COMPUTATIONAL THINKING CHAPTER Scam 7.1. | Definition of Computational Thinking 165 7.2 | Principal of Computational Thinking i 7.3. _| Algorithm Design Method 12 7.4 | Algorithmic Activities 178 7.5 | DryRun 180 7.6 | Introduction to LARP (Logic of Algorithms or Resolution of Problems) 184 7.7 | error entation and Debugging | 14 * | summery 189 * | exercise 190 * | Answer Keys 195 ‘Academy 164|__NOTES SERIES 1 DEFINITION OF COMPUTATIONAL THINKING Ree Q.1 What is Computational Thinking? Explain the key components of computational thinking. Ans: 1. What is Computational Thinking, and why is it important? Computational Thinking (CT) is a method of solving problems that involves using concepts fundamental to computer science. It emphasizes logical thinking and structured approaches to breaking down and solving problems in ways that computers or humans can process effectively. 2. Key Components of Computational Thinking CT comprises four core components that guide problem-solving. Each plays a cri breaking down and addressing challenges systematically: a, Decomposition Definition: Decomposition involves breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable sub-problems Explanation: This step is essential because it allows individuals to focus on specific aspects of a problem rather than being overwhelmed by its entirety. Smaller problems are easier to understand, analyze, and solve. Example: ‘+ Planning a wedding involves decomposing tasks into smaller activities like selecting a venue, finalizing the guest list, arranging catering, and organizing transportation. b, Pattern Recognition Definition: Pattern recognition. is the process of identifying similarities or trends within a problem or across different problems, Explanation: Recognizing pattems allows individuals to use past experiences or solutions to address current challenges more, effectively. It-reduces redundancy and accelerates problem- solving by applying known solutions to recurring problems. Examp! ‘+A teacher notices that students often struggle with the same math concepts every year. Recognizing. this. pattem helps the teacher design targeted interventions, such as additional practice exercises or visual aids. Side Length 1: Area = 1? = 1 Side Length 2: Area = 2?=4 (1 +3) Side Length 3; Area=3°=9(1+3+5) Side Length 4: Area = 4?= 16 (1 +34+5+7) Side Length 5: Area = 5°=25 (143 +5+7+9) Side Length 6: Area = 6° =36(14+3 +547+9+11) Side Length 7: Are: 49(143+5>7494 11413) A ad Had Side |1] 2] 3]4 |5]6|7 Area | 1| 4] 9] 16]25|36]47 bt 7 3 in ads ©. Abstraction Definition: Abstraction is the process of identifying the essential detail ignoring irrelevant or unnecessary information Explanation: By focusing only on the critical elements, abstraction simplifies problem-solving, and ensures clarity. It helps avoid distractions and keeps the solution process efficient, Academy 165 s of a problem whileNOTES SERIES Q2z ‘Example: ‘© When designing a city map for tourists, abstraction involves highlighting key landmarks, transportation routes, and accommodations while omitting minor details like residential reets. 4. Algorithm Design Definition: Algorithm design involves creating a step-by-step plan or instru problem, Explanation: This step transforms a solution into a clear, logical sequence of actions that can be executed by humans or machines. Algorithms ensure consistency and reproducibility in problem= solving, Exampl ‘+A recipe for baking a cake is an algorithm. Tt provides a step-by-step guide, such as preheating the oven, mixing ingredients, and setting a timer for baking. Similarly, a navigation app uses algorithms to guide drivers along the shortest or fastest route. 3. Practical Benefits of Computational Thinking + Improved Problem-Solving Skills: CT enhances analytical and logical thinking, enabling individuals to tackle challenges more effectively. ‘+ Cross-Disciplinary Applications: The principles of CT are universal and apply to diverse areas, such as medicine, education, engineering, and management. «Efficiency and Scalability: By using decomposition, abstraction, and algorithms, CT helps develop solutions that are efficient and scalable to handle problems of varying complexities What is an algorithm, and how does it help\solve problems systematically? Ans: An algorithm is a precise, step-by-step Collectio of instructions designed to solve a specific problem or complete a task. It is comparable t0 following a recipe to bake a cake, where each step is outlined to achieve the desired outeome. The systematic nature of algorithms ensures that the task can be repeated consistently with the same results. Examples of Algorithms: ‘+ Baking a Cake: The algorithm for baking a cake inchides gathering ingredients, mixing them, baking, and cooling the cake. ‘+ Planting a Tree: Steps include choosing a spot, digging a hole, planting the tree, and ‘watering it regularly. This step-by-step approach ensures successful tree planting HOW TO BAKE A CAKE? 1) Preheat the oven ‘ 2) Gather the ingredients 5 3) Measure out the ingredients ay 4) Mix together the ingredients “ork % to make the batter 5) Grease a pan 6) Pour the batter into the pan 7) Put the pan in the oven 8) Set a timer 9) When the timer goes off, take the pan out of the oven 10) Enjoy! jons to solve a Academy 166NOTES SERIES Q.26 Ans: Q27 Ans: Q.28 Ans: Q29 Ans: 30 Ans: Q31 Ans: Q32 Ans: 33 Ans: Q34 Ans: Q35 Ans: Q36 Ans: [SHORT QUESTIONS Define computational thinking. Computational thinking is a problem-solving process that involves a set of skills and techniques designed to solve complex problems in a way that a computer can execute. It is not limited to computer science and can be applied to other fields like biology, mathematics, and even daily tasks. ‘What are the components of computational thinking: The main components of computational thinking are decomposition, pattem recognition, abstraction, and algorithms. These components help simplify problems, identify patterns, focus oon essential details, and create step-by-step solutions. Explain decomposition. Decomposition is the proc complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. This makes it easier to understand and solve the problem step by Step. For example, building a birdhouse involves breaking it into tasks Tike designing, gathering materials, and sssembling, Give an example of decomposition. EXAMPLE OF DECOMPOSITION In the example of building a birdhouse, the tasks include: designing the birdhouse, gathering ‘materials, cutting the wood, assembling the pieces, painting and decorating, and installing the birdhouse in a suitable location ‘What is pattern recognition? Pattem recognition is the process of identifying simitarities or patterns within problems or data, Recognizing these patterns helps predict outcomes and devise solutions efficiently. For instance, identifying patterns in square areas helps us understand mathematical relationships, How can the area of a square be found using pattern recognition? ‘The afea of a square can be calculated by adding consecutive odd numbers corresponding to the side length squared. For example, for a square with a side length of 3, the area is | +3 +5 What is abstraction? Abstraction simplifies Complex problems by focusing on the”essential details and ignoring unnecessary ones. This helps in understanding and solving problems efficiently by concentrating only on the main aspects. ‘What is an algorithm? AN ALGORITHM An algorithm is a precise sequence of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. It provides a structured method, similar to a recipe, to achieve a specific goal Give an example of an algorithm. Baking a cake involves an algorithm: preheat the oven, gather and measure ingredients, mix the batter, pour it into a greased pan, bake, and enjoy the cake, Similarly, planting a tree includes selecting a spot, digging a hole, placing the tree, filling the hole, and watering it ‘What is the importance of debugging? IMPORTANCE OF DEBUGGING Debugging involves identifying and fixing errors in an algorithm. It is essential to ensure that the solution or task is executed correctly and efficiently jow does abstraction help in problem-solving? Abstraction reduces complexity by focusing on the main steps while ignoring unnecessary details. This helps in understanding and solving problems at a higher level without getting overwhelmed by intricacies ‘Academy 167NOTES SERIES Q37 Ans: 38 Ans: Q39 Ans: Q.40 Ans: Qat Ans: az Ans: 29. 30. 33. 34. 38. 36. 37. ‘What is LARP? LARP stands for Logic of Algorithms for Resolution of Problems. It emphasizes practicing algorithm design and evaluation to enhance problem-solving skills. What is a flowchart? ELOWCHART A flowchart is a visual representation of a sequence of steps in an algorithm. It uses symbols and arrows to illustrate the process clearly and logicall How does computational thinking benefit dail COMPUTATIONAL THINKING BENEFIT DAILY LIFE Computational thinking helps in daily tasks like planning a trip, organizing activities, and ‘managing time efficiently. It applies structured methods to simplify complex activities. What is pseudocode? PSEUDOCODE Pseudocode is a simplified textual representation of an algorithm. It bridges the gap between algorithm design and actual coding by describing steps without programming syntax. Why are algorithms compared to recipes? ALGORITHMS COMPARED TO RECIPES Algorithms are compared to recipes because both provide clear step-by-step instructions to achieve a goal. Just as a recipe ensures consistent cooking, an algorithm ensures systematic problem-solving ‘What is the first step in planting a tree? FIRST STEP IN PLANTING A TREE ‘The first step is to choose a suitable spot in the garden where the tree can grow and thrive. ee ‘What is computational thinking? (A) A method of memorizing information (©) A software development tool (B) A problem-solving process (D) A-mathematical formula ‘Which of the following is NOT a component of computational thinking? (A) Decomposition (©) Algebra Decomposition involves: (A) Combining problems ite one large task (©) Ignoring irrelevant details ‘Whaat is the first step in building a birdhouse according to decompos (A) Paint and decorate (C) Design the birdhouse Pattern recognition involves identifying: (A) Inregularities in data (C) New tasks in decomposition (B) Abstraction (D) Algorithms (B) Breaking down problems into smaller parts (D) Adding patterns to problems (B) Gather materials (D) Assemble the pieces (B) Similarities within problems (D) Complex algorithms ‘Which of the following hetps recognize patterns in squares’ areas? (A) Adding consecutive odd numbers (C) Multiplying side lengths by 3 ‘What does abstraction focus on? (A) Complex details of a problem (C) Random problem-solving steps ‘What is an algorithm? (A) A single complex step (C) A random method of solving problems ‘Which (ool is used for designing algorithms? (A) Floweharts (©) Paintbrushes (B) Subtracting side lengths (D) Dividing the area by the side length (B) High-level overview of a problem (D) Repeating all problem steps (B) A precise sequence of instructions (D) A set of unrelated tasks (B) Calculators (D) Measuring tape Academy 168NOTES SERIES 40. 4. a. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. Ans: In algorithm design, debugging helps i (A) Solving new problems (B) Identifying and fixing errors (C) Avoiding decomposition (D) Adding more steps ‘What is the first step in making tea? (A) Add milk (B) Steep tea leaves (©) Boil water (D) Pour tea into a cup Which is an example of an algorithm? (A) A list of materials for a project (B) A step-by-step process for planting a tree (C) A drawing of a problem (D) A pattern of numbers Which principle is emphasized in computational thinking? (A) Ignoring the problem (B) Simplifying complex problems (C) Adding more steps unnecessarily (D) Avoiding algorithm design What is LARP? (A) Logical Activities for Reducing Problems (B) Logie of Algorithms for Resolution of Problems (C) Learning Algorithms with Random Processes, (D) List of Applied Resolution Processes ‘What is the final step in baking a cake? (A) Mis the bater (B) Preheat the oven (C) Enjoy the cake (D) Set the timer ‘What is the result of focusing only on essential details in abstraction? (A) Increased complexity (B) Reduced complexity (©) Added unnecessary details (D) Ignored problem-solving Which is NOT a benefit of computational thinking? (A) Improved problem-solving (B) Simplifying tasks (© Designing algorithms (D) Memorizing facts What does debugging involve? (A) Ignoring errors (B) Identifying and correcting errors (C) Creating more errors (D) Avoiding problem-solving ‘What helps reduce complesity in problem-solving? (A) Decomposition (B) Debugging (C) Algorithms (D) Abstraction ‘Which is an example of using algorithms in everyday life? (A) Following directions to a location (B) Sketching a birdhouse (©) Observing areas of squares (D) Breaking down a problem 7.2 PRINCIPALS OF COMPUTATIONAL THINKING RI Discuss the importance of understanding a problem in computational thinking, using the example of building a school website. Understanding a problem is the foundational step in computational thinking and problem-solving. It involves identifying the core issue, defining requirements, and setting clear objectives. Albert Einstein’s quote, "If I had an hour to solve a problem, I'd spend 55 minutes thinking about the problem and 5 minutes thinking about solutions," highlights the critical importance of this step. When building a school website, understanding the problem ensures that the final solution meets the needs of the school community. This involves: + Identifying Requirements: Determining what features the website should have, such as pages for news, events, schedules, and contact information 1g User Needs: Considering the primary users—students, teachers, and parents—helps design an accessible and user-friendly interface. ‘+ Considering Technical Constraints: Evaluating available resources, such as a web server and software, ensures the feasibility of the project By thoroughly analyzing these aspects, developers can avoid mistakes, devise efi solutions, and produce a website that fulfills its purpose effectively. This proces demonstrates the value of clarity, focus, and planning in computational thinking, Academy 169NOTES SERIES An Q2 Ans: Q3 Ans: Q4 Ans: Qs Ans: ‘What are the key principles of Computational Thinking, and how do they facilitate effective problem-solving? ‘The principles of Computational Thinking provide a structured approach to solving problems systematically. These principles include Problem Understanding, Problem Simplification, and Solution Selection and Design. Each principle is essential for developing efficient and effective solutions. 1, Problem Understanding Understanding the problem is the first and most critical step in computational thinking. It involves identifying the core issue, defining requirements, and setting clear objectives. ‘+ Clarity and Focus: By thoroughly analyzing the problem, one can avoid distractions and focus on the relevant aspects, ‘+ Defining Goals: Sctting clear goals helps in visualizing the desired outcomes and aligning efforts accordingly. ‘+ Efficient Solutions: A well-understood problem enables the selection of appropriate methods and tools, saving time and resources. ‘+ Avoiding Mistakes: Proper understanding helps in avoiding common pitfalls that result from misinterpretation, Example: If tasked with building a school website, understanding involves identifying the required features, audience needs (e.g., students, teachers, parents), and technical constraints like available resources and tools. 2. Problem Simplification Simplifying a problem means breaking it down into smaller, more manageable sub-problems, This approach reduces complexity and enables efficient progress. Example: To design a school website, the task can be divided into: ‘+ Designing the layout «Creating the content: + Coding the finetionality. Solution Selection and Design fier understanding and simplifying the probleif, the next step is to evaluate various approaches and select the most efficient one. This principle involves creating a detailed plan or algorithm to solve the problem. ‘* Evaluation: Different approaches are considered for’their effectiveness, time, and resource requirements, ‘+ Designing Solutions: The selected approach is implemented through detailed planning, such as algorithm development or flowchart creation. [SHORT QUESTIONS| ‘What is the first step in problem-solving in computational thinking? 1 the requirements, and setting clear objectives. Why is problem understanding essential? PROBLEM UNDERSTANDING ESSENTIAL It ensures clarity, defines achievable goals, devises efficient solutions, and helps avoid mistakes. ‘What is the significance of Albert Einstein's quote in problem-solving? IN’ Ieemphasizes the importance of spending more fime understanding the problem before jumping to solutions. How does problem understanding improve efficiency? By identifying the best methods and tools to address the ee , saving time and resources, What is problem simplification? I involves breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable sub-problems, Academy 370NOTES SERIES Q6 Ans: Q7 Ans: Q8 Ans: Qs Ans: 10 Ans: How can user needs affect the design of a school websit USER NEEDS AFFECT THE DESIGN OF A SCHOOL WEBSITE Understanding, user needs ensures a user-friendly interface that caters to students, teachers, and parents. What are technical constraints, and why should they be considered? TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS, AND WHY SHOULD THEY BE CONSIDERED ‘These are limitations like resources, tools, or software that affect the sol ‘design and implementation, ‘What steps should you take before starting to code a solution? Understand the problem, gather requi constraints, ‘Why is it essential to ask questions when solving a problem? [Asking questions helps gather information, clarify doubts, and ensure a thorough understanding of the problem, ‘What is involved in solution selection and design? INVOLVED IN SOLUTION SELECTION AND DESIGN It involves evaluating various approaches and creating a detailed plan or algorithm for the chosen solution, (ee ‘What is the first and most important step in problem-solving in computational thinking? (A) Coding the solution (B) Testing the solution (© Understanding the problem (Dy Implementing the solution ‘What does understanding a problem help to achieve? (A) Confusion (B) Clarity and focus (©) Random solutions (D) Increased mistakes ‘What is the purpose of defining goals when solving a problem? (A) To start coding immediately (B) To avoid asking questions (C) To set clear and achievable objectives __(D) To ignore technical constraints What is a key benefit of thoroughly understanding a problem? (A) More mistakes’ (B) Efficient solutions (©) Wasted effort (D) Irrelevant details ‘What should be identified first when building a school websit (A) Coding the pag (B) Identifying requirements, (©) Skipping the design phase (D) Ignoring user needs ‘What does ‘Problem Simplification’ involve? (A) Ignoring sub-problems (B) Breaking down the problem into manageable tasks (©) Implementing the final solution (D) Evaluating all possible solutions ‘What is the primary purpose of problem simplification? (A) To create confusion (B) To make tasks more manageable (©) To ignore sub-problems (D) To design complex solutions ‘Which group of people should a school website consider as users? (A) Teachers only (B) Students only (© Students, teachers, and parents (D) Developers only ‘What does a well-defined problem understanding avoid? (A) Pitfalls and mistakes (B) Clarity and focus, (© Efficient solutions (D) Resource allocation Academy 71 NOTES SERIES 10. What is required for ‘Solution Selection and Design"? (A) Ignoring detailed plans (B) Evaluating different approaches (©) Avoiding algorithms (D) Starting with random solutions EY Rs Qt Explain the Importance of Floweharts in Problem-Solving with Examples LLL. Visual Clarity and Simplification Floweharts visually represent the steps of a process or algorithm using standardized symbols, ‘making complex workflows easier to understand, For instance, in an e-commerce process, a flowchart can depict steps like item selection, payment verification, and shipping, providing a clear overview of the system, 1.2. Enhanced Communication Flowcharts act as a universal language for team members and stakeholders. They provide a consistent representation of processes, ensuring everyone interprets the workflow uniformly. For example, a flowchart explaining an emergency evacuation plan ensures all team members understand their roles. 1.3. Problem Identification and Optimization Flowcharts help identify inefficiencies and bottlenecks. For instance, in a customer service workflow, a flowchart might highlight redundant steps, allowing the team to streamline operations. 1.4. Documentation and Training Flowcharts serve as essential documentation for systems and processes, making them invaluable for training new employees orreferencing-established procedures, Conclusion Flowcharts are indispensable tools in problem-solving, offering clarity, improving communication, and enabling optimization of Workflows, Q.2 Discuss the Benefits and Differences Between Pseudocode and Flowcharts Using Examples 2.1. Benefits of Pseudocode Pseudocode uses plain language to outline algorithms, helping focus on logic without worrying about syntax, For example, they pseudocode for validating user login credentials simplifies understanding of the'stéps involved in checking usemame and password. 2.2. Benefits of Flowcharts Flowcharts use symbols and arrows to visually depict the flow of a process. They are particularly effective in identifying decision points, such as in a shopping cart process where item availability, payment, and shipping are visually mapped. 2.3. Key Differences Representation: Pseudocode uses text, while flowcharts use graphical symbols. Readability: Pseudocode reads like a story; flowcharts provide a visual sequence. Application: Pseudocode is suited for algorithm planning; flowcharts are better for understanding workflows. 2.4. Complementary Use Both tools can complement each other. Pseudocode can outline the algorithm's logic, while flowcharts provide a visual overview of the process Conclusion Pseudocode and flowcharts serve dist solving and algorithm design, Q3 Explain the purpose and significance of the different flowchart symbols used in computational processes. inct purposes but work well together to optimize problem- Academy aNOTES SERIES Flowchart symbols are essential tools for visually representing the steps and sequence of a process or system. They provide a clear, concise way to illustrate algorithms and workflows, ensuring they are easy to understand and implement. The following key symbols are widely used in flowcharting: 1. Oval (Terminal Symbol) ‘+ Purpose: Represents the start or end of a process, ‘+ Description: Typically labeled as "Start” or "End," it serves as the entry or exit point of a flowchart ‘+ Example: In a login system, the process begins with the "Start" terminal symbol and ends with the "End” terminal symbol. 2. Rectangle (Process Symbol) ‘+ Purpose: Represents a specific task, operation, or process that needs to be performed. ‘+ Description: This symbol is the most frequently used in flowcharts to depict activities such as calculations or data processing, ‘+ Example: A rectangle may denote a step like "Enter username and password!” in a login, system, 3. Parallelogram (Input/Output Symbol) ‘+ Purpose: Indicates input oF output Operations. ‘+ Description: It shows where data is réceived (input) or displayed (output) ‘+ Example: Ina student grading systemthe parallelogram might represent "Input grades” or "Display final results." 4. Diamond (Decision Symbol) ‘+ Purpose: Represents a decision point where the flow can branch based on a condition or question. ‘+ Description: The flow continues in different directions depending on whether the condition is true or false, ‘+ Example: A diamond could represent a step like "Is the password correct?” in a login system. Arrow (Flowline) ‘+ Purpose: Shows the direction of flow within the process. ‘+ Description: Arrows connect the symbols and indicate the sequence in which steps are executed ‘+ Example: Arrows link all steps in a flowchart, ensuring a logical progression from one step to another. Significance of Flowchart Symbols § —______ 1. Clarity and Simplicity: Symbols standardize the representation of processes, making them easy to understand at a glance. 2. Efficient Communication: They help convey complex workflows to diverse audiences, ensuring everyone has a common understanding. ‘Academy 173|__NOTES SERIES Problem Solving: Flowchart symbols help identify bottlenecks or inefficiencies ina process, aiding in optimization. 4, Documentation: They scrve as essential references for training and troubleshooting in various systems. Example: A flowchart for a login system showing steps such as inputting a usermame and password, verifying credentials, and granting access shown in Figure 7.6. A user ean make a ‘maximum of five attempts, Figure 7.6: Flowchart for a login system Q3 What is pseudocode, and how does it help in planning algorithms? Provide examples to illustrate its use, ‘Ans. Pscudocode is a high-level, informal representation of an algorithm that combines the structure of programming languages with the readability of plain English. It is not executable by a computer but serves as a guide for writing actual code in any programming language. The primary purpose of pseudocode is to simplify algorithm design and communication by focusing on logic rather than syntax. Benefits of Pseudocode 1. Clarity: Pseudocode helps in understanding the logic of an algorithm without worrying about the technical details of syntax. 2. Flexibility: It is universal and can be adapted to any programming language, 3. Planning: Programmers can plan their logic step-by-step, making it easier to debug and improve the algorithm before implementation. 4, Communication: Pseudocode bridges the gap between developers and non-technical team members by providing a readable format for discussing solutions. Examples of Pseudocode Example 1: Checking if a number is even or odd Procedure CheckEvenOdd(number) ‘Academy 174|__NOTES SERIES Input: number {The number to be checked} Output: "Even" if number is even, "Odd" if number is odd Begin IF (number % 20) Then Print "Even" Else Print "Oda" End If End + Explanation: This pseudocode takes a number as input and uses the modulo operator % to check for divisibility by 2. If the remainder is zero, the number is even; otherwise, itis odd Example 2: Determining if a number is prime Procedure IsPrime(number) Input: number {The number to be checked} Output: True if number is prime, False otherwise Begin If (number <= 1) Then Return False end If For i from 2 to sqet(number) Do If (number % i= 0) Then Return False End If End For Return True End ‘© Explanation: This algorithm clietks if a number is divisible by any value from 2 to its square root. Ino divisors are found, the number is declared prime Example 3: Login System Verification Procedure CheckCredentials(username, password) Input: usemame, password Output: Validity message Begin validUsername ~ "user123" validPassword = "pass123" TF (usemame = validUsermame) Then If (password = validPassword) Then Print “Login successful” Else Print “Invalid password” EndIf Else Print "Invalid username" End If End ‘+ Explanation: This pseudocode simulates a login system by validating the provided username and password against stored values, It outputs appropriate messages based on the validation result. ‘Academy 175NOTES SERIES Q2 Ans: Q3 Ans: Q4 Ans: Qs Ans: Q6 Ans: Q7 Ans: Qs Ans: Sse) What is the primary purpose of flowcharts? BED : OF FLOWCHARTS ‘The primary purpose of flowcharis is to visually represent the steps of a process or system using, standardized symbols and arrows. This helps in simplilying complex workflows, improving larity, and communicating processes effectively among stakeholders. jow do flowcharts aid in problem-solving? ELOWCHARTS AID IN PROBLEM-SOLVING Flowcharts aid in problem-solving by identifying bottlenecks, inefficiencies, and redundancies in a process. They visually map the steps, allowing teams to optimize and refine the workflow for better outcomes, What are the standard symbols used in flowcharts, and what do they represent? Oval (Terminal): Represents the start or end of a process. Rectangle (Process): Denotes tasks or operations to be performed, Parallelogram (Input/Output): Indicates data input or output. Diamond (Decision): Represents decision points with multiple outcomes. Arrow (Flowline): Shows the direction of flow in the process ‘What is pseudocode, and why is it used? Pseudocode is a simplified way of describing an algorithm using structured plain language. It focuses on the logic of the algorithm. without syntax constraints, making it ideal for planning, communicating, and converting into actual programming code. ‘What is an example of pseudocode for determining if a number is even or odd? Procedure CheckEyenOdd(number): Input: number Output: "Even" if number is even, "Odd" otherwise Begin If (oumber % 2 Print "Even" Else Print "Odd" End lf End This algorithm checks the remainder when the number is divided by 2 to determine its parity. What are the advantages of using pseudocode? Pseudocode provides elarity by focusing on algorithm logic without syntax, aids in planning the steps of an algorithm, and facilitates communication among team members regardless of programming language proficiency, How does pseudocode help in software development? PSEUDOCODE HELP IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Pseudocode helps by ensuring the logic of the algorithm is sound before actual coding begins. It acts as a blueprint, reducing errors and improving communication between team members working in different programming environments, ‘What is the difference between pseudocode and actual code? ‘DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PSEUDOCODE AND ACTUAL CODE Pseudocode uses plain language and structure to describe algorithm steps, while actual code adheres to the syntax and rules of a specific programming language to execute tasks on a computer. 0) Then ‘Academy 176NOTES SERIES Qo Ans: Q.10 Ans: 10. 1 2. 13, ‘What are the benefits of combining pseudocode and flowcharts in problem-solving? ‘COMBINING PSEUDOCODE AND FLOWCHARTS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING Combining pseudocode and flowcharts provides a detailed, structured outline of the algorithm (via pseudocode) and a visual representation of the process flow (via flowcharts), ensuring clarity, better communication, and optimized solutions How does a flowchart communicate processes effectively? ELOWCHART COMMUNICATE PROCESSES EFFECTIVELY. ‘A flowchart uses graphical symbols and arrows to depict the sequence of steps in a process. Its intuitive visual format makes it easier to understand, even for non-technical stakeholders, ensuring everyone has a clear understanding of the workflow, Mek ‘What is a flowchart? (D) A programming language (B) A visual representation of a process (©) A type of pseudocode (D) A mathematical formula Which flowchart symbol represents the start or end of a process? (D) Rectangle (B) Oval (©) Parallelogram (D) Diamond ‘What does a parallelogram represent in a flowchart? (D) Decision point (B) Input/Output (C) Process step (D) Flow direction ‘What is the purpose of arrows in a flowchart? (D) Represent decisions (B) Indicate start or end (C) Show the flow direction (D) Depict processes ‘Which method uses structured plain language to describe an algorithm? (D) Flowchart (B) Pscudocode (©) Programming (D) Mathematical model ‘What is pseudocode? (D) Code executed by computers (B) A way to describe algorithms in simple language (©)A programming language (D) A graphical representation of a process ‘Why is pseudocode beneficial? (D) It replaces actual programming (B) It provides clarity without syntax (C) It eliminates debugging (D) It is a form of compiled code Which symbol in a flowchart represents a decision point? (D) Oval (B) Rectangle (©) Parallelogram (D) Diamond ‘What does a reetangle symbolize in a flowchart (D) Start/End (B) Input/Output (©) Process (D) Decision ‘When was the first standardized flowchart symbol developed? () 1940 (B) 1947 (©) 1950 (D) 1960 ‘What does pseudocode focus on? (D) Syntax (B) Logic of the algorithm, (C) Graphical representation (D) Mathematical equations ‘What is the output of the pseudocode for deter if a number is odd? (D) False (B) Even (©) Odd (D) None What is the main purpose of flowcharts? ‘Academy 7NOTES SERIES 14, 15, 16. 17. 18, 19, 20. 21. 2. 23. 24, Qu Ans: (D) Writing code (B) Documenting algorithms visually (© Solving mathematical problems (D) Debugging software ‘What does the pseudocode 'isPrime’ return for a number less than 2? (D) True (B) False (©) Prime (D) Invalid Which pseudocode step ensures user authentication? (D) Procedure declaration (B) Valid username/password check (C) Input/output operation (D) Syntax analysis ‘What is the input for the ‘CheckEvenOdd' pseudocode? (D) Username and password (B) Validity message (©) Number to be checked (D) Divisors of the number ‘What does the loop in the 'isPrime' pseudocode check for? (D) Evenness (B) Divisibility by factors (©) Equality to zero (D) Password validity ‘What does pseudocode communicate? (D) Visual flow of processes, (B) Steps of an algorithm in plain language (©) Syntax of a programming language (D) Mathematical relationships How does flowchart representation differ from pseudocode? (D) Uses plain language (B) Uses graphical symbols (O) Is read sequentially (D) Focuses on syntax ‘What is the main focus of flowcharts? (D) Detailed algorithm explanation (B) Graphical depiction of steps (C) Mathematical precision (D) Syntax enforcement ‘What condition is checked to determine an even number in pseudocode? (D) number (B) number % 2—=0 (©) number = 1 (D) number /2 != 1 ‘What feature of pseudocode makes it easy for team discussions? (D) Complex syntax (B) Plain and structured language (C) Graphical symbols (D) Mathematical equations ‘What is the output of the ‘Check Credentials’ pseudocode for incorrect username? (D) Login successful (B) Invalid password (© Invalid username (D) Access denied ‘What does the decision symbol in a flowchart often lead to? (D)A single process (B) Multiple branches (© A graphical error (D) A loop termination ‘What does the “isPrime' pseudocode ensure in its loop? (D) Equality of all numbers (B) Non-divisibility by factors (©) Syntax correction (D) Sequential execution PAWN Explain the Importance of Time and Space Comple: 1.1. Time Complexity: Measuring Speed Time complexity evaluates how fast an algorithm performs as input size grows. For example, searching a name in a list of 10 items might take O(n) time, where n is the number of items. If the list size increases to 100 or 1,000, the running time grows proportionally. 1.2, Space Complexity: Managing Memory Space complexity determines the memory usage of an algorithm. For instance, an algorithm that creates additional arrays or variables will have higher space complexity. Algorithms with OCI) space complexity use constant memory regardless of input size, making them highly efficient. ES in Algorithm Design with Examples Academy 178NOTES SERIES Q2 Ans: 2 1.3. Importance of Balancing Both Efficient algorithms balance time and space complexities to optimize performance. For example, a sorting algorithm like Merge Sort has a time complexity of O(n log n) but uses extra memory, ‘while Quick Sort has the same time complexity but can run in-place with lower space usage. 1.4. Example: Evaluating Two Search Algorithms Linear Search: Time complexity O(n). Searches through each item one by one; inefficient for large datasets, Binary Scarch: Time complexity O(log n). Divides the dataset into halves; much faster for sorted data ISHORT QUESTIONS| ‘What is time complexity and why is it importan THEG SoU AND WHY ISIC: : Time complexity measures the running time of an algorithm as input size increases. It is important because it helps evaluate the efficiency of algorithms, allowing developers to choose the faster one when multiple solutions are available. Explain Big O notation with an exampl CG ONOTATIO EXAD Big O notation is a mathematical representation of time complexity. For example, O(n) means the running time grows linearly with input size. If searching a list of 100 items takes 100 steps, it’s O(n) ‘What is space complexity, and what does it include? Space complexity measures the memory required by an algorithm relative to input size, It includes the memory needed for the input, variables, and any extra space the algorithm uses during execution. Why are dry runs and simulations used in algorithm evaluation? DRY RUNS AND SIMULATIONS USED IN ALGORITHM EVALUATION Dry runs and simulations test algorithms step by step-to ensure they perform correctly, identify tential issties, and optimize time and space complexities before implementation. low does input size affect time complexity? INPUT SIZE AFFECT TIME COMPLEXITY As input size increases, the running time of an algorithm grows based on its time complexity. For instance, O(n) grows linearly, while O(n*) grows quadratically, significantly increasing execution time for larger inputs. Mae ‘What does time complexity measure in an algorithm? (A) Memory usage (B) Speed of execution (C) Code readability (D) Input size How is time complexity usually expressed? (A) Binary format (B) Decimal format (C) Big O notation (D) Hexadecimal format ‘Which of the following represents the fastest time complexity? (A) O(n") (B) O(logn) ©om (D) O(n") ‘What does space complexity measure? (A) Processing power (B) Memory usage (© Algorithm speed (D) Input format ‘What is a common activity in designing and evaluating algorithms? (A) Writing code in binary (B) Conducting dry runs and simulations (C) Memorizing time complexity formulas (D) Ignoring input size ‘What happens to the running time of an algorithm as input size increases? (A) Decreases exponentially (B) Increases linearly (© Stays constant (D) Changes based on time complexity Academy 179NOTES SERIES Which of the following is NOT a time complexity notation? (A) Om) (B) O(logn) (©) 00") (D) O(n+ny 8 Why is space complexity important? (A) It determines the readability of an algorithm. (B) Ithelps manage the memory usage of an algorithm. (© Iensures an algorithm runs faster. (D) It prevents syntax erro 5 DRY RUN Q.1 What is the significance of dry runs in computational thinking? Explain the process for dry running both flowcharts and pseudocode with examples. A dry run is the manual execution of an algorithm to test its logic without using a computer. This process is fundamental in computational thinking as it helps identify errors, understand algorithm behavior, and verify results. Dry runs can be applied to both flowcharts and pseudocode to ensure correctness before implementation, Dry Running a Flowchart A flowchart visually represents the sequence of steps in an algorithm, To dry-run a flowchart: 1. Follow the Flowchart: Start at the "Start" symbol and proceed step-by-step, following the arrows, 2. Simulate the Process: Manually track the values of variables and evaluate conditions. 3. Record Outputs: Document the results at each step. Example: Flowchart to Calculate the Sum of Two Numbers Flowchart Deseription: = Start. ‘+ Input aand b. + Add a and b to compute sim. Display sum. End. input first no. Aj input 2nd no. B y Sum =A+B Display Sum) Figure 7.7: Flowchart for adding two numbers Dry Running Pseudocode Pseudocode provides a textual representation of an algorithm in structured yet plain language. To dry-run pseudocode: Academy 180NOTES SERIES ‘Analyze the Logie: Read through the pseudocode to understand its flow. Simulate Step-by-Step: Manually execute each step with test inputs. ‘Track Variables: Record the state of variables after each operation. Verify Outputs: Compare the final output with expected results. Example: Pseudocode to find max Pseudocode: Procedure FindMaximum(a, b) Input: a, b {The two numbers to compare} Output: The larger number Begin Ifa>b Then Print "Maximum is Else Ifb> a Then Print "Maximum is: Else Print "Both numbers are equal: ", a End If End <2) {input NING) Ne (NI > N2) Yes a Macni 7 output Ma End Figure 7.8: Flowchart for finding maximum of two numbers Importance of Dry Runs 1. Error Identification: Reveals logical and calculation errors before actual coding. 2. Clarity: Enhances understanding of algorithms and flow. 3. Testing Rage Cases: Valdates behavior for boundary inputs. 4. Cost-Effective Debugging: Saves time by avoiding éxecution errors during coding. Explain the Time Complexity and Space Complexity in detail. Dry Runs Definition: Dry runs involve manually testing an algorithm step by step with sample inputs to verify its logic. Purpose: Identify logical errors and understand the flow of control in algorithms. Solved Example of a Dry Run of Pseudocode Pseudocode for Finding the Maximum of Two Numbers Algorithm 4: FindMax 1 Input: num}, num2 ‘Academy 181NOTES SERIES 3 Qu Ans: Q2 Ans: Q3 Ans: Q4 Ans: Qs Ans: 2-ifnuml > num2 then3, max —numl 4 elseS. max = num2 6. end if 7. Output: max Steps to Dry Run: Input: num! = 10, num? Condition: — False Result: Set max = mum2 —+ max = 15 Output: 15 Simulations, Definition: Simulations use computer programs to model real-world processes, testing algorithms in various scenarios. Purpose: Evaluate performance, explore scenarios, and optimize algorithms without phys implementation, Benefits of Simulations Cost-Effective: Simulations are cheaper and faster than real experiments, Safe: Dangerous situations, like fire evacuations, can be tested safe Repeatable: The same scenario can be tested multiple times with different parameters. Examples of Simulation Weather Forecasting: Simulates future weather conditions using input data Like temperature and wind speed Traffic Planning: Simulates traffic flow to design better road systems and reduce congestion. Conclusion ry runs ensure algorithms are logically correct by walking through their steps manually. jmulations extend this by testing algorithms in diverse, repeatable scenarios, ensuring efficiency and safety in implementation Snes What is the purpose of a dry run? al nH A dry run is used to manually simulate an algorithm with sample data to verify its logic and correctness before actual implementation, How does a dry run help in debugging? Dry running identifies logical errors ¢arly by walking through the steps of an algorithm with sample inputs, saving time and effort during development. ‘What are the steps involved in a dry run of a flowchart? 1. Start the flowchart. 2. Input data (e.g., numbers). 3. Follow the steps sequentially (e.g,, calculations). 4, Output the result. 5. Stop. Example: For inputs 3 and 5, the flowchart calculates and outputs 8. How is a dry run of pseudocode conducted? Simulate the pseudocode line by line with sample inputs. Apply the logic of conditions, loops, ot operations. Record intermediate results, Produce the final output. Example: For inputs 10 and 15, the pseudocode compares them and outputs the maximum value, 15. What is simulation, and why is it useful? SIMULATION, AND WHY 1s 1T USEFUL ‘Simulation models real-world processes using computer programs to test ideas or algorithms in a controlled environment. It is cost-effective, repeatable, and safe, making it ideal for scenarios like ‘weather forecasting or traffie planning, ‘Academy 182NOTES SERIES Q6 Ans: Q7 Ans: Qs ‘Ans: 2 3 ‘Whaat is the difference between a dry run and simulation? DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DRY RUN AND SIMULATION mmputer to model real~ world processes to test algorithms in various scenarios, Give an example of simulation in daily life. SIMULATION IN DAILY LIFE Meteorologist eather simulation to predict future weather by inputting data like temperature and wind speed into computer models Why are dry runs necessary in algorithm development? Dey RUNS NECESSARY IN ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT: Dry nuns catch logical errors, verily correctness, and ensure the algorithm's steps work as intended before implementation, How can simulation improve traffic flow? Simulating traffic patterns helps city planners test road designs and signal timings, reducing congestion without physically altering infrastructure What are the main benefits of simulation? Simulations are cost-effective, safe, repeatable, and allow testing of complex or dangerous scenarios, making them valuable in various fields like science, engineering, and urban planning, Explain the Role of Dry Runs and Simulations WTS What is a dry run? (A) Running code on a computer (B) Manually simulating an algorithm with sample data, (©) Writing pseudocode (D) Designing a flowehart ‘What is the primary goal of a dry run? (A) To execute the code (B) To test algorithm logic and correctness (©) To create a model (D) To improve computer speed In the dry run example of a flowchart, what is the output for 3 and 5 as inputs? 3 @)s os (Dy1s What does a dry run of pseudocode involve? (A) Designing new pseudocode (B) Manually simulating the pseudocode line by line (©) Drawing a flowchart (D) Debugging compiled code In the dry run example of pseudocode, what is the output for inputs 10 and 152 (A) 10 (B) 15 (C)25 (po ‘What is simulation? (A) Running an algorithm on a real system (B) Using a computer to model a real-world process (©) Writing pseudocode (D) Condueting physical experiments ‘What is one benefit of simulation? (A) Always produces real-life results (B) Requires no setup (© Cost-effective and repeatable (D) Always guarantees success Academy 1831 NOTES SERIES 8. Whyis dry running important? (A) It automates debugging (B) It ensures logical errors are caught early (C) It speeds up execution time (D) It replaces testing entirely 9. What is a common use of simulation in traffic planning? (A) Designing flowcharts (B) Predicting traffic ja (C) Testing pseudocode (D) Calculating vehicle speed 10. Which scenario is best suited for simulation? (A) Debugging a small algorithm (B) Testing plant growth under different conditions (©) Writing pseudocode for a math problem (D) Drawing flowcharts for simple processes 11. Which is an example of simulation? (A) Debugging pseudocode (B) Weather forecasting (©) Flowcharting (D) Writing code 12, What input-output method is used in the pseudocode dry run example? (A) Assign variables directly (B) Compare and store the maximum (C) Perform arithmetic operations (D) Use a for loop 13, Which of the following is NOT a benefit of simulation? (A) High cost (B) Safety in testing dangerous scenarios (C) Ability to repeat experiments (D) Cheaper than real experiments 14, Whatiis tested in dry runs? (A) Syntax errors (B) Algorithm correctness and logic (©) Hardware failures (D) Network speeds 15. What does dry running help identify in algorithms? (A) Memory requirements (B) Logical errors (©) Syntax errors (D) Programming languages INTRODUCTION TO LARP (LOGIC OF ALGORITHM FOR RESOLUTION OF PROBLEMS) Aas te eos id ITT Describe how to write an algorithm in LARP, using an example. Writing an algorithm in LARP involves a structured approach that ensures each step is clear and logical. It begins with the START command and concludes with END, ensuring clarity and flow. ‘Commands like WRITE are used to display messages, and READ is used to take input from the user. Decision-making is implemented through IF... THEN...ELSE statements. Example: START WRITE "Enter a number" READ number IF number % 2 = 0 THEN WRITE "The number is even" ELSE WRITE "The number is odd" ENDIF END Explanation: This algorithm checks whether a number is even or odd. The user is prompted to enter a number Using the condition number % 2 = 0, the algorithm determines if the number is divisible by 2 (even) or not (odd) and then displays the result using the WRITE command Academy 184NOTES SERIES Q2 Ans: Explain the types of errors in LARP and how to debug them. EREORS) EPAND HOW To DEBUG THE Errors in LARP can be categorized into three types: Syntax Errors: These occur when the syntax of the algorithm is incorrect, such as missing commands or using an invalid symbol. For example, forgetting to include an END command, ‘Syntax errors are easy to spot because the LARP tool typically highlights them. Runtime Errors: These arise during the execution of the algorithm. For instance, trying to divide a number by zero or using an undefined variable, Runtime errors prevent the algorithm from completing successfully. Logical Errors: These occur when the algorithm's logic is flawed, such as using the wrong condition in a decision-making step. Logical errors are the hardest to detect because the algorithm runs but produces incorrect results, Debugging Techniques: Debugging involves identifying and fixing errors in an algorithm. Key techniques inelude: ‘Tracing the Steps: Reviewing the algorithm step-by-step to find where it goes wrong. © Using Comments: Adding explanations to each step of the algorithm to make it easier to identify mistakes. ‘+ Simplifying the Problem: Breaking down the algorithm into smaller parts and testing each part separately. ‘Checking Conditions: Ensuring tht decision-making conditions are correctly defined. Reading Error Messages: Paying attention to error messages, as they often indicate the exact issue in the algorithm, aoe #14 4/4 <6 > Elalea——4 is |S BEITe annual estas Sa ae ea SESE) Eines ores eine emery || mre |) sree me oa ee Compiling Beaute vain... Einting project Baceatioy project Figure 7.9: LARP Software ‘Academy 185NOTES SERIES Q3 Why is LARP important in learning algorithms, and how does one write algorithms using LARP? Provide examples to illustrate. 1. Introduction to LARP LARP stands for Logic of Algorithms for Resolution of Problems, which is an interactive and engaging method to lear how algorithms work by running them and observing their outputs. It serves as a hands-on way to understand how algorithms process data and helps. learners experiment with different scenarios. 2. Importance of LARP. LARP is important for several reasons, including: ‘+ Understanding Algorithm Logi LARP provides a practical approach to understanding how algorithms function by breaking down complex operations into manageable steps, ‘+ Input-Output Analysis: By simulating various inputs, learners can observe how changes in data affect outputs, improving their comprehension of algorithm efficiency. + Hands-on Practice: Writing algorithms in LARP allows students to test and refine their logic without the complexities of programming syntax. ‘+ Problem-Solving Skills Enhancement: LARP encourages structured thinking and logical problem-solving by guiding students through step-by-step processes to achieve solutions. 3. Writing Algorithms in LARP Writing algorithms in LARP follows a simple and structured approach that makes it easier to understand and implement problem-solving techniques. The LARP syntax is designed to be user- friendly and includes: ‘+ START and END Commands Every LARP algorithm begins wi structure. ‘+ Basie Instructions: © WRITE — Displays messages or outputs READ — Accepts user inputs, © IF...THEN...ELSE — Handles decision-making Example: Checking if a Number is Even or Odd. START WRITE "Enter a number" READ number IF number % 2—= 0 THEN WRITE "The number is even" ELSE WRITE "The number is odd" ENDIF END) 4, Benefits of Writing Algorithms Using LARP Writing algorithms in LARP offers several advantages: ‘+ Simplified Learning Curve: Students can focus on logic without being overwhelmed by programming language syntax. ‘+ Incremental Development: Breaking down complex tasks into smaller steps enhances comprehension. + Error Reduction: ‘The structured nature of LARP minimizes mistakes and makes debugging easier. START aiid concludes with END, ensuring clarity in ‘Academy 186NOTES SERIES Q2 ‘Ans: Q3 Ans: Qs Anst Qo Ans: ‘Enhanced Visualization The logical sequence of steps helps learners visualize the flow of the algorithm, ISHORT QUESTIONS| Define LARP. LARP stands for "Logic of Algorithms for Resolution of Problems.” It is an interactive tool that allows users to lear how algorithms work by experimenting with them and observing how different inputs affect the outputs. Why is LARP considered important? LARP is important because it helps users understand how algorithms funetion, enables them to see the effects of various inputs on outputs, and provides a platform to practice writing and improving algorithms ‘What are the basic commands in LARP? BASIC COMMANDS IN LARP. ‘The basic commands in LARP includ START: Indicates the beginning of the algorithm. END: Marks the conclusion of the algorithm. WRITE: Displays messages or outputs. READ: Takes inputs from the user. IF...THEN...ELSE: Handles decision-making processes. ‘What does the WRITE command do? ‘The WRITE command is used to display messages or outputs to the user. For example, it can show results like "The number is eyen" based on algorithm conditions. Explain the condition number % 2 == 0. ‘ u p= This condition checks whether a number is divisible by 2 without leaving a remainder. If true, the number is even; otherwise, itis odd. jow do flowcharts help in LARP? Flowcharts visually represent the steps of an algorithm using standard symbols. This makes it casier to understand the logical flow and detect errors in the process. What is a runtime error? RUNTIME ERROR A runtime error occurs during the execution of an algorithm. Examples include trying to divide by zero or referencing an undefined variable. Why are logical errors hard to detect? LOGICAL ERRORS HARD TO DETECT Logical errors are hard to detect because the algorithm runs without interruptions but produces incorrect results due to faults in the decision-making or conditions. How does LARP simplify algorithm learning? LARP SIMPLIFY ALGORITHM LEARNING LARP simplifies algorithm Jeaming by breaking down complex problems into manageable steps, using clear syntax, and allowing leamers to focus on the logical flow rather than intricate coding details ‘Name three debugging techniques. ‘Common debugging techniques include: Trace the Steps: Reviewing each step to identify where the logic goes wrong. Simplify the Problem: Breaking the algorithm into smaller parts to test them individually ‘Academy 187NOTES SERIES TES 10. u. 12. 13, 14, 15, Check Conditions: Verifying that all decision-making conditions are correctly defined. IMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION: ‘What does LARP stand for? (A) Logic and Algorithms for Problem-solving (B) Logie of Algorithms for Resolution of Problems (©) Learning and Resolving Problems (D) Leaming and Algorithms for Projects LARP is described as: (A) A coding platform (©) An interactive way to learn algorithms ‘Which key feature makes LARP interactive? (A) Its complex coding (©) Replacing syntax with symbols Where can you find updates for LARP? (A) Social media platforms (©) Movie websites LARP emphasizes understanding: (A) Software coding (C) Advanced programming techniques (B) A game-based algorithm system (D)A replacement for programming (B) Running algorithms to see results (D) Using graphical interfaces (B) Trusted educational platforms (D) News portals (B) Algorithm logic and output (D) Math computations ‘What is the first command in a LARP algorithm? (A) WRITE (C) READ (B) START (D) STOP, ‘What is the purpose of the READ command in LARP? (A) To output a message (©) To end the algorithm Which commani (A) PRINT (© WRITE How does LARP handle di (A) Using loops (©) By skipping steps Why does LARP use simplified syntax? (A) To focus on coding complexity (©) To remove debugging needs ‘What does the condition number % (A) If a number is positive (©) Ifa number is odd Which keyword ends a LARP algorithm? (a) sToP, (©) CLOSE jon-making? (B) To input data (D) To cheek logie used to display output in LARP? (B) SHOW (D) ouTPUT (B) Through IF...THEN...ELSE statements (D) With comments (B) To ensure logical clarity (D) To automate algorithms check for? (B) Ifa number is even (D) Ifa number is prime (B)END (D) FINISH ‘What shape represents a decision in flowcharts? (A) Rectangle (C) Oval (B) Diamond (D) Circle ‘What shape represents input/output in a flowchart? (A) Rectangle (©) Parallelogram Why are flowcharts used in LARP? (A) To automate decisions (©) To simplify output (B) Oval (D) Diamond (B) To visualize algorithms (D) To avoid errors AcademyNOTES SERIES 16. 11. 18, 19. 20. ‘What are syntax errors? (A) Errors during execution (B) Errors in logic (©) Errors in writing commands (D) Undefined variables What type of error occurs when dividing by zero? (A) Syntax error (B) Runtime error (©) Logical error (D) Debugging error Logical errors occur due to: (A) Incorrect conditions (B) Missing variables (©) Undefined syntax: (D) Invalid operations Which debugging technique involves testing parts of an algorithm? (A) Checking conditions (B) Simplifying the problem (©) Writing comments (D) Reading etror messages ‘What does the error message "Undefined Variable” mean? (A) Variable has not been initialized (B) Incorrect syntax usage (©) Runtime calculation error (D) Output mismatch Computational thinking is important skill that enables individuals to solve complex problems using methods that mirror the processes involved in computer science. Decomposition is the process of breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. Pattern recognition involves looking for similarities or patterns among and within problems Abstraction involves simplifying complex. problems by breaking them down into smaller, more ‘manageable part, and focusing only onthe essential details while ignoring the unnecessary ones, An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. Understanding the problem is the fifst and most important step in problem-solving, especially in computational thinking. ‘Simplifying a problem involves breaking it down into sifaller, more manageable sub-problems. Choosing the best solution involves evaluating different approaches and sclecting the most efficient one. Flowcharts are visual representations of the Steps in a process or system, depicted using different symbols connected by arrows. Pseudocode is a way of representing an algorithm using simple and informal language that is easy to understand, it combines the structure of programming languages with the readability of plain English, making ita useful tool for planning and explaining algorithms. ‘Time Complexity is a way to measure how fast or stow an algorithm performs. It tells us how the running time of an algorithm changes as the size of the input increases. Space complexity measures the amount of memory an algorithm uses in relation to the input size. It is important to consider both the memory needed for the input and any additional memory used by the algorithm, A dry run involves manually going through the algorithm with sample data to identify any errors, ‘Simulation is when we use computer programs to create a model of a real- world process or system. LARP stands for logic of Algorithm for Resolution of Problems. It is a fun. and interactive way to learn how algorithms work by actually running them and seeing the results, Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors in an algorithm or flowchart. ‘Academy 189NOTES SERIES 45. 46. 48. 49, Q.24 Ans: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION: Which of the following best defines computational thinking? (A) A method of solving problems using mathematical caleutations only (B) A problem-solving approach that employs systematic, algorithmic, and logical thinking (©) A technique used exclusively in computer programming. (D) An approach that ignores real-world applications. Why is problem decomposition important in computational thinking? es problems by breaking them down into smaller, more manageabl parts. (B) It complicates problems by adding more details. (C) It eliminates the need for solving the problem, (D) Itis only useful for simple problems. Pattern recognition involves (A) Finding and using similarities within problems, (B) Ignoring repetitive elements (©) Breaking problems into smaller pieces, (D) Writing detailed algorithms ‘Which term refers to the process of ignoring the details to focus on the main idea? (A) Decomposition (©) Abstraction (B) Pattern recognition (D) Algorithm design Which of the following is a principle of computational thinking? (A) Ignoring problem understanding (B) Problem simplification (©) Avoiding solution design (D) mplementing random solutions Algorithms a (A) Lists of data (B) Graphical representations (C) Step-by-step instructions for solving a problem (D) Repetitive patterns ‘Which of the following is the first step in problem-solving accor 1g to computational thinking? (A) Writing the solution (©) Designing a flowchart (©) Solve mathematical equations (D) Identity patterns Flowcharts are used to: (A) Code a program (B) Understanding the problem (©) Selecting a Pseudocode is: (A) A ype of flowchart (B) Ahigh-level description of an algorithm using plain language (©) A programming language (D) A debugging tool Dry running a flowchart involves: (A) Writing the code ina programming language (B) Testing the flowchart with sample data (C) Converting the flowchart into pseudocode _ (D) Ignoring the flowchart details Sie Define computational thinking. Computational Thinking (CT) is a systematic problem-solving process involving skills and techniques to address complex issues in a way that can be executed by a computer. It is not limited to computer science and can be applied in various fields such as biology, mathematics, and daily tasks. olution (D) Represent algorithms graphically Academy 190NOTES SERIES Q.25 Ans: Q.26 Ans: Q.27 Ans: Q.28 Ans: Q.29 Ans: Q.30 Ans: O31 Ans: Q.32 Ans: Q.33 Ans: Q.34 Ans: Q.35 Ans: ‘What is decomposition in computational thinking? Decomposition is the process of breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. This approach simplifies problem-solving by allowing cach component to be addressed individually. For example, building a birdhouse can be decomposed into designing, gathering materials, assembling, and decorating, Explain pattern recognition with an example. Pattern recognition involves identifying similarities or trends within problems or data. For example, the pattem in the areas of squares can be recognized by observing how the side length inereases the area through the addition of consecutive odd numbers, Deseribe abstraction and its importance in problem-solving. Abstraction simplifies complex problems by focusing on essential details while ignoring irrelevant ones. This process reduces complexity and aids in efficient problem-solving. For instance, when making tea, abstraction focuses on high-level steps like boiling water and steeping, tea, ignoring details like water temperature settings. What is an algorithm? An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. For example, planting a tree involves steps like choosing a spot, digging a hole, placing the tree, and watering it How does problem understanding help in computational thinking? Understanding the problem ensures clarity, defines objectives, and aids in developing efficient solutions. For example, building a school website requires identifying user needs, features, and technical resources before starting the design process. What are floweharts and how are they used? Flowcharts are visual representations of processes, using symbols like rectangles for actions and diamonds for decisions, They-are,used to-model- processes, solve problems, and communicate workflows clearly. Explain the purpose of pseudocode. Pscudocode is a high-level, plain-language desctiption of an algorithm. It simplifies understanding the logic without requiring programming syntax, making it useful for planning and communicating, algorithms, How do you differentiate between flowcharts and pseudocode? Flowcharts use graphical symbols to visually represent processes, while pseudocode uses structured plain language to'describe the steps. Flowcharts are ideal for understanding the flow, while pseudocode focuses on algorithm logic. What is a dry run and why is it important? A dry mun involves manually executing an algorithm or flowchart with sample data to verify its correctness. It helps identify logical errors before implementation, ensuring the algorithm performs as intended. Describe LARP and its significance in learning algorithms. LARP (Logic of Algorithms for Resolution of Problems) is an interactive way to learn algorithms by running them to observe results. Tt aids in understanding algorithm behavior, testing inputs, and improving problem-solving skills. ist and explain two debugging techniques. 1. Tracing the Steps: Go through each step of the algorithm to identify where it goes wrong. ‘Simplify the Problem: Break the algorithm into smaller parts and test each part independently to locate errors, ‘Academy 192NOTES SERIES 1 Ans: RNs Write an algorithm to assign a grade based on the marks obtained by a student. The grading system follows these criteria: 90 and above: A+ 8010.89: A 7010 79: B 60 t0 69: C Below 60: F Algorithm to Assign a Grade Based on Marks Obtained Steps: 1. Start: Begin the algorithm, 2. Input Marks: Read the marks obtained by the student. cision Making: Use conditional statements to assign grades based on the following criteria: I'marks are 90 or above, assign grade A. If marks are 80 to 89, assign grade A. If marks are 70 to 79, assign grade B. If marks are 60 to 69, assign grade C. If marks are below 60, assign grade F. 4. Display Grade: Output the assigned grade. 5. End: Terminate the algorithm, Pseudocode: START INPUT marks IF marks >= 90 THEN PRINT "Grade: A+" ELSE IF marks >~ 80 THEN PRINT "Grade: A" ELSE IF marks >= 70 THEN PRINT "Grade: B" ELSE IF marks >= 60 THEN PRINT "Grade: C” ELSE PRINT "Grade: F” ENDIF END This approach ensures, simple and efficient Explain how you would use algorithm design methods, such as flowcharts and pseudocode, to solve a complex computational problem, Iilustrate your explanation with a detailed example, Define computational thinking and explain its significance in modern problem-solving. Provide examples to illustrate how computational thinking can be applied in different fields. Discuss the concept of decomposition in computational thinking. Why is it important? Decomposition is the process of breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. This approach helps in tackling each smaller component separately, making, problem-solving more efficient and structured. Importance of Decomposition: ‘+ Simplifies Complex Problems: Decomposition allows breaking large problems into simpler tasks, making them easier to handle and solve ‘+ Improves Organization: By focusing on smaller tasks, teams or individuals can work more systematically. wate grade assignment based on predefined criteria while remaining Academy a2NOTES SERIES 5 4 ‘+ Enhances Debugging: Smaller modules make it easier to locate and correct errors. ‘+ Example: When building a birdhouse, decomposition involves steps like designing, gathering materials, cutting wood, assembling, and painting Explain pattern recognition in the context of computational patterns help in problem-solving? Pattern recognition in computational thinking involves identifying similarities or trends within problems to simplify solutions. Recognizing recurring elements can lead to efficient problem- solving and predictive insights. How it Helps in Problem-Solving: = Bifi using existing solutions for recurring issues saves time and effort. ‘+ Prediction: Recognizing trends enables better decision-making. ‘omplex problems can be generalized into simpler, familiar patterns. ing. How does identifying When calculating the areas of squares, noticing the pattem (1, 4, 9, 16..) helps deduce the formula side“2 for future calculations What is an abstraction in computational thinking? Discuss its importance and provide examples of how abstraction can be used to simplify complex problems. Abstraction is the process of focusing only on essential details while ignoring irrelevant complexities. It helps in designing efficient solutions by reducing the cognitive load of problem- solving, Importance of Abstraction: ‘+ Simplifies Complex Systems: By focu manageable, ‘+ Improves Efficieney: Reduces unnecessary details, making algorithms and processes more efficient, ‘+ Generalization: Solutions, can be applied across different problems with similar characteristis, Example: When making teay-thevabstract steps involve boiling water, adding tea leaves, and pouring, without detailing each specific action like opening the tap, adjusting flame intensity, ete Describe what an algorithm is and explain its role in computational thinking. Provide a detailed example of an algorithm for solving a specific problem, and draw the corresponding flowchart, An algorithm is a set of step-by-step instructions designed to solve a specific problem or perform a task efficiently, In computational thinking, algorithms provide a logical sequence to reach a desired outcome, Role in Computational Thinking: ‘+ Ensures systematic problem-solving. ‘+ Helps in automation and repeatability of solutions. ‘+ Provides clarity and structure to tasks, Example Algorithm: Find the Maximum of Two Numbers 1. Start 2. Read two numbers: A, B 3. IFA>B, then print A is the maximum 4 5 ng.on key features, problems become more ise, print B is the maximum End ‘Academy 193NOTES SERIES No Yes Max=N7 wee output Ma Cond Figure 7.8: Flowchart for finding maximum of two numbers: ‘Compare and contrast flowcharts and pseudocode as methods for algorithm. design. Discuss the offi MH dist ygatetes st glch MeMbndlfrovide examples where one right be preferred over thd cg See Topie 73 Explain the concept of a dry run in the context of both flowcharts and pseudocode. How does performing a dry run help in validating the correctness of an algorithm? See Topi 7 What i LARP? Diseuss ‘See Topic 7.6 How docs LARP cabs (hill cstc MM 003 gonlcation-of computational thinking principles? Provide a scenario where LARP can be used to improve an algorithm. See Topie 7.6 importance in learning and practicing algorithms. Academy 194NOTES SERIES Tern Sc ESETase ee: re: he oe mm: A rt ‘TBOOK EXERCISE MCQs B A A ¢ B Cc B B B B Academ 195