Property Table:
Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture
Quality or Dryness Fraction, x: -
Ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture
If x=0, saturated liquid
If x=1, saturated vapor
T = Tsat @ given P
P = Psat @ given T
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Topic: - Saturated Mixture
NUMERICAL
Question 3. A 1.8 m3rigid tank contains steam at 220ºC. One
third of the volume is in the liquid phase and
the rest is in the vapor form. Determine:
(a) Pressure [kPa]
(b) Mass of liquid [kg]
(c) Mass of vapor [kg]
(d) Quality of the mixture
(e) Specific volume of the mixture [m3/kg]
(f) Specific and total enthalpy of the mixture [kJ/kg, kJ]
Answer
(a)2317.8 kPa (b) 504.2 kg (c) 13.92 kg (d) 0.0269
(e) 0.0034574 m3/kg (f) 993.6 kJ/kg, 514806 kJ
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Property Table:
Superheated Vapor
• In the region to the right of the saturated vapor line and at temperatures
above the critical point temperature, a substance exists as superheated
vapor.
• Superheated region is a single-phase region (vapor phase only),
• Temperature and pressure are no longer dependent properties
x is not defined
T > Tsat @ given P P < Psat @ given T
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Topic: - Superheated
Vapor NUMERI
CAL
200º C.
Answer
(a) Superheated
Vapor (b) 6.517 m3
(c) 8625.81 kJ
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Property Table: Compressed Liquid
• Compressed liquid tables are not as
commonly available
• Reason for the lack of compressed liquid
data is the relative independence of
compressed liquid properties from
pressure
• Variation of properties of compressed
liquid with pressure is very mild T < Tsat @ given P P > Psat @ given T x is
• A general approximation is to treat not defined
compressed liquid as saturated liquid at
the given temperature
BITS Pilani, Deemed to
be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Topic: - Compressed Liquid
NUMERICAL
Question 4. Water is kept at 5 MPa and 80ºC. Identify the Phase at this
state.
Calculate the specific internal energy u (kJ/kg): -
(a) From tables
(b) Approximating the liquid to be saturated at 80ºC.
(c) What is the error involved in (b) ?
Now consider Ammonia at 10000 kPa and 120ºC. Calculate the specific
internal energy u (kJ/kg).
Hint: There is no separate compressed liquid table available for
Ammonia.
(b) 333.84 kJ/kg (0.345%)
Answer For Water Compressed
Answer For Ammonia
Liquid
Compressed Liquid
(a) 333.69 kJ/kg
(a) 825.77 kJ/kg
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Topic: - (Compressed Liquid + Sat. Vapor)
NUMERICAL
Question 5. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 50 L of
liquid water at 40ºC and 200 kPa. Heat is transferred to the water at
constant pressure until the entire liquid has just vaporized. (a)
Identify the initial and final state.
(b) Show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation
lines.
(c) What is the mass of the water? [kg]
(d) What is the final temperature? [ºC]
(e) Determine the total enthalpy change. [kJ]
Answer
(a)Compressed Liquid (initial), and Saturated Vapor
(final) (c) 49.61 kg (d) 120.23ºC (e) 125,964.26 kJ
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Ideal Equation of State
Boyle’s Law (Robert Boyle, 1662)
Charles’s Law (J. Charles, 1802)
Observed during his experiments with
Experimentally determined that at
a vacuum chamber that the pressure
low pressures the volume of a gas is
of gases is inversely proportional to
proportional to its temperature.
their volume.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Ideal Equation of State
Equation of State:
Any equation that relates the pressure,
temperature, and specific volume of a Molar mass (M):
• Mass of one mole (also called a gram-mole,
substance abbreviated gmol) of a substance in grams,
• Mass of one kmol (also called a
kilogram-mole, abbreviated kgmol) in
Mass Basis: - PV = mRT kilograms
Universal Gas constant Ru = 8.31447
Molar Basis: - PV = nRuT
kJ/kmol K M = Molar mass of gas m = mass of gas (kg)
n = number of moles
m = nM
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Ideal Gas: Applicability
What is Ideal gas?
An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation Pv = RT
Condition
• It has been experimentally observed that the ideal-gas relation given closely approximates the
P-v-T behavior of real gases at low densities.
• At low pressures and high temperatures, the density of a gas decreases, and the gas behaves
as an ideal gas under these conditions.
• In the range of practical interest, many familiar gases such as air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen,
helium, argon, neon, krypton, and even heavier gases such as carbon dioxide can be treated
as ideal gases with negligible error (often less than 1 percent).
• Dense gases such as water vapor in steam power plants and refrigerant vapor in refrigerators,
however, should not be treated as ideal gases. Instead, the property tables should be used for
these substances.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Topic: - Ideal Gas Application
NUMERICAL
Question 6. A 10 m3tank containing H2(Hydrogen) at 25°C
and 500 kPa is connected through a valve to another tank
containing 5 kg of H2at 35°C and 200 kPa. Now the valve is
opened, and the entire system is allowed to reach thermal
equilibrium with the surroundings, which are at 20°C.
Determine:
(a) the volume of the second tank
(b) the final equilibrium pressure of air.
Answer
(a) 31.75 m3, (b) 262.50 kPa
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
NUMERICAL
Question 7. The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the
temperature of the air in the tire. When the air temperature is
25°C, the pressure gage reads 210 kPa. If the volume of the tire
is 0.025m3, determine the pressure rise in the tire when the air
temperature in the tire rises to 50°C. Also, determine the amount
of air (in kg) that must be bled off to restore pressure to its
original value at this temperature. Assume the atmospheric
pressure is 100 kPa.
Answer
(a)26.01 kPa
1956
(b) 0.0070 kg
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act,
Topic: - Phase Identification
NUMERICAL (Practice)
Question. Determine the missing properties and the
phase descriptions in the following table for Water:
T, ºC P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase Description (a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Question.
Answe
r
T, ºC P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase Description (a) 120.23 200 1719.48
Saturated Liquid-Vapor
0.6 Mixture
Saturated Liquid-Vapor
(b) 125 232.1 1600 0.535 Mixture
(c) 395.56 1000 2950 N.D. Superheated Vapor (d) 75 500 313.87 N.D.
Compressed / Subcooled
Liquid
(e) 172.96 850 731.25 0.0 Saturated Liquid
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
