part No. Type Pinout (E-B-C) Verified by DMM

1 BC547 NPN C–B–E Yes
2

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VIVA QUESTONS

1. What is the color code for a 4.7 kΩ resistor with ±5% tolerance?

2. Why are electrolytic capacitors polarized, and how is the polarity indicated?

3. How can you distinguish between a ceramic capacitor and an electrolytic capacitor?

4. What is the typical forward voltage drop of a silicon diode?

5. How do you identify the cathode of a diode physically?

ANSWERS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

RESULT

Successful Identification of Resistor values, Capacitor type/polarity, Diode polarity, and

Transistor terminals was completed.

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EXPT:1.2 Connect AFO to CRO and study waveform characteristics,

Produce different signals ( Sine wave , Square Wave) with AFO
and analyze them on CRO

AIM:
To Connect AFO to CRO and study waveform characteristics, Produce different signals ( Sine
wave , Square Wave) with AFO and analyze them on CRO

REQUIREMENTS:
Sl. No. Name of the Equipment/Component Quantity
1 Audio Function Generator (AFO) 1
2 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 1
3 CRO Probe 1
4 Connecting Leads Few
THEORY:
Function generators:
Function generator is used for providing various signals like sine wave, square
wave and triangular wave output.

An oscilloscope is an electronic measuring device which provides a two- dimensional visual

representation of a signal. Because the oscilloscope allows the user to see the signal(s), their
characteristics can be easily measured and observed. The oscilloscope displays a graph of voltage
(on the vertical axis) versus time (on the horizontal axis). Most electrical circuits can be easily
connected to the oscilloscope typically with probes. oscilloscope, previously called an
oscillograph, and informally known as a scope, CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for
the more modern digital storage oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that allows
observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or
more electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time
(horizontal or 'x' axis).

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PROCEDURE
 Connect AFO → CRO Channel 1.
 Set AFO to Sine Wave (1 kHz, ~2 Vpp).
 Adjust CRO controls (Time/Div, Volts/Div, Trigger) for stable waveform.
 Repeat for Square & Triangle waves.
 Record Vpp, frequency

OBSERVATIONS:

READING TABLE
S. Signal Time/Div Volt/Div No. of No. of Time Frequency Peak
No Type (ms/div) (V/div) Divisions Divisions Period (Hz) Voltage
(X-axis) (Y-axis) (ms) (Vp)
1

Activity:

“Students are advised to carefully observe the CRO output waveforms, note the parameters, and
neatly reproduce them on graph sheets with proper labeling and scaling.”

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VIVA

1. What is the basic function of a CRO?

2. ◻ How do you measure the amplitude and frequency of a signal using CRO?
3. ◻ What are the common waveforms generated by an Audio Function Generator (AFO)?
4. ◻ What is the use ofthe Time/Div and Volts/Div controls in a CRO?
5. ◻ How does a CRO display a sine wave differently from a square wave?
ANS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

RESULT
CRO successfully displayed AFO waveforms. Measurement of frequency and amplitude
matched expected values.

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EXPT:1.3 Operate a DC Power Supply and measure voltage and current using Voltmeter and
,………………….Ammeter

AIM:
To study the working principles and correct usage of DC supply, Ammeter, and voltmeter.
REQUIREMENTS:
Sl. No. Component/Equipment Quantity
1 DC Power Supply 1
2 Ammeter 1
3 Voltmeter 1
4 Bread board 1
5 Resistor (1 K) 1
6 DMM 1

THEORY
1. DC Power Supply
A DC power supply converts alternating current (AC) from the mains into a regulated direct
current (DC) output. It typically consists of a transformer, rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator.
The output can be fixed or variable, and it is used to power electronic circuits in laboratories and
testing setups.

2. Ammeter
An ammeter is an instrument used to measure the electric current flowing through a circuit. It is
always connected in series with the load so that the entire current passes through it. An ideal
ammeter has zero internal resistance, but practical ammeters have very low resistance to
minimize voltage drop.

3. Voltmeter
A voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference (voltage) between two points in a circuit.
It is always connected in parallel with the circuit element across which voltage is to be measured.

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An ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance, while practical voltmeters have very high resistance to
avoid drawing current.

PROCEDURE
1. Connect load resistor (1 kΩ) across supply.
2. Set supply to 5 V; measure voltage using DMM in parallel.
3. Measure current by connecting DMM in series (ammeter mode).
4. Vary voltage (3 V, 5 V, 9 V) → note current and Voltage
VIVA
1. What is the difference between AC and DC power supply?
2. Why is an ammeter connected in series and a voltmeter connected in parallel?
3. What is the ideal resistance of an ammeter and of a voltmeter?
4. What is the function of the regulator in a DC power supply?
5. What precautions must be taken while measuring current and voltage in a circuit?
ANS
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

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Interference
DC Supply ( SET Voltage) :

Ammeter Reading:

Voltmeter Reading:

RESULT

Successfully familiarized with bench supply, DMM, voltmeter, and ammeter.

Criteria (Max 25) (Max 25)

Practical Execution (15)
VIVA (10)
Presentation & Inference(25)
Sub Total
TOTAL (50)

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EXPT:2.1 Recognize and describe the function of computer hardware units

AIM:
To identify various PC hardware components (motherboard, RAM, processor,
HDD/SSD, PSU, expansion cards, etc.) and study their functions.

REQUIREMENTS:
Desktop PC, screwdriver set
THEORY:
Motherboard
The motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) of a computer. It connects and allows
communication between all components such as the processor, memory, storage, and expansion
cards. It contains sockets, slots, chipset, and input/output ports, and provides the pathways for data
and power.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is the temporary memory used by the CPU to store data and instructions during execution.
It is volatile in nature, meaning data is lost when power is turned off. Faster RAM improves the
overall performance of the system by enabling quicker data access.
Processor (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It executes instructions, performs
calculations, and controls operations of all components. CPU performance depends on clock speed,
number of cores, and cache memory.
HDD/SSD (Storage Devices)
 HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Uses magnetic storage with spinning platters and a read/write
head. Provides large capacity at low cost but slower access speed.
 SSD (Solid State Drive): Uses flash memory without moving parts. Offers faster read/write
speeds, lower power consumption, and higher reliability, but is costlier per GB.
PSU (Power Supply Unit)
The PSU, also called SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply), converts AC mains power into
regulated DC voltages (such as +3.3V, +5V, +12V) required by the motherboard, CPU, drives,
and peripherals.
Expansion Cards
Expansion cards are additional hardware modules inserted into slots (like PCI/PCIe) on the
motherboard to enhance the computer‟s functionality. Examples include graphics cards (GPU),
sound cards, network interface cards (NIC), and TV tuner cards.
PROCEDURE
1. Power down the PC, unplug all cables, and wear the antistatic wrist strap.
2. Open the cabinet using a screwdriver.
3. Identify and study each component:
o Motherboard: Central PCB connecting all hardware.
o Processor (CPU): Brain of the computer.
o RAM (Memory Modules): Temporary data storage.

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o Storage Devices (HDD/SSD): Permanent data storage.

o Power Supply Unit (SMPS): Provides regulated DC power.
o Expansion Cards (Graphics, Sound, Network): Additional functionalities.
o Peripheral Connectors (USB, HDMI, LAN): Communication ports.
4. Note down the specifications and functions of each component.

Inference

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RESULT
Various PC components were successfully identified and their functions studied.

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EXPT:2.2 Remove and recognize components during PC disassembly

AIM
To practice the step-by-step process of assembling and disassembling a desktop PC
Safely
.

REQUIREMENTS:
Desktop PC, screwdriver set

PROCEDURE
Remove Side Panels on Case
After removing the case from the box, the panels are removed from this case with thumb screws.
Your specific model's manual will have more information if you are unsure for your case. Included
were standoffs for mounting the motherboard, following the included template, thread into the
corresponding holes in the case.

Insert Motherboard

Depending on the motherboard, case, CPU and CPU fan, this might need to be done before
installing or once in place. Before setting the board in, the I/O panel faceplate needs to be
snapped into the location in the back of the case.
Be sure to orient it to the board. Once the board is resting in the case, line up the first hole, I
suggest a corner.
Do not tighten all the way down until all screws are started so that the others will line up.After
all are in and tightened, there should be little or no deflection of the board if you gently press
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on it.

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It is advisable that any place there is a mounting location for the board, that it is screwed into
a standoff. This will provide support while installing the components into the motherboard.
This case has a cutout for access to the back of the motherboard for the massive CPU coolers
that have brackets that attach to the back of the board.
Steps for Assembling
1. Setting the cabinet ready.
2. Preparing to fit the components.
3. Fitting the mother board.
4. Fitting the RAM, processor and cooler.
5. Installing PCI cards.
6. Fitting the hard disk and floppy drive.
7. Installing the CD ROM drives.
8. Connecting the ribbon cables.
9. Powering the drives and mother board.
10. Connecting the cables for the case front panel.
11. Final check.
Getting the Cabinet ready:
1. Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the components.
2. Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed.
Preparing to fit the Components:
1. Network adapter drive.
2. Cables.
3. Hard disk.
4. CD-ROM Drive.
5. RAM
6. CPU
7. Heat sink / cooler / fan.
8. Mother board.
Fitting the Mother board.
1. Line up the patch on the motherboard ( ps/l, USB, etc ) with the appropriate
holes in the block panel I/O shield of the case.
2. Check the points where you and to install
3. Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if required.
Mother board parts:
1. ACR slot.
2. PCI Slot.
3. AGP Slot.
4. ATX Connectors.
5. CPU Fan.
6. Chipset North Bridge.
7. CPU socket.
8. System memory.
9. Chipset south bridge.
10. Panel connector.
11. Power supply.

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12. IDE connectors.

ATX Connectors:
1. PS, Mouse.
2. Key board.
3. USB.
4. Parallel (Prints)
5. Serial COM1.
6. Serial COM 2.
7. Joystick.
8. Sound.
Fitting the processor:
1. Raise the small lever at the side of the socket.
2. Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the direction to fit
in the processor.
3. You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide
smoothly into the socket.
4. Lock the lever back down.
5. Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor). Heat sink /
CPU fan.
Fitting the RAM:
1. The RAM must be suitable for motherboard.
2. There are currently 3 types of RAM available.
a) SD RAM.
b) DDR SD RAM.
c) RD RAM.
3. The mother board‟s chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.
Installing the PCI Cards:
1. Most of the cards are inbuilt these days.
2. NIL, Sound Cards etc. are fitted into PCI slots.
Fitting the hard disk and Floppy disk:
1. Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots.
2. Leave some space above HDD to prevent heat building.
3. Check the jumper configuration.
4. Fix the screws.
Installing the CD-ROM Drives:
1. CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk.
2. 1ST check that the jumper configuration is correct.
3. Fix the screw.
Connecting the Cables:-
1. Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the motherboard
first.
2. The red stripe on the IDE cable should be facing the CD Power.
Powering the driver and motherboard:
Connecting the cables for the case front pane
1. SD, SPK or SPEAK: The loud speakers o/p. it has 4 pins.

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2. RS, RE, RS or RESET: Connect the two pin Reset cable here.
3. PWR, PW, PWSW, PS or power SW: Power switch, the pc‟s on (switch, the
plug is two pin ).
4. PWLED, PWRLED or Power LED: The light emitting diode on the front panel
of the case illuminates when the computer is switched on. It‟s a 2-pin cable.
5. HD, HDD, and LED: These two pins connect to the cable for the hard disk
activity LED.
Final Check:-
1. Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor
operator.
2. Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?
3. Are the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in there
sockets?
4. Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
5. Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?
6. Are the drive secure?
7. Have u connected the power cables to all driver?
Powering up for the first time:
1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.
3. Plug in power card and switch the power supply.
4. If everything is connected as it should be
● All system, fans should start spinning.
● U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec.
● Amber light on monitor should go green.
● You will see computer start to boot with a memory check.
● Now check front LED‟S to see if u plugged them in correctly.
● Check all other buttons.
● Power afford change any wrong settings.

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VIVA
1. What are the main precautions to be taken before assembling or disassembling a
PC?
2. What is the role of the motherboard in a computer?
3. Why is an SMPS required in a computer system?
4. What is the function of thermal paste while fixing a CPU?
5. Differentiate between HDD and SSD.
ANS

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Criteria (Max 25) (Max 25)

Practical Execution (15)
VIVA (10)
Presentation & Inference(25)
Sub Total
TOTAL (50)

RESULT
The assembling and disassembling of a personal computer was demonstrated successfully.

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EXPT: 3 Perform soldering of a resistor on PCB and measure current using

digital multimeter

AIM:
To solder a resistor onto a printed circuit board (PCB) and measure the current through it
using a Digital Multimeter (DMM).

REQUIREMENT:

Sl. No. Component/Apparatus Quantity

1. Digital multimeter 1
2. General purpose PCB 1
3. Soldering iron 1
4. Solder wire 1
5. Jumper wire 1
6. Flux 1
7. Discreet components 1
8. Solder iron stand 1
9. Resistor 1

THEORY:
Soldering is a process in which two or more items (usually metal) are joined together by
melting and putting a solder wire into the joint, the solder wire has a lower melting point than
the adjoining metal. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not involve melting
the work pieces. Electronic soldering connects electrical wiring and electronic components to
printed circuit boards (PCBs).
Desoldering: When the joint becomes lose, or there is “cold solder” then desoldering is done
to remove joint. A Desolder pump or Desolder wire is used for this purpose.
Solder wire Common solder wire is made of alloy of tin and lead (60% tin 40% lead) which
melts between 183–190 °C.
Flux: The purpose of flux is to facilitate the soldering process. One of the obstacles to a
successful solder joint is an impurity at the site of the joint, for example, dirt, oil or oxidation.
The impurities can be removed by mechanical cleaning or by chemical means, but the
elevated temperatures required to melt the solder wire encourages the work piece (and the
solder) to re-oxidize. Flux prevents formation of oxidation layer.
Soldering Iron:

Hand soldering is typically performed with a soldering iron, soldering gun, or a torch, or
occasionally a hot-air pencil. The electric soldering iron can be fitted with a variety of tips

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ranging from blunt to very fine. It is available in different powers i.e 10 watt,15 watt, 25 watt
etc. It also comes with temperature control feature. Solder iron stand: It is used to hold the
soldering iron while it is hot.

PROCEDURE
1. Insert the resistor terminals into the PCB holes at the desired position.
2. Apply flux at the soldering points to ensure smooth solder flow.
3. Heat the joint using the soldering iron and apply solder wire to firmly fix the resistor on
the PCB.
4. Connect the resistor in series with a DC power supply and DMM (in current mode).
5. Switch on the power supply and note down the current reading on the DMM.

OBSERVATIONS

READING TABLE

Sl. Supply Voltage Resistance Value Measured Current Calculated Current

No. (V) (Ω) (mA) (mA)
1

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VIVA
1. What is the purpose of soldering in electronic circuits?
2. What is the composition of commonly used solder wire?
3. Why is flux used during soldering?
4. What is the typical temperature range of a soldering iron?
5. What safety precautions should be taken while soldering
ANS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Criteria (Max 25) (Max 25)

Practical Execution
(15)
VIVA
(10)
Presentation &
Inference(25)
Sub Total
TOTAL
(50)
RESULT

The resistor was soldered onto the PCB and the current through it was measured using
the Digital Multimeter (DMM).

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EXPT: 4 Construct a bridge rectifier circuit using diodes, take readings, and plot
input/output waveforms and characteristics

AIM:
To construct and study the characteristics of a bridge rectifier circuit and to measure its input
and output waveforms.

REQUIREMENTS
Sl. No. Component / Equipment Quantity
1 Rectifier & Filter Demonstration Kit 1
2 CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) 1
3 Digital Multimeter (DMM) 1
4 Connecting Probes / Wires Few

THEORY
In bridge rectifier, center tap is not required. If stepping down or stepping up of voltage is not
required, then even the transformer can be eliminated in the bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier is a
type of full wave rectifier which uses four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration to
efficiently convert the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC).

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Bridge rectifier construction

The construction diagram of a bridge rectifier is shown in the below figure. The bridge rectifier is
made up of four diodes namely D1, D2, D3, D4 and load resistor RL. The four diodes are connected
in a closed loop (Bridge) configuration to efficiently convert the Alternating Current (AC) into
Direct Current (DC). The main advantage of this bridge circuit configuration is that we do not
require an expensive center tapped transformer, thereby reducing its cost and size.
The input AC signal is applied across two terminals A and B and the output DC signal is obtained
across the load resistor RL which is connected between the terminals C and D.
The four diodes D1, D2, D3, D4 are arranged in series with only two diodes allowing electric
current during each half cycle. For example, diodes D1 and D3 are considered as one pair which
allows electric current during the positive half cycle whereas diodes D2 and D4 are considered as
another pair which allows electric current during the negative half cycle of the input AC signal.
Circuit Diagram:

OBSERVATIONS
Activity
Students are advised to carefully observe the input and output waveforms on the CRO and plot
them neatly on graph sheets with proper labeling of voltage and time axes. Both rectified and
filtered waveforms should be drawn separately for comparison.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the demonstration kit after ensuring proper connections.

2. Connect the AC supply from the transformer to the bridge rectifier input terminals.
3. Connect the output terminals of the bridge rectifier to the CRO and observe the rectified
waveform.
4. Note down the AC input waveform and the DC rectified output waveform.
5. Connect filter elements to the output of the bridge rectifier.
6. Observe the filtered output waveforms and record the corresponding output voltage
7. Tabulate the readings of input voltage, DC output voltage

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VIVA

1. How many diodes are used in a bridge rectifier circuit and why?
2. What is the difference between a half-wave and a full-wave rectifier?
3. What is meant by ripple in rectifier output?
4. Define ripple factor and give its theoretical value for a bridge rectifier.
5. What is the function of a filter in a rectifier circuit?
ANS
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Criteria (Max 25) (Max 25)

Practical Execution
(15)
VIVA
(10)
Presentation &
Inference(25)
Sub Total
TOTAL
(50)
RESULT
The input AC waveform, the rectified DC waveform, were successfully observed on the
CRO.

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EXPT: 5 Construct an inverting and non-inverting operational amplifier circuit,

take readings, and plot input/output waveforms and characteristics

AIM:
To construct and test inverting, non-inverting using IC 741.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER: A typical inverting amplifier with input resistor R1and a
feedback resistor Rf is shown in the figure. Since the op-amp is assumed to be an ideal one the
input bias currentis zero and hence the non -inverting input terminal is at ground potential. The
voltage at node „A‟ is Zero, as the non inverting input terminal is grounded. The nodal equation
by KCL at node „A‟ is given by Vi/R1 + Vo/Rf =0 or V0 = -Rf (Vi/R1).
NON- INVERTING AMPLIFIER: A typical non-inverting amplifier with input resistor R1
and a feedback resistor Rf is shown in the figure. The input voltage is given to the positive
terminal. The output voltage is given by V0= (1+Rf /R1) Vi

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PROCEDURE:
(i) Connect the inverting amplifier circuit as per the circuit diagram.
(ii) For various input voltage measure and record the output voltage.
(iii) Repeat the same for non- inverting and differential amplifier.

VIVA
1. What is the full form of Op-Amp?

2. How many input terminals and output terminals does an Op-Amp have?

3. Name the two input terminals of an Op-Amp.

4. Mention one common use of an Op-Amp (e.g., amplifier, comparator).

5. What kind of signal can we observe on a CRO – AC or DC?

Criteria (Max 25) (Max 25)

Practical Execution (15)
VIVA (10)
Presentation & Inference(25)
Sub Total
TOTAL (50)

RESULT:
The input and output waveforms of the operational amplifier were successfully observed on the
CRO. The basic characteristics of the Op-Amp were studied and verified.

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EXPT: 6 Interface a temperature sensor with a microcontroller to monitor temperature

…………………and write a microcontroller program to control the operation of a DC motor

AIM:
To interface a temperature sensor with a microcontroller for monitoring and displaying
the temperature, and to interface a DC motor with the microcontroller for actuation control using
programming.
REQUIREMENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Component Quantity
1 Breadboard 1
2 Arduino Uno R3 1
3 LM35 Temperature Sensor 1
4 DCM015 Miniature DC Motor 1
5 L298N Motor Driver Module 1
6 Connecting Wires/Jumpers Few
7 USB Cable for Arduino 1
8 Power Supply (5V/12V as req.) 1

THEORY
The Temperature Sensor LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with
an output voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature.
The LM35 device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the
user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does not require any external calibration or trimming to
provide typical accuracies of C at room temperature and C over a full 55C to 150C temperature
range.
PROCEDURE (Temperature Sensor)

Wiring – Connecting LM35 analog temperature sensor to Arduino

1. Connecting an LM35 to the Arduino is very easy as you only need to connect 3 pins. Start by
connecting the +VS pin to the 5 V output of the Arduino and the GND pin to the ground.

2. Next, connect the middle pin (VOUT) to any of the analog inputs of the Arduino. In this case, I
used the analog input pin A0.

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CODE (Temperature Sensor):

*
* Rui Santos
* Complete Project Details https://RandomNerdTutorials.com
*/

const int sensorPin = A0;

float sensorValue;
float voltageOut;

float temperatureC;
float temperatureF;

// uncomment if using LM335

//float temperatureK;

void setup() {
pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
voltageOut = (sensorValue * 5000) / 1024;

// calculate temperature for LM35 (LM35DZ)

temperatureC = voltageOut / 10;
temperatureF = (temperatureC * 1.8) + 32;

// calculate temperature for LM335

//temperatureK = voltageOut / 10;
//temperatureC = temperatureK - 273;
//temperatureF = (temperatureC * 1.8) + 32;

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// calculate temperature for LM34

//temperatureF = voltageOut / 10;
//temperatureC = (temperatureF - 32.0)*(5.0/9.0);

Serial.print("Temperature(ºC): ");
Serial.print(temperatureC);
Serial.print(" Temperature(ºF): ");
Serial.print(temperatureF);
Serial.print(" Voltage(mV): ");
Serial.println(voltageOut);
delay(1000);
}
Procedure (Interfacing DC Motor)
Follow the circuit diagram and make the connections as shown in the image given below.

1. Connect the DCM015 Miniature DC Motor to the L298N Motor Driver. Connect the
positive wire of the motor to terminal 1, and the negative wire to terminal 2 on the motor
driver.
2. Connect the L298N Motor Driver to the Arduino UNO. Connect the ENA pin on the
motor driver to digital pin 9 on the Arduino, IN1 pin to digital pin 8, IN2 pin to digital
pin 7, and ENB pin to digital pin 10. Connect the 5V pin on the motor driver to the 5V
pin on the Arduino, and the GND pin to GND.
3. In the Arduino IDE, include the “Stepper.h” library at the beginning of the sketch.

1. #include <Stepper.h>

Define the pins for the motor driver and the motor in the setup() function.

1. int motorPin1 = 8;
2. int motorPin2 = 7;
3. int enA = 9;
4. int enB = 10;

In the setup() function, configure the pins for the motor driver as OUTPUTs using the
pinMode() function.

1. pinMode(motorPin1, OUTPUT);
2. pinMode(motorPin2, OUTPUT);
3. pinMode(enA, OUTPUT);
4. pinMode(enB, OUTPUT);

In the loop() function, use the digitalWrite() function to control the speed and direction of
the motor. For example, to rotate the motor clockwise at a speed of 255, use the
following code:

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1. digitalWrite(motorPin1, HIGH);
2. digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
3. analogWrite(enA, 255);

To rotate the motor counterclockwise at a speed of 128, use the following code:

1. digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);
2. digitalWrite(motorPin2, HIGH);
3. analogWrite(enA, 128);

Use a delay() function to prevent the program from rotating the motor too quickly.

1. delay(1000);

Use the Serial.println() function to display the speed and direction of the motor on the
serial monitor.

1. Serial.println("Motor rotating at 255 in clockwise direction");

Upload the code to the Arduino board, open the serial monitor, and set the baud rate to 9600.
You should see the status of the motor every time it rotates.

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VIVA

1. What is the function of a temperature sensor in embedded systems?

2. Name any two commonly used temperature sensors.
3. What is the principle of operation of the LM35 temperature sensor?
4. How does a microcontroller read the output from an analog temperature sensor?
5. What is the role of ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) in this experiment?

ANS

Criteria (Max 25) (Max 25)

Practical Execution (15)
VIVA (10)
Presentation & Inference(25)
Sub Total
TOTAL (50)

RESULT

The interfacing of a temperature sensor with the microcontroller was successfully carried
out and the measured temperature values were displayed. The DC motor was also interfaced and
controlled using microcontroller programming.

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EXPT: 7 Use ladder logic to control switches in a PLC Virtual Lab simulation

AIM:

To study and demonstrate the basic operation of a Programmable Logic Controller

(PLC) using Ladder Logic programming in a virtual lab environment.

REQUIREMENT: Virtual Lab

https://plc-coep.vlabs.ac.in/

THEORY:

PLC stands for Programmable Logic Controller which was invented in automobile manufacturing
to provide a flexible, rugged, and easily programmable controller to automate a system in the year
of 1964 by Dick Morely. That's why he is called as father of PLC. The first PLC was Medicon
084. These PLCs were large, expensive, and not easy to maintain and program. That's why in the
next generation it was upgraded to medium and small size PLCs. It is a hardware device with
microprocessor-based control system. PLC is a general-purpose computer modified specially to
perform control tasks. It is used for industrial automation to automate a specific process, machine
function, or even entire production. PLCs are developed for electronic replacement for hard-wired
relay logic circuit systems for machine control. They are designed for industrial use to control
many automated processes in industries.

A programmable Logic Controller(PLC) is a specialized digital computer employed in industrial

settings for automation and control. Acting as the central brain of machinery and processes, PLCs
receive input from sensors, process the data through programmed logic, and generate output
signals to control devices like motors and valves. They use a programming language, often ladder
logic, resembling electrical relay diagrams. PLCs are ruggedized for harsh industrial environments
and play a crucial role in automating tasks and reducing manufacturing and energy. Their modular
design allows scalability, making them versatile components in modern industrial control systems.

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AND Gate in PLC Programming :

Using ladder diagram programming, we are connecting two switches „A‟ and „B‟ as input and a
lamp „Q1‟ as output. In the case of both switches „A‟ and „B‟ are closed, the lamb „Q1‟ will
grow. In another case, if any of the switches („A‟or „B‟) are open then lamp „Q1‟ will not glow.
Symbolic Representation as

OR Gate in PLC Programming:

In case both or anyone inputs „A‟ or „B‟ are closed then the lamp„Q1‟ will on.
Symbolic Representation as

PROCEDURE:

1. Click the Virtual Lab Experiments List https://plc-coep.vlabs.ac.in/ and choose

Implementation of logic gates
2. Follow the Procedure mentioned in this link to build AND , OR Gates

Activity:

Students are advised to enclose the screenshot of their Virtual Lab outputs within a week as part
of the record.

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VIVA

1. What does PLC stand for?

2. Why are PLCs used in industries?
3. What is the basic programming language used in PLCs?
4. Name one common application of PLCs.
5. What is an output device in a PLC system?

ANS

Criteria (Max 25) (Max 25)

Practical Execution (15)
VIVA (10)
Presentation & Inference(25)
Sub Total
TOTAL (50)

RESULT:

The basic operation of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) was successfully demonstrated

using Ladder Logic programming in the virtual lab. The input conditions and output responses

were verified through simple control tasks.

54 SRM MCET / BE/ BTech / I Year I Semester