2 Heritage of Tamils
9. Writefew lines about Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammaiyar',
|Refer Text Book ). No.4, Page No.E.I-E2]
10. Nanme four places where inscriptions can be found in Tamil
Nadu.
[Refer Text Book Q. No.10, Page No.E.3]
Part-B (5 x 13 = 65 marks)
11, a) (i) What are the Three Major Classifications in Dravidian
Languages. Also mention the languages in each
category (7)
( The languages spoken in South India are generally called
Dravidian languages.
There are totally 28 languages including Erugala,
Thanga. Kurumba, Solika are the Dravidian languages. These
languages are divided into three categories based on the areas
where the people who speak them live.
1. Southern Dravidian Languages
2. Central Dravidian Languages
3. Northern Dravidian Languages
1. South Dravidian Languages
The 10 languages such as Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada,
Kudagu, Thulu, Kotha, Thoda, Kortakoraka, Thuluvam,
Gudiya are called Southern Dravidian languages.
2. Central Dravidian Languages
The 12 languages such as Telugu, Koyee, Kuvi, Konda,
Kolami, Nike, Bengu, Munda, Farzi, Kadapa, Gondi, Koya
are called Central Dravidian languages.
Anna University Solved Question Papers 3
3. Northern Dravidian Languages
Languages such as Kurukh, Malto, Brahui are the
Northern Dravidian languages.
The languages given below are the Dravidian languages
having literatures.
[Link] 2. Telugu 3. Kannada 4. Malayalam [Link]
6. Kudagu.
11. a) (i) Write aboutthe Poetic talent of Bhaathiyar by quoting
few of his lines (6)
MahakaviBharathiyar expressed his desire for liberation
against foreign imperialism in his works. In that way,
patriotism, thirstfor independence, social unity, eradication
of caste, emancipation of women, love of Tamil language,
humanism,thinking against superstition with his poetic skills
and urged tofind solutions to them.
1. Patriotism
()Parukkulle nalla naadu...
He showed the pride of India on the world stage with
the song.
(ii) Thaayin manikodi paareer..
He invites people to worship our national flag to instil
the desire for freedom in their hears.
2. Desire for Liberation
(i)Achamillai, ahcamillai, ahcamenpathillaiye...
Bharathi raised a heroic voice against the whites. His
poetry roused the frightened Indians.
(iü) Before Independence
Anna University. Solved Question Papers 5
7. Tamil Consciousness
Senthamizh naadenum pothinile...
This song shows Bharathi's attachment to the Tamil
language.
[Link]
Olipadaiththa kanninai vaa vaa...
He created awareness among the youth and children by
mentioning the Bharath that comes and the Bharath that goes
away with weak shoulders.
(or)
11. b) ) Explain any four quotes from Sangam Literature which
say about the Virtue of Sharing. (7)
Righteousness (Aram)is the set of norms and principles
developed by a man to become a leader. Righteousness (Aram)
is the law for leadingaperfect life.
Aram in Sangam Period
The following evidences are important that the
righteousness to be observed in the various activities
mentioned in the Sangam literature ar» still necessary today.
1. Righteousness in Business
It is stated in the Sangam literature that there should
be no commercial motives in matters of righteousness. The
Purananooru says that you should not have a commercial
notion that if you do virtue in this life, you can get its benefits
in the next birth.
eg) I
Purananoorulines
6 Heritage of Tamil.
That is, it is implied that doing righteousness withou
expectations gives superiority.
2. Righteousness of the King
In the Sangam literature, the advice on righteousness is
often directed to kings.
Proof
Sangam literature speaks of this,
Itwas said that it is the duty of the government to increase
the availability of water and increase the supply of food and
make it available to all. Oon Potip Pasungudaiyar says that
the crimes were investigated on the basis of righteousness
and punishment was given.
[Link] Righteousness of War
Tamils followed righteousness even in wars.
Not to wage war against those whowere not valiant,
those wh0 were running away, the minors and old people.
[Link] in helping others
Sangam literature shows that helping others is the best
virtue. When thinkingabout others beyond himself, man can
put aside his existing state and realize the state he should be in.
Proof
References for this are found in Kaliththogai.
Nallanthuvanar says, Treating others' sufferings as his
own'.
5. RighteoUsness in Nartinai-the grievances of the lover expresseu
to her companion lady by the lady love.
The lady companion tells the lady love."your body h
withered. Your forehead has become dull. But, you haven.
told the reason. But Iknow it well".
Anna University Solved Question Papers 7
1 b)l (ii) Listout the 41 Classical Literatures in Tamil. (6)
1. Tholkapiyam
EttuththogaiBooks
2 Natrinai 6. Paripadal
3. Kurunthogai 7. Kaliththogai
4. Aimgurunooru 8. Agananooru
5. Pathitruppathu 9. Purananooru
Pathuppattu
10. Tirumurugartuppadai 15. Madurai Kanchi
11. Porunaratruppadai 16. Nedunal Vadai
12. Sirupanatruppadai 17. Kurinchippattu
13. Perumpanatruppadai 18. Pattinappalai
14. Mullaippattu 19. Malaipadukadanm
Pathinenkeelkannaku books
20. Naladiyar 29. Thinaimalai
Notriaimbathu
21. Nanmanikkadigai
30. Pazhamozhi
22. Inna Narpathu
31. Sirupanchamoolam
23. Iniyavai Narpathu
32. Tirukkural
24. Kar Narpathu
25. Kalavazhi Narpathu
33. Tirikadugam
34. Asarakkovai
26. Ainthinai Aimbathu
35. Muthumozhikanchi
27. TinaimozhiAimbathu
36. Elathi
28. Ainthinai Aimbathu
37. Kainnilai
Heritage of TamilIS
Epies
38. Silappathikaram 39, Manimegalai
Other Books
40. Muthollayiram 41. Iraiyanar Kalaviyal Urai
12. a) () Explain about the Hero Stone' worship? (7)
In the ancient Tamiltradition, performing last ritesto the
dead soldiers and fixing the hero stone was in practice. The
stones that kept were called 'Hero Stones' (or) Valour Stones".
In Tamil Nadu, there has been a custom of placing hero
stones for dead soldiers since Sangam period (4th Century
BC). Most of the hero stones are found outside the town.
Method of Worship
There was acustom of offering flowers and smoketo the
hero stones everyday. It was called 'Hero Stone Salutation'. It
is mentioned in books like Purananooru', 'Silapathikaram,
Malaipadu Kadam, etc., Stones were placed around the hero
stone to make it a hoard. It was called Vallan Padukai God'.
Udukku would be played. A kind of liquid called 'hoppi' wa:
kept for pooja. Animals were sacrificed,
(i) At the dawn of the morning, people poured
freshwater to the hero stone placed next to the
Sirtoor and lit a ghee lamp and performed pooja.
Purananooru tells the story of hero stone being
worshipped, that the smoke produced by lighting
ghee lamp rises like a cloud and smells in the street.
(i) Avvaiyar says about the hero stone. Peelisooty
liquor was kept for Pooja to the hero stone of
Adiyaman Nedumananji.
AnnaUniversity Solved Question Papers 9
12 a) (i) What are the Special features of the Thiruvalluvar
Statue' in Kanyakumari? (6)
The Tamil NaduGovernment erected a 133 feet tall statue
of Thiruvalluvar on a rock 30 feet above the sea level in the
middle of the sea in Kanyakumari adding pride to Valluvar.
Construction of Statue
The work oferecting this statue was done in three idol halls
namely Kanyakumari, Ambasamudram and Cholinganaloor.
5000 tons of stones from Ambasamudram and 2000 tons of
quality black stones from Cholinganallor were brought.
3681 stones alone are 13 feet long, and weigh 15 tons
while others weigh between3and 8tons. The ear, nose, eye,
mouth and forehead stones are the hand carved stones.
Palm wood, casuarina wood and iron rods were used for
the protection of workmen and for the protection of statue.
18,000casuarina trees were used in this.
Structure of Statue
The statue is structured like a storied building. It was
constructed using many stones.
There is no other place where a black stone statue like
this is found.
There is hollow space upto 13 feet inside the enclosure.
This technology ensures stability.
By using various techniques and building the
statue made of many stones, it is ensured that the statue
does not tilt anywhere.
The 38 feet peetam of the statue represents the 38
chapters in Araththupal. The 95 feet statue which stands on the
peetam represents the 95 chapters of Porutpal and Inpathupal.
10 Heritage of TamiS
On the inner hallof the wall, one kural from the total
133 chaptershave been carved in Tamil and their equivalert
translation in English.
(or)
12. b) () Write about the Musical Instruments' of Tamils. (7)
Instruments used to play music and for enhancing the
music are called musical instruments. They are called auxiliary
instruments because they add to the sweetness of the music.
Musical instruments are usually used in music concerts
to enhance and polishthe singer's vocal music.
A variety of musical instruments appeared and flourisheed
inmany events such as religious ceremonies and festivals.
Types of Musical Instruments
Musical instruments are of four types.
1. String Instruments
These are based on the music caused by the vibrations
by winding thin wires.
(eg)
Yazh, Veenai, Cithar, Thampoora, Violin, Guitar.
2. Wind Instruments(or) Hole Instruments
Wind instruments produce music by blowing air into the
instrument. They made a device listening to thesweet sound
of wind blowing through the beetle-drilled bamboo.
(eg)
Nathaswaram, flute, harmonium, horn, accordion.
11
AnnaUniversity Solved Question Papers
3. Leather Instruments
Instruments made of processed animal skin and made
by beating on it are called leather instruments.
(eg)
Mirudhangam, Parai, Thavil, Murasu, Thabala, Sendai
Melam.
These instruments are used to announce messages, as
war drums and as instruments of worship. They have also
been used to convey edicts.
4. Kanja Karuvi
These instruments collide with each other to create
music. They are made of metals.
(eg)
Jalra, Brahma Thalam, Elaththalam, Sallari.
Kanja instruments are usually made of bronze metal.
They can be seen even today in Devara music group, dance
group, etc.,
12. b) (i) Explaín the role of Temples in 'Socio-economic life' of
Tamils. (6)
I. TheRole of Temples in the Social life of Tamils
1. Importance to spiritualityand Religion
() The role of temples in Tamilculture is paramount.
(ii) To connect with the deities andto seek the divine
blessings, people go to holy places (temples).
2. Cultural and Social Centres
(i) Temples play a very important role in Tamil society.
They serve as cultural and social centres.
Anna University. Solved Question Papers 15
13 a) (ii) Compile the features of Therukkoothu' (Street
Dramas) (6)
Koothu conducted in the street is called Therukoothu.
It is one of the ancient arts of Tamils. The therukoothu is
performed without screens in a simple way in the streets (or)
open air venue through night. Therukoothu is amedium of
entertainment, ritual and social status.
Therukoothu is also known as Kattai Koothu. However,
both terms differ as two different types of performance.
Therukoothu
It refers to the type of events that take place in a
procession. It usually takes place in different streets.
Kattai Koothu (or) KattaiKatti Aattam
Kattai Koothu refers to story performances that take
place at a fixed location in night time.
The Arrangement of Therukoothu
1. The Stage (or) Venue
The stage is set up in the streets on four roads near the
temples, in the fields and on the harvested fields. They choose
open spaces for this.
2. Lighting
Inthe early days, Iighters were used on the street stage.
Later, kerosene lamps were used. Now, electric bulbs are used.
3. Music (or) Side Instruments
Musical instruments like Miruthangam, Dolak, Jalra,
Flute, Harmonium are mostly used.
16
Heritage of Tami
4. Make-up
Make-up helps to differentiate and
characters. brighten th
[Link]
Clothes are designed in a very attractive way
with velve
gold and silver laces, silk, etc.,
6. Duration
During the initial period, thetime taken for the kooth
would extend even for months. But now, it is conducted from
10 pm to 6.00 am.
Method of Conducting (or) Dancing Method
In the therukoothu, all the characters play
roles. Female roles are taken up by men. It is
individua
only the curtain
that separates the actors from the audience.
In the beginning, they will sing dodaya
person in the appearance of Ganesa blesses songs. Then, 3
willbe the arrival of everyone. Next
kattiyangaran.
The kattiyangaran will introduce the characters. HB
dialogues and acting will speak about the
setting and the story line. performances
Actors jump on the stage and are introduced
Back singers, and to the Sno
miruthangam, harmonium, thabela player
Sing and play. The actors dance and sing to the must:
(or)
Anna University Solved Question Papers 17
13. b) () Explainperforming arts and Non-performing arts with
examples. (7)
1. Performing Arts
It is an art form in which an artist performs with his
face, body (or)presence in the arena. It refers to an art form
performed live in front of an audience.
eg)
1. Therukoothu
Koothu conducted in the street is called Therukoothu.
It is one of the ancient arts of Tamils. The therukoothu is
performedwithout screens in a simple way in the streets (or)
open air venue through night. Therukoothu is a medium of
entertainment, ritual and social status.
2. Karakattam
Karakattam is a dance in which women and men dance
with a decorated copper jug on their head to the tune of a
music.
3. Villu Pattu
VilluPattu holdsa special place among the follk arts. A
song sung with the help of Villu(Bow) is Villupattu. Villupattu
originated in Kumariand Nellai districts.
4. Kaniyan Koothu (or) Magudattam
Kaniyan Koothu (or) Kaniyan Aatam is a folk art
performed by Kaniyan Caste people. It is also called
Makudattam as these artists perform Koothu while playing
amusical instrument called makudam.
18
Heritage of Tami,
2. Non-performing Arts
Non-performing arts is the expression of one's a:
through a static medium without movement.
(eg)
1. Paintings
Paintings are the reflection of emotions and
of colours. Paintings can be natural, textured like integration
an ohis
similar toa photograph (or) characteristics.
2. Sculptures
Sculpting is the. creation of the images that one sees wit
his own eyes (or) imaginary images.
() FullForm Sculptures: Sculptures that show the entirg
form, both the front and the back are known as full form
sculptures.
(eg) Natarajar idol
(ii) Embossed Sculpture: Sculptures on walls, pillars
rocks, etc., showing only one side of the form are called
Embossed Sculptures'.
13. b) (ii) Write anote on the game of Sadugudu (Kabadal)" (6
Kabadi is one of the oldest Tamil sports. This is playe
by two teams. The players have to catch the persons Ofthe
other team. 7 players will bethere in each team. The duratio
of the match is 40 minutes.
The Structure of the Play Area
midd.
It is an oblong square space. It is bisected by a
Cros
line. Each team per side will play. Players should never
the boundary lines. This game also needs a referee.
46 Heritage of Tami.
12. Masks like Dussehra
This industry is practised by the tribal class of Panars
who have been doing it as their traditional work.
Introduce musical instruments used by Tamils in thei.
12. b)
life.
1. Miruthangam (or) Thannumai
India is th.
An ancient instrument used in South
miruthangam. Miruthangam plays a prominent
role in
Carnatic musical performances and especially in
vocal music
programmes.
Specialities
Miruthangam.
Various words can be played only in
Miruthangam is played in the same position by
the artist.
playing of
A special feature of the concerts is the
Miruthangam separately.
The Structure of Miruthangam
The miruthangam is made in a hollow cylindrical vese
slightl
from a mature jack-tree. In itscircular form, one end is
the middle are
larger than the other end and the diameter of
is larger than the twoends. Its two open ends are covered w
leather and both of them are tied together with leather string
2. Parai (or) Thappu
Parai is aTamil musical instrument. It is made of leat
The word 'Parai' is derived from Arai'. The word 'Parai re
speer"
to speech. It is an instrument capable of playing the
It is the mother of all leather instruments.
Anna University Solved Question Papers 47
The Structure of Parai
The Parai is traditional Tamil frame drum abouu 35
centimetres in diameter used in the parai attam dance. It
consists of ashallow ring of wood, covered on one side with
a stretched cowhide which is glued to the wooden frame. The
preferred wood is Neem wood although other types mav
used.
Uses of Parai in Sangam Period
During the Sangam period of Chola and Pandya kings.
it was a tradition to make announcements of the kings.
Aking goes to the opposite country and asks the
people to leave before he wages war.
To invite the water flow.
To declare victory (or) defeat.
3. Veenai
Veena is an excellent string instrument. t is hailed as
the queen of musical instruments. Although the Veena was
played in ancient times, it reached a complete form during
the reign of king Raghunathar of Thanjavur. Hence, it is also
known as Raghunatha Veenai (or) Tanjore Veenai.
Parts of Veena
The parts of Veena are kudam, top plate, thandi, gourd,
piradaigal, yalimugam, mela chattam, wax chattam, 24 tunes,
horses, langar, nagapasam.
Veena is made of Jack wood.
Method of playing Veena
Veena is usually played sitting on the floor and placed
onthe lap and kept on the right thigh.
48
Heritage of Tamil:
() The index and middle fingers of the right hand
used for relieving the strings.
(ii) The little finger of the right hand isis used for
retrieving the rhythmic pitch chords.
(iii) The index finger and middle finger of the left
are used for playing the strings.
4. Yazh
The first musical instrument played by Tamils was the
Yazh. Yazh means tied of sinews. The Yazh was important
for the development of string instruments. Hence, it is
called primordial yazh.
Structure of Yazh
The 'resonator of thestringed instrument Yazh is made
of the wood Thanakku'. It is shaped like a boat. The top
covered with skin. This skin is called 'blanket skin'.
The method of playing the Yazh
Each string in the Yazh adds shruthi. Only pure Surangal
can be played.
5. Nathaswaram
Nathaswaram is a musical instrument belonging tothí
auxiliary category. Nathaswaram is auspicious in South India
It is considered to be a musical instrument. It finds prominen
in many publicrituals regardless of religions.
Making
The Nathaswaram instrument is made of Acha woo
This wood is used to make instrument long after it iss CU
down. This instrument is made roughly in the shape of
Cone. It tapers slightly from the bottom to the top andtake
University
Solved Question Papers 49
Anna
shape. At the top, there is a metal ball suitable for
on this
mouth blowing. It is fitted with Seevali. In the body part, there
12 holes.
12 Seven finger and 5 extra holes are there. The 5
are
additional holes are sealed with wax to be used when needed.
Uses
1. Nathaswaram is used as an excellent mangala
musical instrument.
2. It is very suitable for outdoor use.
3. It is a musical instrumentsuitable for use in temples
and auspicious events.
4. Pari Nathaswaram is long and the artistscan play
it for a long time.
5. It is also used in the weddings of the individuals,
puberty ceremonies and many other non-religious
events.
13. a) To highlight the role of 'Villu Pattu' in the lives of Tamils.
Villu Pattu holds a special place among the folk arts. A
Song sung with the help of Villu(Bow) is Villupattu. Villupattu
originated in Kumari and Nellai districts.
Theorigin of Villupattu
When the primitive man was engaged in hunting, the
Weapon that helped him was the bow. It is believed that the
Villupattu might have been created based on the sound of
the bell tied to it.
Villupattu, which was meant for the entertainment of the
soldiers, developed over time and became the entertainment
of the people. It was also used to convey the ideas of social
reform.
50
Heritage of Tami,
I. Instruments used inthe Villupattu
I. Primary instrunments
Bow, udukku, villu kudam, thalam, pathik kattai. vex
kol.
II. Auxiliary Instruments
Pambai, Urumi, Thakkai, Thunthubi.
Impact of Villupattu in the life of Tamils
There is nospecial training for practising villupattu
It is verypopular among Tamils as it is sung in an
untrained own voice without a singing style (or)
sequence of musical notes.
2 It includes the story of Archana, Kannagi, Sathyavan
Savithrialong with the history of village deities. So
the village people watch this with interest.
3. The villu pattuevent usually takes place in fores
temples. It is helpful to people because the will
animals do not enter the villages. Hence, villu patti
is liked by the people.
4. Villupattu presents details pertaining to our o
culture and tradition. Hence, it is used for improvnt
and developing the Tamil language.
5. It is said that
villupattu was sung for warriors O
the battlefield during Sangam period to make tis
courageous and valiant.
This music has
becn grown in popularity day by dy
This villupattu is liked by every one.
(or)
Anno
pifferencitate bbetween: Culture, 57
Civilization.
[Refer Text Book [Link].l6, Page No. E.4-E.5
Part- B
(5 x 16
=80 marks)
[Link].11 is Compulsory
the characteristics of
11.
Explain
classical literatures.
Classical means "special,
"refined'. 'improved', first class',
These meanings have been
Ph Salient
accepted by everyone.
Features, of the TamilClassical
Literatures
1. Classical literatures are
richness, role model and known for excellence,
excellent creations.
eg
Silapathikaram, Tirukkural, Kambaramayanam,
Manimegalai.
2. Tamil classical literatures are
the hearts. capable of melting
(eg)
Devaram and Tiruvarutpaversus.
3. Tamil classical literatures develop
knowledge.
Knowledge traits mean a fact of life, a sublime
Concept and supreme justice.
(eg)
fa singleperson does not have food, we will destroy
the [Link] this, the revolutionary poet Bharathi
has
ecpressed the truth of life that one should help others.
4.
Ihe prominent characters of the Tamil classical
literatures are often portrayed as role models.
58 Heritage of Tamils
(eg)
Ramar, Karikal Cholan, Kannagi, Manimegalai are
presented as characters whoteach people lessons in
life.
5. TamilClassical literatures are rich in imagination
6. Tamil classical literatures are suited to the diverse
communities with different attitudes and knowledge
levels.
Hence, Tamil literatures are bestowed with many charms
and specialities.
12. (a) Explain the role of temples in the socio-economic life o
Tamils.
[Refer A.U. (CEG) March 2023; [Link].12(b)(ii), Page No.l |-1:3
(or)
12. (b) What is hero stone? Explain it's objectives and structur
Inthe ancient Tamil tradition, performing last rites to th
dead soldiers and fixing the hero stone was in practice. TE
stones that kept were called 'Hero Stones' (or) "Valour Stones
The Purposes of Hero Stones
Hero stones are erected for different purposes.
1. Documenting Tamil heroism.
2 Paying respect to martyrs.
3 Making known the martyr's history.
4. Building liturgical tradition.
5. To inculcate the virtues of valour in the
mindsof people.
miersiy. Solved Question Papers 59
To comnunicate cvents of war and victory and
.
isfeat to the future generations.
The custom of worshipping soldiers as guardian
deities.
g Bringing people together without contradictions.
Stones
Hero
Structure of
The structure of hero stones can be arranged in the
following ways.
à Onthe hero stones, the figure of the hero is shown
in afighting position holding a bowand arrow in
his hands (or) carrying asword and shield.
(0) Anumber of epitaphs show that the warrior's body
pierced by multiple arrows.
(ii) Mostly, a long cloth is tied around the hero's waist.
There is noclothing on the body. A hair is seen on
the head.
(iv) Some warriors are also seen with long braids.
(v) Some hero stones are seen as if the hero is
fighting with a tiger. (Evidence in atown called
Moththakkal).
(Vi) Chicken Stones: Stones are also placed for the dead
chickens in chicken fights.
1
Write about the role of'Karakattam' in the lives of Tamils.
Karakattam is a dance inwhich women and men dance
with a decorated Copperjug on their head to the tune of' a
Imusic,
The word 'Karagam' means Kamandalam, Alangatti,
Walwater drops of and Poongudam. The karagam is
Gangai
60
filled with water. The water is believed to
Heritage of Tam
the seven sacred rivers. With a prayer to represent
get Matia
and prosperity, dance will be performed for sufGoddesS
ficieN ra
kudam. In Tholkappiyam, there is a reference wih
about
and it means Kundigar. Those wh0 carry the karaga
karae.
inthe karagam is holy
'Karagakkarar'. The water in
water.
The Structure of the Karagam
1. Karagach Chembu
Karagachchembu is prepared by placing 3-4 kg of
(or) rice and one rupeecoin. The weight of the karagachchemh
is 4 kg.
[Link] Flower Cage on the Chembu
Toppu willbe kept on the karagachchembu. Toppu is:
shell like (umbrella) design decorated with
flowers.
3. The Clothing of karagam
Dancer
Karakattam dancers wear shirts, skirts and knee-lengi
underwear. A round cloth is tied around the
is put into a bundle and also waist. Tne a
braided.
Karakattam Dancing Style
Karagam Dancers
All the karagam dancers have salangais tied on their leg
While performing th
karakkattam,
placement of their feet. they dance by changing
The dancers understand the system of gravity anddan'
within the boundaries of the arena. They jump, crouch, Sit, rul
leap and wiggle. While dancing, they do not give Imovement
the neck and dance carefully so that the chembu on the he
does not fall. They move their shoulders, throw their arl"
