CONTENTS

CHAPTER I PAGES

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 World demographic profile

1.1.2 Demographic profile of India

1.1.3 Demographic profile of J&K

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Literature Review

1.4 Objective

1.5 Database and Methodology

1.6 Study area

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Population distribution and composition

2.3 Age and Sex composition

2.4 Religion and Caste composition

2.5 Fertility and Mortality status

2.6 Education and Health status

2.7 Conclusion

2.8 Bibliography
LIST OF TABLES

S.No. Tableno. Title

1 1 World : Age structure-2021

2 2 World: literacy rate -2021

3 3 India: Age structure-2011

4 4 India: literacy rates-2001, 2011

5 5 India: Sex ratio-2001, 2011

6 6 J&K :Age structure: 2011

7 7 J&K: Sex ratio-2001, 2011

8 8 J&K: Literacy rates-2001, 2011

9 9 Village Chatha: Population distribution -2011

10 10 Village Chatha: Religion Composition -2011

11 11 Village Chatha: Population distribution-2022

12 12 Village Chatha: Age Composition -2022

13 13 Village Chatha: Sex-wise age composition -2022

14 14 Village Chatha: Sex ratio-2011,2022

15 15 Village Chatha: Religion composition -2011,2022

16 16 Village Chatha: Caste composition -2022

17 17 Village Chatha and J&K: ASFR -2020, 2022

18 18 Village Chatha: Literacy Rate -2011 ,2022

19 19 Village Chatha: Male education pattern-2022

20 20 Village Chatha: Female education pattern-2022

21 21 Village Chatha: Garbage dumping sites-2022

22 22 Village Chatha: Street Drainage-2022

23 23 Village Chatha: Availability of separate toilet and

bathroom facilities -2022

24 24 Village Chatha: People availing medical facilities-

2022

25 25 Village Chatha: Common diseases-2022

CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Demography is the systematic study of the size, distribution and composition of human population and their changes
resulting from fertility, mortality and migration.

-Poston and Bouvier, 2010

Demography is the systematic study of population. The term is of Greek origin and is composed of the two words,
demos (people) and graphein (describe),implying the description of people. The term was first used by Belgian
statistician Achille Guillard in 1855.

As a discipline it started from the last two decades of the 20 th century and is still under development. It is an important
subfield of human geography. Our topic Demography falls the field of population geography.

In the expression ‘POPULATION GEOGRAPHY’ the term ‘population’ signifies the subject matter and ‘geography ’
refers to the perspective of investigation .Thus population geography can be interpreted as the study of population in
spatial perspective.

Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population including – changes in population size;
patterns of births, deaths, and migration; and the structure and composition of the population, such as the relative
proportions of women, men and different age groups. There are different varieties of demography, including formal
demography which is a largely quantitative field, and social demography which focuses on the social, economic or
political aspects of populations. All demographic studies are based on processes of counting or enumeration – such as
the census or the survey – which involve the systematic collection of data on the people residing within a specified
territory. The main concern of population geography revolves around the following aspects of human population;

1) Population dynamics: - past and present bonds in growth and spatial manifestation component of population
change, viz. fertility, mortality and migration.
2) Population composition and structure.

Thus, they include a set of demographic characteristics (such as age, structure, status, average age at marriage etc.),
social characteristics (such as caste, / ethnic, religious and linguistic composition of population ,literacy and level of
educational attainment etc.) and economic characteristics ( such as workforce).

Geography and demography are very close to each other due to their distributional perspectives. Population
settlements appear to develop in places according to the climatic, temperature and rain fall experience of the place.
Population growth and its dispersion have close association with geography. Birth, death and migration are broadly
discussed in modern geography.

Demographic processes: Fertility, mortality and migration are three important demographic processes that
determine the changes in population size, composition or distribution.

Fertility: Fertility refers to the actual production of children, which in the strictest sense is a biological process. Even
though the production of child is a biological process, the different activities and events which lead to given birth are
affected by the social, economic, cultural and psychological characteristics of the woman and the man, as well as by
the environment in which they live.

Mortality: Mortality refers to the relative frequency of deaths in a population. The two different concepts which were
used by demographers when referring to mortality, namely, the life span, which is the numerical age limit of human
life and life expectancy, which is the average expected number of years of life to be lived by a particular population at
a given time (Kintner,2004).
Migration: Migration is defined as the movement of people from one place to another within the country or outside.
Unlike birth and death which occur to each of us once and only once, migration may occur on several occasions, or we
may never experience migration. A migrant is a person whose residential move involves the crossing of political
boundary. Internal migration and international migration are the two main types of migration.

Demographic Indicators: These provide an overview of population size, composition, territorial

distribution, changes there in and the components of changes such as nativity, mortality and social mobility.
They are divided into two parts ; population statistics and vital statistics.

Population statistics include population size, sex ratio, population density and dependency ratio.

Vital statistics include birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate , life expectancy at birth, mortality and
fertility rate.

Importance of Demographic data: Demographic data is any data that provides an understanding of population
size, distribution, and composition (Murdock and Ellis, 1991). The practice of the collection of social statistics by the
state is in itself much older, but it acquired its modern form towards the end of the eighteenth century. The American
census of 1790 was probably the first modern census, and the practice was soon taken up in Europe as well in the
early 1800s. In India, censuses began to be conducted by the British Indian government between 1867-72, and regular
ten yearly (or decennial) censuses have been conducted since 1881. Independent India continued the practice, and
seven decennial censuses have been conducted sincel1951. Moreover, it is vital for planning and implementation of
policies, for better economic development and general public welfare. In addition, health status of a community also
depends on the dynamic relationship between number of people, their composition and distribution. Demographic
variables can assist in the planning of health related services and can deliver a basis for predicting future
developments and making informed decisions for the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of plans, policies
and programs for education, housing, health, employment and other forms of social services.
1.1.1 WORLD DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE:
Earth has a human population of over 8 billion as of 2023, with an overall population density of 50 people per
km2 (130 per sq. mile), excluding Antarctica. Globally, the growth rate of the human population has been declining
since peaking in 1962 and 1963 at 2.20% per annum. In 2009, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%.

The ratio between the number of males and females in a society is referred to as the gender ratio. This ratio is not
stable but instead shaped by biological, social, technological, cultural, and economic forces. And in turn the gender
ratio itself has an impact on society, demography, and the economy. World's sex ratio, today’s is 101 females per
100 The males.

As of 2021, the total fertility rate of the world is estimated at 2.32 children per woman.
Table 1 World: Age Structure -2021
Age (in years) Population (in percent)
0-15 25.2
15-64 65.1
64 & above 9.7
Source: World Face book 2021

According to the 2021 CIA World Fact book , around 25.1% of the world's population is below 15 years of age,
65.1% population belongs to the category of 15-64 age group and 9.7% to 65 & above age group. Thus proportion of
15-64 age group is dominant.

The world's literacy rate has increased dramatically in the last 40 years, from 66.7% in 1979 to 86.3% today.

Table 2 World: Literacy rate-2021

Overall literacy (in Male literacy (in Female literacy

%) %) (in%)
86.3 90.0 82.7
Source: World Fact book 2021
The global literacy rate for all people aged 15 and above is 86.3%. The global literacy rate for all males is 90.0%, and
the rate for all females is 82.7%. However, the literacy rate varies throughout the world. In 2021, the crude death rate
for the world is 7.64 deaths per thousand population, and the crude birth rate for the world is 17.76 births per
thousand. The crude death rate and birth rate of the world have been declining at a moderating rate since 1950.

The world population more than tripled during the 20th century from about 1.65 billion in 1900 to 5.97 billion in
1999. It reached the 2 billion mark in 1927, the 3 billion mark in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, and 5 billion in 1987. The
overall population of the world is approximately 8 billion as of November 2022. Currently, population growth is
fastest among low wealth, least developed countries. The UN projects a world population of 9.15 billion in 2050, a
32.7% increase from 6.89 billion in 2010.

1.1.2 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF INDIA:

India has the population of about 1.4 billion, largest among all the countries of the world (2023). From 1960
to 2021, the population of India increased from 450.55 million to 1.41 billion people. This is a growth of 212.4
percent in 61 years. The highest increase in India was recorded in 1974 with 2.36 percent. The smallest increase in
2021 with 0.80 percent.

Table 3 India : Age Structure-2011

Age (in years) Population (in percent)

0-15 24.77
15-64 68.42
64 & above 6.8
Source: Census of India -2011

Large proportion of population is trapped in the age group 15-64 years constituting about 68.42 % of the total
population followed by 0-15 age group which forms about 24.77% of the total population. Elderly population, above
65 years, forms 6.8% of the total population.

Dependency ratio is the measure of the number of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with
the total population aged 15 to 64. India has total dependency ratio of about 48.7 out of which youth dependency ratio
is 38.9 and elderly dependency ratio is 9.8.

Birth Rate and death rate in India is 17.53 and 7.1 /1000 population (2021 est) . Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – or often
simply ‘fertility rate’ – which measures the average number of children per woman -in India is 2.28.

Table 4 India: Literacy rate – 2001, 2011

Year Overall literacy rate(in%) Male literacy rate(in%) Female literacy rate (in%)
2001 65.4 75.9 54.2
2011 74.4 82.4 65.8
Source: Census of India-2001,2011

The literacy rate of total population of India in 2011 was 74.4% which shows an overall increase of 9% from 65.4%
in 2001. A significant increase in male and female literacy rates have also been observed since 2001.

Sex Ratio is a term used to define number of females per 1000 males. It's a great source to find the equality of males
and females in a society at a given period of time. In India, Sex Ratio was okay till the time of Independence,
thereafter it has declined regularly.

Table 5 India : Sex ratio- 2001,2011

Year Sex ratio

2001 9333
2011 940
Source : Census of India- 2001,2011
According to Census of India 2011, Indian sex ratio has shown major signs of improvement in the last 10 years. From
a small number of 933 in 2001, the bar has been raised to 940 in the 2011.

1.1.3 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF J&K:

At the time of independence, the erstwhile state of J&K with a population of 4 million people , most of it residing in
the fertile valley of the Jhelum river , was one of the least developed region in the Indian subcontinent with the
economy being overwhelmingly rural and agricultural in character. The extreme backwardness of the state was
reflected by the abyssal mass poverty, low literacy rate, high birth and death rates, low life expectancy, low population
density etc.

The history of population growth in J&K is a record of constant impulses of immigration from the north-west, west-
south and east directions. According to 2001 census, the size of J&K’s population was 100.69 lakhs i.e, 0.48% of all
India population and 125.48 lakh i.e. 1.01% of all India population according to 2011 census.
As against national density of 382 persons /sq. km., J&K stands at 124 in 2011.

Table 6 J&K: Age structure-2011

Age (in years) Population (in%)

0-15 29.4
15-64 62.5
65& above 8.0
Source: Census of India- 2001,2011

According to census 2011, large proportion of population are trapped in the age group of 15-59 (65.9 %) followed by
group 5-14 (26.15 percent). Thus the state’s potential for creating job opportunities can meet the increasing demand
for employment as a consequence of increasing proportion of adult population.

Table 7 J&K: Sex ratio -2001,2011

Year Sex ratio

2001 892
2011 889

Source: Census of India- 2001,2011

Sex Ratio in Jammu and Kashmir is 889 i.e. for each 1000 male, which is below national average of 940 as per latest
census. In 2001, the sex ratio of female was 892 per 1000 males in Jammu and Kashmir.

J&K has performed well in providing health and medical facilities to people. The health indicators have improved
thus, birth rate death rate and infant mortality rate have come down in urban areas. However, a high birth and death
rate in rural areas can be attributed to illiteracy and less acceptance to family planning measures.

According to census 2011, literacy of J&K stands 68.74% as against 74.04%at national level. Male literacy accounts
for 78.26% and female literacy accounts for 58.01% as against 82.14% and 65.46%at national level.

Table 8 J&K: Literacy rates-2001, 2011

Year Overall literacy rate Male literacy rate Female literacy rate (in
(in%) (in%) %)

2001 54.46 65.75 41.82

2011 68.74 78.26 58.01
Source: Census of India- 2001,2011

J&K has highest life expectancy in India, according to data released on oct.19,2019 by Registrar General of India. It
states that life expectancy at birth for year 2002-06 and 2014-15 for J&K was 72.6 and 74.6 as against all India figure
of 67.9 and 63.5.

From 1961 to 2011, the sharp fall from 78.62 % to 43.10% in primary sector took place which has been compensated
by a sharp and unprecedented increase in tertiary sector by 12.35% to 48.5%.

Thus, we can say that demography is essential to study the trends of population growth which describes the past
evolution, present distribution and future changes in the population of an area. Demographic analysis describes the
trends of population and its relationship with different aspects of social parameters like education level, extent of
urbanisation and employment, living standard etc. in an area. Data relating to the present trend in population growth
help the planners in formulating policies of economic plan of the country. Considering the population growth rate,
targets of agricultural and industrial products, social services like schools and other education institutions like
hospitals, houses, electricity, transport etc. are fixed.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Demographic analysis is a powerful tool that can explain a number of social, economic and business phenomena. It
includes the study of size, structure and distribution of population and how population can change over time due to
births, deaths, migration and ageing. It helps us to see how closely the economic growth rate meets the population
growth rate.
Data on current pattern in population growth aid planners in developing policies of country’s economic plans.
Population policy is a crucial topic in demography, particularly in developing countries. Demography includes the
collection of population data which will help in formulating population policies and family planning tactics, as well
as reproductive health, maternal nutrition, and child health policies, policies for human development of various social
groups, and the effects of the population policies on the population.
Demographic data is important from political point of view also. Political parties can use census data to determine the
number of male and female voters, their level of education, their age -structure, their earnings and other statistics. In
their election manifestos, political parties can use these ideas to raise difficulties and provide solutions.
Demographic analysis can assist planning marketing campaigns, and public sector resource allocation decisions such
as where to build schools and hospitals.
Therefore, through population studies, information of population belonging to all sections of society, their habits,
working efficiency, population change and overall quality of life, could be understood and analysed.
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

• Kohler and Behrman (2023) stated that prioritizing the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda on Population
and Demography requires a recognition that national demographic trajectories are currently more diverse than
in the middle 20th century. Wealthy countries as America are face rapid population ageing while Sub saharan
countries face premature mortality, high fertility and often unmet need of contraception. The reports have
correctly recognised the central mega population trends – population growth, population ageing, migration
and urbanisation – that present both important development challenges and opportunities for sustainable
social, economic and environmental development agendas in the coming decade.

• Bloom and Canning (2013) in their findings depicted that the overall implications of population growth for
policy lie in the imperative for investments in health and education, and for sound policies related to labour,
trade and retirement .These demographic projections can be quite reliable, but uncertainties in the realm of
health, change in human life span, migration, war, global warming etc. make overall predictions extremely
uncertain.

• Mather et al,(2021) demonstrated that population growth and distribution have profound impact on many
aspects of our lives . A strong understanding of earth’s ever-changing population is essential in tackling many
of our greatest challenges, among them hunger and malnutrition, poverty, disease, conflicts and war, climate
change, natural resource shortages. Population data constitute a vital tool for business and political leaders,
researchers, planners and others.

• In a speech, Reserve bank of India deputy Governor Michael Patra referred to the country’s demographics
as one of the four engines “that can power India towards becoming an economic superpower”. Comparing
India’s working-age population with that of China, Brazil, the US and Japan, Patra pointed out India’s
advantage – a working population ratio that will keep rising till 2045. Making most of this “demographic
dividend” is India’s opportunity as well as a challenge. But the trend of falling employment points out a very
disappointing scenario. For modern manufacturing industries and service sector industries, higher skill sets
would be required to benefit from demographic dividend.

• According to a report of “Centre for Population Change (2022)”, demography creates a bridge that
connects our individual life trajectories with population-level outcomes to guide us towards a more
predictable future. Demographic change and the challenges it poses are a factor throughout life cycle. When
demography is factored into all our work, our policies will be more successful, impactful and sustainable in
the long term, to the benefit of our citizens.

• Painoli (2019) in his study suggested that India’s demographic dividend, greater than 50%of the Indian
population is below the age of 25 years and greater than 65% of the Indian population is below the age of 35
years, is an important aspect for any country to raise its GDP and per capita income. But India’s majority of
the population is still engaged in low productivity jobs such as transportation and construction. In spite of
numerous challenges, it is estimated that India’s working population is set to go up from 64% to 69% by
2040. This could make India the largest single contributor to an incremental global workforce in next 2-3
decades.
• Menike (2018) in his study observed that it depends upon the advancement of the advancement of the
country whether growing population will account for economic growth or not. For instance, Japan is a high
population country but it has managed a high living standard by developing economy. But in countries like
India, the steadily growing population seems to be a hindrance to the country’s economic development.

• According to Press Information Bureau (PIB), India is although enjoying the “demographic dividend”
phase, some states will start transitioning to an ageing society by 2030s. Population in the age-group 0-19 has
already peaked due to sharp decline in TFR across the country and working age population will grow by 9.7
million per year during 2021-31 and 4.2 million per year in 2031-41. Policymakers, thus, need to prepare for
ageing which will need investments in healthcare as well as plan for increasing the retirement age in phased
manner.

• According to Morgan and Lynch (2006) , the success of demography as a science rests on inherent aspects
of its data and methods and fortuitous features of its social context. When we refer to demography , we should
have in mind collection and evaluation of demographic data , research and causes and consequences of
demographic change and descriptive studies of “compositional” variables such as living arrangements, marital
status and race/ethnicity.

• Mills and Rahal (2021) suggests that there should be an increase in interdisciplinary approaches such as
those empirically infusing biology and genetics, as researchers accumulate the necessary skills to accompany
recent advances in data availability.
Badrinath and Gillam’s analysed that a demographer studies five processes mortality, marriage, migration and
mobility. These processes determine population size, composition and distribution. Basic understanding of
demography is essential for public health practitioners in order to plan public health interventions. Also, the
main sources of demographic information should be well developed as they are in western countries.

• Ray and Rubenstein (2020) described the importance of collecting demographic data. Firstly, it helps to
eliminate false positives.
for e.g.it may inflate the likelihood of certain group catching a deadly disease, thus, inadvertently funnel
resources to the wrong ones.
Secondly, it allows for the determination whether a sample is representative. Thus, demographic data is
helpful in providing transparency, inclusion and equity in the population studies.

• Muttark (2021) has necessitated the research processes in order to investigate how global environmental
change affect current and future demographic processes and consequently population trends as the research on
how population dynamics influence the environmental and climatic system is relatively advanced in recent
years. Indisputably, this is the new area of research that directly requires expertise in population science and
contribution from demographers.

• According to a Population Action International (PAI) (2010) report, Demographic dividend can be
reaped through sound policies. Those policies will ensure that when a large wave of young people enter labour
market, they are adequately educated and jobs exist for them. Education and vocational training programs in
the growing sectors of country’s economy increase the chances for families to earn stable income. However,
weak governance and poor socio-economic development can turn demographic opportunities into
demographic challenges.

• Hussain and Akhter (2016) while examining the declining sex ratio in erstwhile J&K state, 883 as against
940 in 2011 which came down from 900 in 2001, creates a need of strong public awareness to curb the evil
practice of female foeticide and strengthening the need of implementation of Pre-Natal diagnostic technique
Act,1994 which prohibits the disclosure of sex of the foetus.

• Bloom and Luca (2016) after analysing the population projections , in developed countries population
elderly population will rise to more than 30%in next 4 decades and in developing countries it will increase to
more than 20%, there is need to mitigate negative consequences of population ageing which will involve
investment in education and training at all ages, expanding pension system, increased rates of savings during
working years etc.

• According to Lupien (2020) ,economic and demographic disparities will shape the mobility of labour and
skills .Richer societies are experiencing rapid population ageing while working population will continue to
grow in emerging economies and in most low-income countries. Therefore, it becomes important for
policymakers to revisit population projections and question the demographic assumptions on which existing
economic welfare and migration policies are based.

• Jain and Goli (2021) states that healthy workforce, productive employment, higher education level, better
infrastructure and empowerment of women is quite essential for better realisation of the demographic
dividend of India. Prompt policy is needed to prevent demographic window of opportunity turning into a
demographic nightmare.

• Prskawetz, et al. (2007) in their report described that direct population age structure has direct influence
upon macroeconomy. While young people require investment in health and education, prime age adults
supply labour and savings and elderly population requires healthcare and retirement income. Falling youth
dependency ratio (the population below working age divided by the total population of working age)
contributed to the economic growth miracle in east Asia. More general, recent evidences suggest that falling
youth dependency ratios in developing countries can create an opportunity for economic growth.
Lynn (2022) in his study stated that we can use population studies to see how clearly and closely the •
economy’s growth rate matches the population growth pace. The economy will grow at a slower rate if
population expands at a faster rate. Rapid population growth lowers per capita income, low living
standards, plunges the economy into mass unemployment and underemployment, harms environment and
.put current social infrastructure under strain
1.4 OBJECTIVES
1) To examine the population distribution and population composition of village Chatha.

2) To determine sex-wise age composition of the village.

3) To examine literacy pattern of the village.

4) To calculate dependency ratio of the village.

1.5 DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY :

Database: Demography is the science of people. It is the statistical and mathematical study of the size, composition,
and spatial distribution of human populations and how these features change over time. In order to understand the
population characteristics of an area, data regarding total population , births, deaths, age and sex composition, literacy
etc. is needed. Therefore, data from both primary and secondary sources can be utilised.

Our report is primarily based on primary data collected through field survey that was conducted in the month of
November 2022. Questionnaire interview method is adopted to gather the primary data about the demography of the
village. Questionnaire interview method is used for the random sampling of 200 households of Chatha village.
Information is gathered about the demography of village including data regarding population structure, literacy,
religion, and health status of the village. Census data is also used as secondary data.

Methodology: For analysing the demographic data of Chatha village , various sets of techniques and methods were
used . Random sampling of 200 households were done to get the primary data. After collecting the data , tabulation
and analyses were done to prepare the master table . For showing the variation of land use land cover map was
prepared by using the geospatial techniques like on screen digitization and georeferencing in Google earth and ARC
GIS software . MS-Excel is used for showing the final results and observations in tabular and graphical form along
with pie-charts to depict the variations and scenario of demographic indicators.
1.6 STUDY AREA
India is located in the northern hemisphere and spans from approximately 8° 4' to 37° 6' north latitude and 68° 7' to
97° 25' east longitude. The country is situated in the southcentral part of Asia and is bordered by the Bay of Bengal to
the east, the Arabian Sea to the west, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The latitude and longitude of India play an
important role in determining its climate, topography, and biodiversity. The diverse geography of the country, ranging
from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the coastal plains in the south, is a result of its location within these
latitudes and longitudes. Jammu and Kashmir is a region located in the northern part of India, which is bounded by
Pakistan to the west, China to the north and northeast, and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the
south. The region is situated between latitudes 32° 17' to 37° 05' North and longitudes 73° 26' to 80° 30' East.

The latitudes and longitudes of Jammu and Kashmir make it a unique region in terms of its geography and climate.
The region is situated in the Himalayan-mountain range, which is the highest mountain range in the world. The
latitude of the region varies from 32° 17' N to 37° 05' N, which means that it is located in the sub-tropical and
temperate zones of the earth. This gives rise to a diverse range of climatic conditions across the region. The latitude of
the region also has a significant impact on the flora and fauna found in Jammu and Kashmir overall, the Geographical
location of Jammu and Kashmir play a significant role in shaping the region's geography, climate, flora, fauna, and
time zones. The region's unique location in the Himalayas and its diverse topography make it an important player in
the region and the world (Hussain 2015).

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION:
Chatha is a small village located in the Jammu district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is
situated in the northern part of India, at an elevation of around 300 meters above sea level. The latitude of Chatha
village in Jammu is approximately 32.7337° N, and the longitude is around 74.8692° E. The village is located at a
distance of approximately 20 kms from the city of Jammu and is easily accessible by road. It is surrounded by several
small hills and dense forests, which add to its natural beauty. The Tawi River flows close to the village, adding to its
charm. Chatha is located in the temperate zone of the earth, which means that it experiences a moderate climate
throughout the year. The summers are warm and humid, while the winters are cold and chilly. The monsoon season
brings rainfall to the region, which is essential for the cultivation of crops and vegetation. Overall, the geographical
location of Chatha plays a significant role in shaping the village's unique culture, lifestyle, and economy. Its natural
beauty and strategic location make it an important destination for tourists and visitors who want to experience the
beauty and charm of rural life in Jammu and Kashmir.
CLIMATE:
Chatha is a village located in India, with a subtropical climate characterized by hot summers and mild winters. The
village experiences monsoon season from June to September, during which heavy rainfall can occur. The average
annual temperature is around 25°C, with temperatures ranging from 5°C to 45°C throughout the year. Due to its
proximity to agricultural land, the village is prone to air pollution caused by burning of crop residues. The villagers
are also susceptible to water scarcity during the summer months due to the depletion of groundwater resources. The
village is situated in a strategic location, which makes it an important hub for trade and commerce. The nearby city of
Jammu is a major commercial centre and serves as a gateway to other parts of the region. The village is well
connected to other parts of the region by road, making it easily accessible to visitors.

FLORA:
Jammu, located in the northernmost state of India, Jammu and Kashmir, has a diverse flora due to its varied terrain
and climate. The flora of Village Chatha in Jammu includes a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees such as oak,
maple, deodar, and pine. The area is also home to several medicinal plants such as Brahmi, Ashwagandha, and giloy.
Agriculture is an essential aspect of the economy in this region, and therefore, crops such as wheat, rice, maize, and
vegetables can also be found in the village. Additionally, due to the presence of the Tawi River and its tributaries,
several aquatic plants thrive in the region, including lotus and water lilies.
FAUNA:
Chatha is a village in the Jammu district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The fauna in the village
is diverse, with several species of mammals, birds, and reptiles. One of the most commonly found mammals in the
village is the Indian palm squirrel, which is known for its quick movements and bushy tail. Other mammals that can
be found in the village include the Indian hare, Indian grey mongoose, and Indian fox. The village is also home to
several bird species, including the Indian peafowl, which is known for its striking blue and green feathers. Other birds
that can be found in the village include the Indian robin, Indian golden oriole, and Indian cuckoo. Several species of
reptiles can also be found in the village, including the common Indian monitor lizard, Indian chameleon, and Indian
rock python. Overall, the fauna of Chatha is diverse and contributes to the natural beauty of the village.
DEMOGRAPHY:
Chatha is a village located in the Jammu district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. According to the
2011 census of India, the village has a population of around 4728 people. The village has a gender ratio of 1000 males
to 889 females, indicating a slight imbalance in the sex ratio. The literacy rate in Chatha is around 70%, which is
lower than the national average of 74%. The village has a predominantly Hindu population, with a significant Muslim
minority. The local language spoken in the village is Dogri, which is also the regional language of the Jammu region.
The majority of the population in the village is engaged in agriculture, with some people also working in government
or private sector jobs. The village has basic infrastructure, including schools, hospitals, and a post office. Overall,
Chatha has a diverse demographic profile, with a mix of religious and linguistic backgrounds contributing to its
cultural richness.
CULTURE:
The culture of the village is deeply rooted in the traditions and customs of the local people, who are primarily Hindus.
The village is known for its colourful festivals and celebrations, which are an important part of the local culture. One
of the most significant festivals celebrated in the village is the Navratri festival, which is dedicated to the worship of
Goddess Durga. During this festival, people decorate their homes with colourful lights and flowers and participate in
traditional dance and music. The local cuisine of the village is also an essential aspect of the culture, with traditional
dishes like Rajma Chawal, Chole bhature and Dum Aloo being popular among the locals. The village is also known
for its handicrafts, including handmade carpets, shawls, and pottery. The people of Chatha are known for their
hospitality and warmth towards visitors, and they welcome outsiders with open arms. The village is also home to
several temples, including the ancient Shri Durga Mata Mandir and the Shiv Mandir. In summary, the culture of
Chatha is a rich and vibrant tapestry of traditions, festivals, and customs that reflect the deep-rooted values and beliefs
of its people.
CHAPTER 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Chatha is a small village located in tehsil of Jammu district in Jammu and Kashmir. It is spread over an area of 5.82
square kilometres.it is governed by Chatha Gram Panchayat. It comes under Satwari Community Development Block.
In Chatha, elections are held every five years to elect representatives. As per 2019 stats, Rakh Chatha village comes
under Gandhi Nagar assembly constituency & Jammu parliamentary constituency.The nearest town is Jammu, which
is about 15 kilometres away from Chatha. Chatha Census Town has total administration over 923 houses to which it
supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Census Town limits and
impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: According to Census India 2011, it has the total population of 4758 of which
2520 are male and 2238 are females which forms about 53% and 47% of the total population respectively. Population
of Children with age of 0-6 is 531 which is 11.16 % of total population of Chatha. Out of total 531 ,307 are males and
224 are females which forms about 6.4% and 4.7% of the total population of Chatha.

Table 9 Village Chatha: Population distribution -2011

Total population Male population Female population

Population (in no.) 4758 2520 2238
Population (in% ) 100 53 47

Source: Census of India -2011

SEX RATIO: Sex Composition of the human population is one of the basic demographic characteristics; as
changes in sex composition largely reflect the underlying socio-economic and cultural patterns of society
in different ways.

 It is an important social indicator to measure the extent of prevailing equity

between males and females at a given point in time
 It also becomes important for various types of planning and for the analysis of
other demographic characteristics such as mortality, migration, marital status,
economic characteristics, etc.
 SEX RATIO is defined as ”number of females per 1000 males in the population”

Sex ratio of Chatha village is 888 as against 889 which is the average of Jammu and Kashmir as per 2011 census.
Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Chatha is around 730 compared to Jammu and Kashmir state average of 862.
LITERACY: According to UNESCO Institute for Statistics ,literacy rate is given by The percentage of the population
of a given age group that can read and write.

Education is for people and its development is ultimately aimed at maximising the capacity for achieving
full welfare of the population. The educational planner as well as administrator is constantly engaged in
activities for and with people. It is vital for planners and decision makers to know the structure and
distribution of the population at a given date, as well as how it changes in recent years. In other words,
educational planning cannot be divorced from considerations about dynamics of population(i.e., it’s growth
and change), as it deals with a target population which is constantly changing in number, age and sex
composition, and geographic distribution.

The number of literate persons in Chatha village are 3435 in which 1943 are males and 1492 are females. Thus,
overall literacy rate is 72.19% while male and female literacy rates are 77% and 67%respectively as per 2011 census.

RELIGION COMPOSITION: The village has a predominantly Hindu population, with a significant Muslim
minority Sikh population is also present .

Table 10 Village Chatha : Religion composition -2011

Religion Population( in %)
Hinduism 73.20
Sikhism 25.60
Islam 1.18

Source: Population census 2011

SC / ST POPULATION: Chatha village has 2274 and 28 persons belonging to SC and ST communities
respectively. These form about 47.78% and 0.59% of the total population of Chatha. Out of total 2274 population of
SC community, 1202 and 1072 are males and females respectively that constitute about, 25.3% and 22.5% of the total
population. Similarly, among 28 persons belonging to ST community, 16 are males and 12 are females constituting
about 0.33% and 0.25% of the total population respectively.

CHATHA WORK PROFILE: Out of total population, 1,424 were engaged in work or business activity.
Of this 1,308 were males while 116 were females. In census survey, worker is defined as person who does
business, job, service, and cultivator and labour activity. Of total 1424 working population, 75.77 % were
engaged in Main Work while 24.23 % of total workers were engaged in Marginal Work.
2.2 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION :

Population composition refers to the structure of the population. In other words, it is the description of a population
according to characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, rural-urban, literacy, income, occupational level etc. Out
of these, the age and sex composition of any population are most widely used. The number and proportion of males
and females in each age group have considerable impact on the population’s current and future social and economic
situation. These data are often compared over time using population pyramids.

In the survey conducted by Department of Geography (2022), total population of 200 households is found to be 1260 ,
out of which 564 are males and 696 are females which forms about 45% and 55% of the total population of
respectively.

Table 11 Village Chatha: Population distribution -2022

Sex Population in number Population in percent

Male 564 45
Female 696 55

Source :Field Survey- 2022

From the above figure, it is clear that out of total population of 1260, 696 are females constituting about
55% of the overall population while male population being slightly less , constitute about 45% of the total
population.

2.3 AGE COMPOSITION AND SEX COMPOSITION :

AGE COMPOSITION: The composition of population according to their age is known as age structure or age
composition. The age composition of any country can be understood in terms of age groups (for example: 0-15 years,
15-64 years and above 65 years and above). Age composition strongly influences the rate of growth and has profound
effects on the social and economic conditions under which a population live. Three basic factors which directly affect
the population of composition of a region is natality (birth rate), mortality (death rate) and mobility (migration).

According to the data of the latest National Health Survey, in 2019-21, the fertility level in J&K was recorded at 1.4,
which means that a woman here gives birth to less than two babies in her lifetime. As per the data, this fertility rate
was 3.6 in 1991, 2.3 in 2007, 2,0 in 2015-16, and now 1.4 in 2019-20. Across the country, the drop in the fertility rate
is the highest in J&K, at 0.6.
 CHATHA: POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

male
female
Table 12 Village Chatha: Age composition -2022

Age (years) Population in number Population in percent

0-15 382 30.3
15-65 786 62.4
65 & above 92 7.3

Source :Field survey- 2022

CHATHA: AGE STRUCTURE -2022

70

60

50

40
Population (%)

30

20

10

0
0-15 15-65 65 & above
Age (years)
The above data shows that the working group population i.e. 15-65 category is 786 which forms the major
portion of the total population of Chatha village which is about 62.4% of total population followed by 0-15
category of age group i.e. 382 constituting about 30.3 %. Elder population count is 92 which constitutes
about 7.3% of the total population.

Table 13:Village Chatha: Sex-wise age composition-2022

Age structure Male population Male Female popula- Female

(in no. ) (population in %) -tion (in no.) (population in %)
0-15 158 12 224 17
15-65 373 30 413 33
65 & above 33 3 59 5

Source :Field survey -2022

CHATHA : SEX - WISE AGE COMPOSITION-2022

33
30

17
population %

12

5
3

0-15 15-65 65 & above

age (years)
Male Female

The above figures gives us an insight into the current age structure of Chatha village. It is clear that most of the the
population falls into the category of age group 15-65 which forms the share of the working age population in total
population.30% of males and 33% females out of total population falls in the category of working age population.
12% males and 17% females belong the category of 0-15 age group while 3% males and 5% females form the elder
age population .
It gives an estimate of the total number of potential workers within an economy. This demographic dividend can be
utilised for the overall development of an area by Investing in people through healthcare, quality education, jobs and
skills helps build human capital, which is key to supporting economic growth, ending extreme poverty, and creating a
more inclusive society. Skill development to increase employability of young population. Enhancing educational
levels by properly investing in primary, secondary and higher education. Improvement in healthcare infrastructure
would ensure higher number of productive days for young labour force, thus increasing the productivity of the
economy. Promoting businesses’ interests and entrepreneurship would help in job creation to provide employment to
the large labour force.

DEPENDENCY RATIO: The dependency ratio refers to the number of children aged 0 to 14 years plus the
number of persons aged 65 years or over per 100 persons aged 15 to 64 years:

Dependency Ratio = 100 (Population (0-14) + Population (65+)) / Population (15-64) 100 %

DEPENDENCY RATIO OF CHATHA = 100 (382 +92) /786

= 60.30

The overall dependency ratio of Chatha (60.30) is higher than overall J&K's dependency ratio J&K which is 45.2 .

Child dependency ratio and elderly dependency ratio of Chatha being 48.6 and 11.7 implies that higher investments
need to be made in schooling and child-care. high dependency ratio indicates that the economically active population
and the overall economy face a greater burden to support and provide the social services needed by children and by
older persons who are often economically dependent.

SEX COMPOSITION : Another structural feature of populations is the relative numbers of males and females.
Defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population, sex ratio is an important social indicator of the
equity prevailing between males and females at a given point of time.

The major factors which influence the sex ratio of a region are the differentials in mortality rate, sex selective
migration, sex ratio at birth and the sex differentials in population enumerations.

The average sex ratio of village Chatha is 1234 which is higher than the average sex ratio of J&K.

Table 14 Village Chatha: Sex ratio- 2011,2022

Year Sex ratio

2011 888
2022 1234

Source : Population Census- 2011,Field survey- 2022

The sex ratio in the Chatha was adverse in the sense that in 2011, there were 888 female per 1000 males against 940 at
national level. The sex-ratio as per census 2011 was a matter of great concern and needed to be addressed on priority.
It is also depicts higher mortality rates for females in the state due to low level of social development. The low sex
ratio may be attributed to the high mortality rate among the females on account of negligence of female children.
Girls receive less medical attention than boys. The above comparison shows that sex ratio has shown an increase
from 888 in 2011 to 1234 2022. This is a good indicator of women empowerment due to increase leading to
 CHATHA : SEX RATIO COMPARISON
1400

1200

1000
sex ratio(F/1000M)

800

600

400

200

0
2011 2022

years

an increase in socio- economic status of women. This improvement may have been due to better educational
facilities as well as health and medical facilities.

2.4 RELIGION AND CASTE COMPOSITION :

RELIGION COMPOSITION: Religion is a matter of faith, a personal affair and a philosophy of life of an
individual or a group of individuals. Religion is a very important attribute of Indian population and Indians are very
religious which is reflected in their daily life, food habits and way of living. In India, the religion is closely associated
with social, economic and political structure of the society. A demography of religions may be helpful in
understanding the dynamics of population of population of different religious groups It may also useful to analyse the
spatial patterns in distribution of religious groups.

Table 15 Village Chatha: Religion composition-2022

Religion Population in number Population in percent

Hinduism 126 63.0
Islam 25 12.5
Sikhism 49 24.5

Source :Field survey-2022

 CHATHA: RELIGION COMPOSITION-2022

Hindu
Muslim
Sikh

The above figures shows that Chatha village has the largest population of Hindus i.e. 63% of the total
population. A significant proportion of Sikh population i.e. 24.5% is also present. And Muslims population
is also present in minority forms about 12.5% of the total population of Chatha.

CASTE COMPOSITION : Caste system has been derived from Portuguese caste, meaning race, lineage. Caste is
referred to ideology of social stratification in Indian society.

Structure of caste: based on Varna model, there are four primary caste-

1. Brahmin
2. Kshatriya
3. Vaishya
4. Sudra

Each caste is further divided into sub- caste on the principle of ritual purity and social dominance.

Table 16 Village Chatha: Caste Composition-2022

Caste Population in numbers Population in percent

Rajput 67 33.5
Verma 49 24.5
Brahmin 36 18
Others 48 24

Source :Field survey- 2022

 CHATHA: CASTE COMPOSITION-2022

CASTE
Rajput
Verma
Brahmin
Others

The above figures clearly indicate diversity in caste composition of Chatha village. Rajput caste dominates
the structure forming a major proportion of village's population i.e.33.5 % of the total population . Verma
caste constitute 2nd largest proportion of population i.e. 24.5%followed by others caste groups that may
include Chaudhary, SC's, ST's and other backward categories and forms about 24% of the total population.
Brahmin group constitutes18% of the total population of Chatha village.

2.5 FERTILITY AND MORTALITY STATUS :

FERTILITY : Fertility is one of the three components of population dynamics (the others being mortality and
migration) and is essential to any study on population study. Fertility is regarded as a positive force in population
dynamics because it is responsible for biological replacement, and the continuation of human society. Fertility levels
determine the age structure of a population which, in turn, governs the social, economic and demographic
characteristics of the population.

The global fertility rate has halved in the last 50 years. The number of children per woman was very high in the past
and up to the second half of the 20th century. Globally, up to 1965 the average woman had more than 5 children. Over
the last 50 years the global fertility rate has halved and globally the average woman has fewer than 2.5 children today.

Fertility measures include crude birth rate(limited value it takes no account of the age/sex structure of the
population), general fertility rate, age specific fertility rate and total fertility rate.
Crude birth rate : The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 population (where the
population is the total population: men, women and children).

CBR of Chatha = 19/1260 × 1000

= 15.07

CBR of Chatha is 15.07 which is slightly higher than J&K's CBR i.e. 14.6 per 1000 population for year
2022.

General fertility rate : It is the number of live births per 1000 women of child-bearing age (for the purpose
of calculating the rate, ‘child-bearing age’ is taken as ages 15-44, inclusive).

GFR of Chatha = 21/368 × 1000

= 57.06

GFR of Chatha is higher than J&K's GFR which is 46.8 for year 2020.(SRS-2020)

Total Fertility Rate : The average number of births a hypothetical cohort of women would have at the end of their
reproductive period if they were subject during their whole lives to the fertility rates of a given period and if they were
not subject to mortality. It is expressed as births per woman. The total fertility rate is the sum of the age-specific
fertility rates for all women multiplied by five. The age-specific fertility rates are those for the seven five-year age
groups from 15–19 to 45–49.

TFR = (∑ASFR ) x 5

Table 17 Village Chatha and J&K: ASFR-2020,2022

Age group ASFR (Chatha) ASFR (J&K)

15-19 - 3.2
20-24 40.8 40.3
25-29 76.92 78.8
30-34 81.6 87.2
34-39 48.3 46.6
40-44 19.6 26.8
45-49 - 11.9

Source :SRS -2020, Field Survey-2022

TFR = 5 × 267.22 /1000

= 1.3
The TFR of Chatha i.e. 1.3 per woman which is less than the TFR of J&K i.e. 1.4 (2020) .

MORTALITY: Mortality statistics provide a valuable measure for assessing community health status.
Crude Death Rate: It is calculated by dividing the number of registered deaths in a year by the mid-year
population for the same year. The rate is expressed as per 1,000 population.

Crude Death rate = (total number of deaths /total mid year population ) ×1000

This rate has a simple interpretation, for it gives the number of deaths that occur, on the average, per 1,000 people in
the community.

CDR of Chatha = (7/1260) ×1000

= 5.6

This indicates a relatively higher deaths than overall J&K having CDR equal to 4.6 (2020) (SRS-2020) .

The overall fertility status of Chatha village depicts that more births takes place per thousand women population .
Age specific birth rate is highest among 30-34 women age group, followed by 24-29 age group. Also the GFR is
higher than the J&K's GFR due to early marriages and more children born per woman. This becomes a serious
concern as it will, inevitably, lead to an increase in natural growth rate as well as child dependency ratio .

Within the realm of public health, mortality statistics are often used as a cornerstone in formulating
a snapshot of current health problems, suggest persistent patterns of risk in specific communities, and show trends in
specific causes of death over time. Many causes of death are preventable or treatable and, health plans and policies to
prevent or reduce premature mortality and improve our quality of life.
Mortality data are some of the best sources of information about the health of living communities. They provide,
therefore, warrant the attention of public health prevention efforts. Furthermore, because mortality data allow us to
identify leading causes of premature death, they provide a valuable benchmark for evaluating progress in increasing
years of healthy life for of residents. As such, they are important indicators of where federal, state, and local
prevention efforts should be placed in building healthy communities.

2.6 EDUCATION AND HEALTH STATUS :

Education: U.N Definition of Literacy: “The United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), defines literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, communicate and
compute using printed and written material associated with varying contexts”.

Literacy rate of Chatha: As per 2011 Census, village has a literacy rate of 72%, with male literacy of 77 % that of
females is67%. If we talk about the literacy rate of village during 2001, as per Census of 2001 it was found to be 70%
wherein male literacy rate stood at 73.3% whereas female literacy rate was 66%.

As per our Socio economic survey, 200 households were taken into consideration. On the basis of data collected from
these households the overall literacy rate of the village was recorded at 85.7% including 83.6% males literates and
87.3% female literates.

Table 18 Village Chatha: Literacy Rate -2011 ,2022

2001 2011 2022

Overall literacy rate 70% 72% 82.5%
 Male literacy rate 73.3% 77% 83.6%
Female literacy rate 66% 67% 87.3%

Source: Village data handbook-2011, Field survey- 2022

CHATHA : LITERACY PATTERN -2022

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Overall literacy Male literacy Female literacy
rate rate rate

2001 2011 2022

The overall Literacy rates have shown improvement from 2001 to 2022. The above data illustrates the pattern of
literacy improvement among males as well as females. In fact, female literacy rate have been improved so that they it
has become more than male literacy rate as it was less in 2001 and 2011. This is due to decrease in school dropouts,
increase in number of schools as well as improvement in means of transport. This has also led to an delay in marriage
of girls for they are getting themselves enrolled in higher education.

Male literacy : The above figures indicate that there has been an increase in male literacy (6.5%) from 2011 to 2022
which shows the overall progress in socio-economic status of the village.

As per our survey, the number of literate males is 417 out of total 564 males. The education pattern among males is
represented as under ;

Table 19 Village Chatha: Male education pattern-2022

Education Population in number Population (%)

Illiterates 147 26
Below 10th 209 37
10th – 12th 116 21
Grad. & above 92 16

Source :Field Survey -2022

 CHATHA : MALE EDUCATION PATTERN-2022

illiterate

below 10th

10th - 12th

grad. And above

It is clear from the above figure that the highest proportion of males in Chatha have education qualification of 10 th
standard which forms about 37% of the total male population ,which is followed by qualification of 12 th standard. 16%
of the male population has attended colleges and universities. And about 26% of the male population is illiterate that
may partly due to inadequate education facilities and partly due financial problems.

Female literacy : As per our survey, 608 females are literate out of total 696 in Chatha village. And it has already
discussed that there has been an increase in female literacy from 2001 to 2022, particularly form 2011 to 2011
(20.3%). It can be attributed to the development regarding infrastructure, financial conditions as well as awareness
among females ,quality education etc. In fact, it is an indicator of better socio- economic conditions of females.

Table 20 Village Chatha: Female education pattern-2022

Education Population in number Population(%)

Illiterate 88 13
Below10th 267 38
10th-12th 215 31
Grad & above 126 18

Source :Field Survey- 2022

 CHATHA : FEMALE EDUCATION PATTERN-2022

illiterate
below 10th
10th - 12th
grad. And above

It can be observed that illiterate female population is less than illiterate male population. Most of the females
have educational qualification of below 10th standard which constitutes about 38% of the overall population,
followed by higher secondary educational qualification constituting about 31% of the total population. 13%
of the female population is illiterate and 18% of the females enrolled themselves for graduation and higher
studies.

Health: In 1948,the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a definition that aimed higher, linking health
to well-being, in terms of "physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and
infirmity”. Just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to thinking of it as a process, the same shift
happened in definitions of health. In 1984, WHO revised the definition of health defined it as "the extent to which an
individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and to change or cope with the environment. Health,
in fact, refers to the ability to maintain homeostasis and recover from adverse events.

Chatha is a village located in the Jammu district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The healthcare
system in Chatha village is primarily served by the Primary Health Centre (PHC) Chatha. This facility provides basic
medical services to the local population, including consultations with medical professionals, diagnostic tests and
medications. In addition to the PHC, there are also several private clinics and nursing homes in Chatha village that
provide medical care to the people. However, it is important to note that the quality and availability of healthcare
services may vary depending on a range of factors, including funding, staffing, and infrastructure. Basic healthcare,
sanitation and maternal health facilities are some of the indicators of health.

Basic Sanitary conditions of Chatha: These conditions includes access to clean water, safe disposal of human waste,
proper sewage and drainage systems, adequate garbage disposal, and hygienic food handling and storage practices. In
or study, we will discuss some components of sanitation such as garbage throwing site, pattern of drainage and
availability of separate toilets and bathroom facilities.

Garbage throwing site : As per our survey , garbage is either thrown in streets or fields.
Table 21 Village Chatha: Garbage dumping sites -2022

Site %
Street 24
Field 76
Road 0

Source: Field survey-2022

CHATHA : GARBAGE DUMPING SITES -2022

Street Field

Road

From the above data, it is clear that about 76% of the garbage is dumped in the fields, while remaining i.e., 24% is
thrown in the streets which can pose serious health and sanitation problems in due course of timea because open
dumping of garbage can become a potential ground for mosquito and flies breeding, thus, resulting in spread of
various communicable diseases such as dengue, malaria etc.

Pattern of drainage system : In the areas where drainage and sanitation are poor, water runs over ground during
rainstorms, picks up different pollutants and contaminate water sources. In Chatha village, both Kaccha and Pucca
drainage system can be seen.

Table 22 Village Chatha: Street Drainage-2022

Street Drainage %
Pucca 94.5
Kaccha 4.5

Source: Field survey-2022

 CHATHA : STREET DRAINAGE -2022

Pucca
Kaccha

As per our survey, 95.5% of the drainage system is pucca while 4.5% of the drainage system is kuccha. Even this
meagre percentage of Kuccha drainage, at times, can make the whole area unhygienic during rainfall. Overflowing
drainage can pollute water as well as air of a particular region, thus, becoming a serious concern to be administered
properly.

Table 23 Village Chatha : Availability of separate toilet and bathroom facility -2022

Present Absent
94.5% 5.5%

Source: Field survey-2022

Availability of separate toilet and bathroom facility: Separate toilets and bathroom facilities are important
indicator of overall hygiene of a particular area. It ensures privacy, women safety and empowerment.

CHATHA: SEPARATE TOILET AND BATHROOM FACILIT-

IES-2022

Present
Absent

The above data shows that in most of the houses of Chatha village , there are well-built toilets bathrooms but 5. 5%of
the houses lack separate bathroom facilities due to their poor financial conditions as well as less land availability in
the area.
System of healthcare facilities: Rural health care is one of the biggest challenge facing the Health Ministry of India.
With more than 70% population living in rural areas and low level of health facilities, mortality rates due to diseases
are on a high. During the survey conducted the below mentioned conditions of healthcare system and facilities are
seen in the village and so are interpolated below.

 People availing medical facilities: As per our survey, for availing medical facilities , people of village prefer
either go to government hospital, visit general medical shops in the nearby areas, private doctors or prefer
dispensaries for their treatment .

Table 24 Village Chatha: People availing medical facilities

Medical Facility People visiting (%)

Govt. Hospitals 51
Medical shops 26
Dispensaries 4
Private doctors 19

Source: Field survey-2022

From the data collected during the survey it is seen that majority of people I. e., 51% prefer to go to government

CHATHA: MEDICAL FACILITIES -2022

Govt hospital
Medical shops
Dispensaries
private doctors
hospitals they get diseased, while 26% people visit general medical shops , 19% people visit private doctors while 4%
people prefer to go to dispensary for their treatment.

Common Diseases reported in families of Chatha village: Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that
are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects
the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury. Village
Chatha has shown the prevalence of diseases such as common cold, cough, fever and problems related to digestion.
Table 25 Common diseases in Chatha

Disease Population affected(%)

Common cold, Cough 52
Fever 38
Digestion problems 10

Source: Field survey-2022

 CHATHA : COMMON DISEASES-2022

Common
cold,cough
Fever
Digestion prob-
lems

As per our survey, among total disease affected population 52% is suffering from common cold or cough,
38% is suffering from fever while 10% population is suffering from problems relates to digestion.

2.7 CONCLUSION

Demography is the scientific study of human population, it’s structure, growth, and its distribution. It is a social
science that combines the elements of statistics, sociology, economics, anthropology, and geography to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the population dynamics of a given society. The study demography is concerned with
the various aspects of human population including birth rates, death rates, fertility rates, fertility rates, migration
patterns, and age distribution. One of the key objectives of demography is to understand how population changes over
time and how these changes impact society.

According to our survey of 200 households of Chatha village, out of total population of 1260 , 55% are females while
45% are males. The village has a predominantly Hindu population, followed by Sikh population with Muslim
population in minority. The village has a sex ratio of 1234 females for every 1000 males, which is higher than the
national average, though it was far below than national average in 2011. The literacy of village has increased from
70% in 2001 to 72% in 2011 and now it is 82.5 % with female literacy (87.3% ) higher than male literacy (83.6%).
While the literacy rate in Chatha village is higher than the national average, there is still a need for improvement in
education facilities and resources. The village lacks access to quality education, which can limit the opportunities for
its young population and impact the development of the village. Also there are many families that are not able to
afford the costs of education, or may not see the value in investing in their children's education. This can lead to a lack
of skills and knowledge in the community, which can limit economic opportunities and social mobility.

The total fertility rate of Chatha village is 1.3 children born per woman less than national average i.e. 2.1.Such a low
fertility rate can lead to a decline in the population over time. Low birth rates can also impact the economic growth of
the economic growth of the village, as there are fewer young people entering the workforce to drive development and
innovation. In addition to this, age structure of Chatha, village depicts that working group population i.e. 15-65
category is 62.4% of total population followed by 0-15 category i.e. 30.3 % and elder population forms about 7.3% of
the total population. While the age distribution of the population in Chatha village is relatively balanced, there is a
growing concern about the aging population. As the population ages, there is an increased demand for healthcare
services and social support systems, which can put a strain on the resources of the village.

While Chatha village has access to basic healthcare services, there is a need for improvement in the quality and
availability of healthcare facilities. The village lacks specialized healthcare services and medical professionals, which
can result in poor health outcomes for its residents. While the village has a government-run health centre, it may not
have the capacity to handle all the medical needs of the population. Many people in the village may have to travel long
distances to access proper medical care, which can be both costly and time-consuming.
Overall, the demography of Chatha village is relatively stable, with a balanced age distribution, higher literacy. The
population of the village is primarily Hindu, and the primary language spoken is Dogri. With further investment in
infrastructure and public services, the village has the potential to further improve the standard of living for its
residents and to attract more economic development to the area. Addressing the challenges such as low birth rate,
ageing population, quality education , proper health and medical facilities, will require investment in
infrastructure(health and education) and economic development programs to improve the standard of living and
opportunities for the residents of the village.

In the concluding lines we can say that demography, being a multifaceted field, provides valuable insights into the
structure, growth, and distribution of human population. It is a vital tool for policymakers, businesses, and academics
and plays a critical role in addressing global challenges related to population growth, aging, and migration. By
understanding the principles of demography, we can gain a deeper appreciation of the complex social, economic, and
political forces that shape our world.

2.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Chandna, R.C. (2016). Geography of population: Concepts Determinants and patterns. Kalyani Publishers.
2) Bloom, D., Canning, D. Global Demography: Fact, Force and Future. Retrieved from
https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1288/2013/10/PGDA_WP_14.pdf
3) Pravallika, T. Demographic Trends in India (Power Point Slides).
4) Demography: The concept, its objectives and importance(2019). The Fact Factor. Retrieved from

https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/biology/demography/1838/

5) Kohler, H.P.& Behrman, J. (2023). Benefits and Costs of the Population and Demography targets for the Post-
2015 Development Agenda.
6) Mather et al., (2021). Population: An Introduction to Demography. Population Bulletin 75, no. 1.
7) Upasani, s. (2023). Demographic Dividend under threat as Indians head back to farms. Money Control.

Retrieved from https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/demographic-dividend-under-threat-

as-indians-head-back-to-farms-9811631.html

8) Centre for Population Change. (2022). Demography Day- why we celebrate population science. Retrieved from
https://www.cpc.ac.4k/news/latest-news?action
9) Painoli, S. Demographic Profile of India-Opportunity or Threat. Qualitative Systematic Review Literature. Int. J sci
Stud 2019; 7(1): 209-212.
10) Menike, H. R. (2018). A Literature Review on Population Growth and Economic Development. International
Journal of Humanities Social sciences and Education (IJHSSE), vol. 5, no.5, 67-74.
11) Press Information Bureau. Govt. of India. Ministry of Finance (2018-19). India’s Demography at 2040: Planning
Public goof Provision for 21stcentury.
12) Morgan, S.P. & Lynch, S.M. (2006). Success and Future of Demography. Annales of New York Academyof
Sciences, 9. 54(1), 35-51.
13) Mills, M.C & Rahal C. (2021) . Population Studies at 75 years: An empirical review, Population studies, 75:
sup.1, 7-25.
14) Ray, R.& Rubenstein, M. (2020). The Importance of collecting Demographic Data. The Brookings Institution.
15) Muttark, R. (2021). Demographic Perspectives in research on global environmental change. Population studies,75
(sup1), 77-104.
16) Population Action International (2010). The effects of Age Structure on Development policy and issue brief.
17) Age Structure, Population growth and economic development (2018). Biology libre texts.

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book
%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/45%3A_Population_and_Community_Ecology/
45.04%3A_Human_Population_Growth/45.4C
%3A_Age_Structure_Population_Growth_and_Economic_Development

18) Hussain, K. & Akhter, T. (2016). Dwindling Sex Ratio in J&K: A case study. International Journal of Innovative
Research and Development.51,44-46.
19) Bloom, D.E. & Luca, D.L.(2016). The Global Demography of Ageing: Facts, Explanations, Future. SSRN
Electronic Journal.
20) Lupien, J.R. (2020). Executive Summary. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11(1), S97-S97.
21) Jain, N. & Goli, S. (2021). Demographic Change and Economic growth in India. International Institute for
Population Sciences(IIPS).
22) Prskawetz, A. et al. (2007). The relationship between demographic change and economic growth in EU.
Retrieved From
23) Lynn, R.(2022). A brief note on Demography and its scope and importance. Research and Reviews: Journal of
Social sciences RRJSSI,8.

24) Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (ORGI). Sample registration system (SRS)-
statistical report2020. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/44376/download/48048/
SRS_STAT_2020.pdf

25) Census of India 2011. Directorate of Census Operations Jammu and Kashmir.

https://dokumen.tips/documents/jammu-2011-census-of-of-india-2011-jammu-kashmir-series-02-part-xii-b-
district.html

26) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) . World Facebook 2021. Retrieved from www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/