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ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES

Ramandeep Singh

Ramandeep Singh
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Contents
CONTENTS.............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Nouns....................................................................................................................................................................4
Types:...........................................................................................................................................................4

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Rule No: 1. ...................................................................................................................................................4
Rule No: 2 ....................................................................................................................................................4
Rule No: 3 ....................................................................................................................................................5
Rule No: 4 ....................................................................................................................................................5
Rule No: 5 ....................................................................................................................................................6
Noun - Preposition - Noun Case ................................................................................................................7
Use of Apostrophe 's' : ('s)..........................................................................................................................7
Rule 1 ...........................................................................................................................................................7
Rule:2 ...........................................................................................................................................................8
Rule: 3 ..........................................................................................................................................................8
Pronoun ................................................................................................................................................................8
# Types .........................................................................................................................................................8
Table of Pronoun ......................................................................................................................................10
# OBJECTIVE PRONOUN ....................................................................................................................10
# NOMINATIVE PRONOUN .................................................................................................................12
Reflexive Pronoun.....................................................................................................................................13
Adjectives............................................................................................................................................................16
Degree of adjective.........................................................................................................................................17
# Comparative Degree ................................................................................................................................17
Conversion of Superlative degree to Comparative degree.........................................................................20
' These ' and ' Those ' ..................................................................................................................................21
' much ' and ' many ' ...................................................................................................................................22
'All , Whole & Both '....................................................................................................................................22
' Some ' & ' Any ' .........................................................................................................................................22
Prepositions with examples................................................................................................................................22
PREPOSITIONS SHOWING TIME ..................................................................................................................23
PREPOSITIONS SHOWING POSITION...........................................................................................................23
PREPOSITIONS SHOWING DIRECTION ........................................................................................................24
Conjunction Rules ...............................................................................................................................................29
Types of Conjunctions.....................................................................................................................................29
Conjunction Rules: ..........................................................................................................................................30
Rule 1 ..........................................................................................................................................................30
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Rule 2 ..........................................................................................................................................................30
Rule 4 ..........................................................................................................................................................30
Rule 5 ..........................................................................................................................................................30
Rule 6 ..........................................................................................................................................................31
Rule 7 ..........................................................................................................................................................31
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Rule 8 ..........................................................................................................................................................31
Rule 9 ..........................................................................................................................................................31
Rule 10 ........................................................................................................................................................31
Rule 11 ........................................................................................................................................................31
Rule 12 ........................................................................................................................................................31
English Grammar Series - Articles.......................................................................................................................31
Use of “A” ..................................................................................................................................................32
Use of “An”................................................................................................................................................32
Uses of “The”.............................................................................................................................................32
Participles............................................................................................................................................................34
Types ..........................................................................................................................................................34
# Present Participle ...................................................................................................................................34
# Past Participle ........................................................................................................................................35
Idioms and Phrases .............................................................................................................................................36
Phrases with Meaning.................................................................................................................................36
Subject Verb Agreement Rules ...........................................................................................................................44
Rule 1 .........................................................................................................................................................45
Rule 2 .........................................................................................................................................................45
Rule 3 .........................................................................................................................................................45
Rule 4 .........................................................................................................................................................45
Rule 5 .........................................................................................................................................................46
Rule 6 .........................................................................................................................................................46
Rule 7 .........................................................................................................................................................46
Rule 8 .........................................................................................................................................................47
Rule 9 .........................................................................................................................................................47
Rule 10 .......................................................................................................................................................47
With plural number, plural verb use. e.g. ...............................................................................................47
Hundred boys are in my class. ...................................................................................................................47
Note:- If after cardinal adjectives (one, two, three, four,… etc.) plural noun use and with plural noun
shows certain amount, certain weight, certain period, certain distance, certain height then singular
verb will use................................................................................................................................................47
E.g...............................................................................................................................................................47
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Rule 11 .......................................................................................................................................................48
Rule 12 .......................................................................................................................................................48
Rule 13 .......................................................................................................................................................48
Rule 14 .......................................................................................................................................................48
Rule 15 .......................................................................................................................................................49
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Rule 16 .......................................................................................................................................................49
Rule 17 .......................................................................................................................................................49
Rule 18 .......................................................................................................................................................49
Rule 19 .......................................................................................................................................................50
Rule 20 .......................................................................................................................................................50
Rule 21 .......................................................................................................................................................50
Rule 23 .......................................................................................................................................................51
Rule 24 ........................................................................................................................................................51
Rules of Adverbs .................................................................................................................................................51
KINDS OF ADVERBS .....................................................................................................................................52
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS ............................................................................................................................54
Forms of Adverbs........................................................................................................................................55
Positions of Adverbs ...................................................................................................................................56
Tenses .................................................................................................................................................................57
#Present .....................................................................................................................................................59
#Past Tense ................................................................................................................................................59
#Future Tense............................................................................................................................................60
The case of after and before.....................................................................................................................60
Conditional Sentences ........................................................................................................................................62
There are two parts of Conditional sentences............................................................................................62
Mainly There are three types of conditional sentences .............................................................................62
B. IF CLAUSE IN PAST TENSE .......................................................................................................................64
C. ‘IF’ CLAUSE IN PAST PERFECT TENSE.......................................................................................................64
D. OTHER TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES .........................................................................................65
Confusions ..........................................................................................................................................................65
One word substitution ........................................................................................................................................68
Antonyms : 200 Words .......................................................................................................................................70
Synonyms : 200 Words .......................................................................................................................................75
Vocabulary List....................................................................................................................................................79
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Nouns
Types:

 Proper Noun : Name of specific person, place or thing.


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Common Noun : Name of common things like boys, chair, girls etc.
Collective Noun: Collection of some persons or things and represented as a singular
noun. Ex: class , army , herd , flight etc.
 Abstract Noun :Whom we cannot touch like happiness, sadness etc.
 Materialistic Noun: From whom something is comprised of known as materialistic
Noun.

Further classifications are:

Rule No: 1.

Uncountable Nouns

There are some rules which are uncountable nouns.

 We cannot measure uncountable nouns. like ' Informations' wrong phrase.

 We always use singular verb with uncountable nouns.
 Plural of these words does not exist.

Some examples of uncountable nouns are:

Hair Scenery Information Mischief Stuff

Advice Poetry Evidence Luggage Jewellery
Furniture Bread Wood Wages Money
Machinery Crockery Cash Help Clothing

Examples:

 Children are prone to making mischiefs if they have nothing to do.[Correct: mischief]
 I saw beautiful sceneries in painting exhibition.[Correct: scenery]
 I ate three breads today.[Correct: bread or three slices of bread]
 .She gave two jeweleries.[Correct: jewellery or a piece of jewellery]

Rule No: 2

There are some nouns which seem to be plural but are singular.
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Mathematics Statistics SomeDiseases: Mesals Mums

Physics Physics Shingles Rickets

Robotics Civics Diabetes
Mechanics Billiards
Gymnastics

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Summons***
Innings
Series

Examples:

 News is coming on tv.

 The morale of the army was high the news coming from the front were very encouraging.
 1st innings is going on.[Correct: Inning]
 A 5 match series is being played between India and Australia in Melbourne.

Rule No: 3

There are some nouns which to be singular but exists in plural so use plural verb with it.

Children Infantry
Polity Police
Gentry Cattle
Brethren People

Examples:

 There was no Gentry in function.[Correct: were]

 Police has been deployed all over the route.[Correct: have]

Gentry : Group of Gentlemen

Infantry(Troop):Collection of soldiers

Rule No: 4

There are some nouns which exists both in singular and plural form. Nature of verb depends
upon sense of sentence and noun.
Words:

 Team
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 Committee
 Audience
 Jury
 House

Examples:


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Our team is the best team.
 Our team are trying their new dresses today.
 A committee is formed for the welfare of society.
 A committee were appointed for the welfare of society.

Rule No: 5

There are some nouns which is to be plural , they also exist in form but cannot be converted into
singular form.
Note: Always use singular verb with them untill they specified numerial.

scissors trousers jeans pants, shorts

spectacles socks remains scales pliers
binoculars pincers pajamas tights tweezers
thanks congratulations earnings wages savings
contents

Examples:

 A pair of spectacles have be bought by me.[Correct: has]

 He read the letter and made aware of its contents.[Correct: content]
 All the evidences were against and he was held guilty.[Correct: evidence, was]

Numerical Adjective Noun Case

When in a sentence there is a numerical adjective with a noun, we cannot use the plural of
that noun if after there is another noun.

Examples:

Incorrect : He is a twenty years old boy. [ In this sentence we cannot use 's' with 'year'
because after years there is a another noun
'boy' ]
Correct: He is a twenty year old boy.

 The boy is twenty years old.

 Twenty kms are a long distance.[Correct: is]
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 He walked twenty kms.

 Twenty kms walk is a long distance.[Correct; km]
 The five members deligation will call on the president.

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Noun - Preposition - Noun Case

Preposition: in, on, at, of, for, after, before, into, with, by, between, among,....etc
Examples:

 Rows upon Rows of pink marbles are to the eyes.[Correct: Row upon Row, is]

Use of Apostrophe 's' : ('s)

The Ram House of ram = Ram's house

Rule 1

1 Never use apostrophe with non-living like wood, table, chair etc.

2. We can use (" 's ") with nouns which not come in the category of living and non-living.

Ex:

 America's Problems
 Nature's law
 A meter's length
 A Kg's sugar

Examples:

 Ram and sham's house

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 I visited John's and Mary's house twice but found the couple
absent.
[Correct: John and Mary's]
 His wife's secretary's mother has died.

In this sentence the structure of sentence is not correct.

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Correct: Mother of his wife's secretary has died.

Rule:2

Two apostrophe cannot come together in a single sentence.

Rule: 3

We can use ";" only with the words which are ended with 's'.
Ex: ‘Kalidas' work

 He was late and entered the female compartment in hurry. [Correct: Women's or ladies']
 We reached the fare and found that there was no place to stand.[Correct: room]

Pronoun

 Used in place of 'Noun'.

Pronoun

Examples → He, she, his ,they ,we , us , me , my , mine , I , you , it , ours , your , your
, hers , her , its , their , theirs

# Types

1. Nominative : Used as a subject in the sentence.

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Examples → I , We , You etc.

2. Objective : Used as an object in the sentence on which work is going on.

Examples → me , him , her , it etc.

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3. Possessive : Pronouns which show possessiveness.

Difference Between ' my ' & ' mine '

→ ' my ' is used before the noun.

→ ' mine ' is used after the noun.

Difference Between ' your ' and ' yours '

→ ' Your ' used before the ' noun '.

→ ' Yours ' used after the ' noun '.

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Table of Pronoun

# OBJECTIVE PRONOUN

Rule 1: After Preposition we have to use objective pronoun.

Example :
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Example :

Difference between ' I ' and ' me '

' I ' is used as a subject , which is do some work.

' me ' is worked as object on which work is going on , so it always used as a object , ∴is a
objective noun and used after preposition.

Rule 2: After ' Let '

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Objective pronoun is used after ' Let '

Examples:

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# NOMINATIVE PRONOUN

Rule 3: After 'Than'

When there is any comparison between two , then nominative pronoun is used.

Examples:
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 His efforts will bring him more success than

yours.
 You should be true to your word. or One should be true to his
word.
 The dog I have bought looks more ferocious(wild) , than the one you
have.
 The hotel of Patna are more luxurious than those of
Muzaferpur.
 Yours are the same problems as mine.

Reflexive Pronoun

# Transitive verbs :

Verbs which requires object after them, those are known as transitive verb.

Example:
Children fly kites.

[ here fly acts as transitive verb because children fly doesn't make any sense, So noun is used to
complete the sentence Those verbs which always comes along with Pronoun or noun is known as
transitive verb ]

Birds fly.

[ Here fly is not a transitive verb ]

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Some verb which act as transitive verbs

 cut
 kill
 introduce
 hurt


eat
absent
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 hit
 watch
 avail
 cheat
 prostrate
 enjoy

Example :

We use a reflexive pronoun as object or complement when it refers to the same thing as the
subject. The pronouns which are used with transitive verb as a object are known as reflexive
pronoun.

Reflexive Pronoun are :

 he → himself
 her → herself
 it → itself
 they → themselves
 I → myself
 you → yourself
 we → ourselves
 one → oneself

Examples:
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[ here , absent is not work as transitive verb , it is used as adjective so reflexive pronoun is not
used here]

He prostrated himself before his master , who had come from London after a year.

The officer as well as the assistants absented themselves from the office.[ Correct ; himself ]

[ In the sentence there is ' as well as ' used with which verb is changed to 1st noun or pronoun
and here officer , so 'themselves' is changed himself.

* Exception

Transitive verb does not use reflexive pronoun.

 keep
 stop
 bathe
 turn
 rest
 qualify
 hide

Examples:
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# In-Transitive Verb

Verb which does not require object.

Birds fly.

Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describes or modify another person or thing in the sentence.
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Degree of adjective

1. Positive: It is used to describe the quality of noun.

2. Comparative Degree : It is used when there is a comparison between two nouns or pronouns.

3 Superlative Degree : When noun is shown as a superior out of a club or group, class etc.

Superlative degree is used. Superlative degree is followed by ' the '.

# Comparative Degree
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Rule 1
1. There are some adjective which denotes absolute positions and of which comparative and
superlative degrees remains the some.

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Rule 2
Their are some adjective which uses 'to' rather than ' than' when used to compare.

These adjective has suffix - ' ior '

These adjective are:

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Rule 3
If two adjective are separated by ' and ' , then they must be in some degree.

Use of ' very , ' more ' , ' much '

Very : It is used with positive degree of adjective .

More: Used with comparative degree of two.

Much : It is used with comparative degree.