SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Computer Systems
Servicing 8
Quarter 3 – Module 3
Testing Electronic
Components

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_MODULE_LESSONS 1-4
i

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 1
Computer Systems Servicing NCII – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Testing Electronic Components
Revised Edition, 2024

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ii

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 1
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

(LEARNING
Computer SystemsAREA)
Servicing
(QUARTER
Quarter 3 – NUMBER)
Module 3
(MODULE NUMBER)
Lesson 1: Electronic
Components

iii

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 1
Learning Outcomes:
LO 1: Determine criteria for testing electronics components.
1.1 Obtain and clarify work instructions based on job order or client
requirements
Learning Objectives:
This lesson will cover discussions about testing criteria to ensure that
components meet technical and quality requirement. At the end of this lesson, you
should be able to:
1. Identify functions of different electronic components.
2. Draw the schematic symbol of each electronic component.
3. Value the importance of schematic symbols in electronic circuit.

DIRECTIONS: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and if not, replace
the underlined word(s) with the word(s) that will make the statement
true. Write your answer in your notebook.

Example: Current that flows in a circuit can be limited using a transistor.

Answer: transistor-resistor

1. Resistors can limit the flow of electric current.

2. Resistor is a passive device.
3. Capacitor can store electric charge.
4. Dielectric separates the two insulator sheets of a capacitor.
5. Passive device can be used as an amplifier.

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 1
 Lesson
Electronic Components
1

DIRECTIONS: Study carefully the diagram below. Name the component in the circuit
board that is joined to other component using a wire. Write your
answer on the space before each item. Write your answer in your
notebook.

1. What component is connected to a 28V source from transformer?

2. What component is connected to the negative output jack?
3. What component is connected to positive terminal of an ammeter?
4. What two components are connected to a variable resistor?
5. What component is connected to the positive terminal of the voltmeter.

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 1
 Electronic is derived from the word electron, which basically very small and
almost invisible particle of electricity present in all materials. It is involved in the
control of electrons in solid semiconductor materials used in almost modern
electronic devices. The main factor in their operation is its ability to control the flow
of electrons to obtain the desired effects. Examples are to provide amplification and
convert alternating current to direct current or direct current to alternating current.

Active and Passive Components

Active Components can be used to amplify, to rectify, or to change energy from one
form to another. Example, the display component converts electrical input to light
output.
Examples of active components: transistor, tubes, and display components

Passive Components are needed to form a complete circuit with voltage and current
sources and other active components in the circuit.

Types of Electronic Components

1. Semiconductors
Diode a two terminal device that conducts current more easily in one
direction. The Anode is the terminal with positive charge and the cathode is
the terminal with negative charge.
Rectifier Diode made up of silicon material and intended for
rectification purposes changing ac voltage to dc voltage.
Crystal Diode is primarily used for detection of changing signal.
Zener Diode is much like a rectifier diode, but it can conduct higher
reverse current.
LED (Light Emitting Diode) is usually intended to indicate current
flow such as a POWER ON indicator.
Transistor has three electrode (terminals) that can perform a variety of
application such as switch, amplifier, oscillator etc.
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) is designed primarily as amplifier.
The three electrodes are base, collector and emitter.
FET (Field Effect Transistor) previously called unipolar transistor
because the charge carries either electron or holes. It also has three
terminals namely; drain source and gate.
Thyristor is a silicon semiconductor that can be switched ON and OFF
electronically to control relatively large amounts of current for motors and
other electrical equipment.
SRC (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) is a thyristor device resembling a
semiconductor diode with a gate electrode.
Triac is like a two SRC but with one gate.
Integrated Circuits. A group of logic gate circuits that allow only certain
combinations of input pulses to activate a circuit. It comes both with active
and passive components contained in a single package.

2. Resistor
This is used to limit the amount of current, or to divide the voltage in
a circuit.
Fixed resistor is a resistor with fixed value rated from a fraction of an
ohm to million ohms. Most common power ratings range from ¼ to 20
watts. Carbon composition resistor is an example of a fixed resistor.

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 1
 Variable Resistor is rated with values that can be varied from its
minimum to a maximum value. This is commonly used as volume
control. Potentiometer and rheostat are examples of a variable
resistor.
Precision wire wound is available in a wide range of resistance values
with tolerances extending as low as +- 0.05%, it is relatively small which
makes it widely used when accuracy and space factors are important.

3. Capacitor
It is made up of two conductor plates separated by an insulator called
dielectric, to concentrate the electric field of voltage applied across the
dielectric, which makes the capacitor accumulate and store electric charge
from the voltage source. When the charging source is replaced by a conducting
path, the dielectric can discharge the stored energy.

Polarized Capacitor can be aluminum, electrolytic or tantalum

made and is connected in reference to polarity of its terminal.

4. Inductors
A coil of wire used to concentrate the magnetic field of electric current.
It generates an induced voltage when the current changes in value or
direction. Inductors are also called chokes.

Transformer consists two or more coil windings in the same magnetic

field. The purpose of a transformer is to increase or decrease the
amount of AC voltage between the windings. However, transformers
operate alternating current only.

DIRECTIONS: List down and categorize the electronic components whether it is an

active or passive. Do this in your notebook.

Active Components Passive Components

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 1
 Name Game!

A. DIRECTIONS: Refer to the schematic diagram shown below. Name the

components found in the diagram and transform the schematic symbol to its
pictographic diagram. Draw your answer on the table. Do this in your
notebook.

Component Schematic Symbol Picture

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

B. Draw the schematic symbol for each component. Do this in your notebook.

1. Resistor 6. Electrolytic capacitor

2. Variable Resistor 7. NPN transistor
3. Ceramic Capacitor 8. PNP transistor
4. LED 9. Transformer
5. Diode [Link] or potential difference

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 1
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in your
notebook.
1. Which of the following component is used to store charge?
A. capacitor B. LED C. resistor D. transformer
2. Which of the following is a polarized capacitor?
A. ceramic B. electrolytic C. mylar D. potentiometer
3. It is a component used when the amount of current allowed to flow is to be
varied.
A. capacitor B. diode C. potentiometer D. resistor
4. The following component requires proper polarity, EXCEPT
A. capacitor B. diode C. resistor D. transistor
5. Which electronic component is used to rectify the positive or negative half of
an AC voltage?
A. capacitor B. diode C. resistor D. transformer

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 1
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

(LEARNING
Computer SystemsAREA)
Servicing
(QUARTER
Quarter 3 – NUMBER)
Module 3
(MODULE
Lesson NUMBER)
2: Testing Electronic
Components

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 1
Learning Outcomes:
LO 2: Plan an approach for components testing
2.1 Identify various testing methods based on types of electronic components
Learning Objectives:
This lesson will cover identification of various testing methods based on type
of electronic component. At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Identify codes used to read values of a component.
2. Conduct testing of component using analog VOM.
3. Value the importance of knowing the good and defective indicators of a
component.

DIRECTIONS: List down three (3) common defects of each component. Write your
answer in your notebook.
Resister Capacitor Transistor Diode

Lesson
Testing Electronic Components
2
e

DIRECTIONS: Arrange the scrambled word(s) to form correct word(s) related to

electronic components. Write your answer in your notebook.
1. eaylk opiacrcta __________ __________
2. dsrohet siertrtso __________ __________
3. tndeoaigrad of aacccneapit __________ __________
4. neldee rptieno __________ __________
5. idlraozep tcapacior __________ __________

Codes are used to provide the user, a technical specification of a component

like its value and required parameter for normal operation.
Some resistors like wire wound and potentiometer, has print on its surface to
indicate its value. But carbon composition resistor uses color coding as shown in the
illustration below.

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 2
Example: Yellow Violet Red Gray

Actual Value (AV) Tolerance Minimum Maximum

Value (TV) Value Value
MinV=(AV- MaxV=(AV+TV)
TV)
4 7 X100 AV= TV = 4700 x 4700- 4700
4700Ω 0.1= 470Ω 470=4230 or +470=5170Ω or
Significant Multiplier
or 4.7kΩ 4.23KΩ 5.17KΩ
Digits
The acceptable value of a resistor with yellow, violet, red and silver band color
is from 4.23kΩ to 5.17kΩ. Resistance is measured using ohmmeter or VOM with the
range selector set to ohms.
Polyester, disk, and mylar capacitor are numerically coded to indicate their
capacitance value. The coded value is always in pF.

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 2
Example:
Coded Value Actual Value
223 22000pF 0.022µF
(22) 1,000,000
(3)
significant digit multiplier
Values less than 1000 pF are not converted to µF.

Aside from physical inspection, electronic component can be tested if it is

still good or defective with the use of test instrument like an analog VOM. Knowledge
on electronic component operation is essential in testing whether it is good or
defective.

1. Resistor is in good condition if its measured value is within the minimum and
maximum allowed values. A carbon composition resistor is coded with band
color to determine its actual value, tolerance value, minimum value, and
maximum value.

Defective Indication
No needle pointer deflection or no resistance reading at all. Resistor
under test is open.
Zero resistance reading (full needle pointer deflection) at all ohm scale
settings. Resistor under test is shorted.
For Potentiometer and rheostat, common defects are opening of the
fixed resistance element and improper contact of the sliding arm to the
resistance element.

Defective Indication
The needle suddenly deflects to infinity and back again to a certain
point while the shaft is being rotated. It means there is a poor or
defective wiper contact.
While, no resistance reading between exterior terminals means open
resistive element.

2. Capacitor fails due to the deterioration of dielectric material between its plates.
Defective capacitor can have an internal short or open terminals, excessive
leakage, and degradation of capacitance. We can determine its integrity by
testing it with an ohmmeter.

Momentarily, short the terminals of the capacitor to be tested to

discharge it.
For electrolytic capacitors, connect the VOM’s negative test probe to the
positive terminal of the capacitor and the positive test probe to the
negative terminal of the capacitor under test.

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 2
 Good Indication
The needle pointer will deflect towards zero and moves back to the
infinite resistance position.

Defective Indication
The needle pointer will read zero resistance and stays there. The
capacitor is shorted.
The needle pointer deflects and stays at any point of the scale. The
capacitor is leaky.
The needle pointer will not deflect at all. The capacitor is open.

Most of the electronic components is a semiconductor which operates or

allows the flow of current with proper biasing. Biasing is supplying a steady DC
current or voltage to a semiconductor component like diode. Forward bias is
achieved when the positive terminal of the component is connected to the positive
terminal of a voltage source and the negative terminal is connected to the negative
terminal of the voltage source. Reverse bias is achieved when the positive terminal
of the component is connected to the negative terminal of the voltage source and the
negative terminal of the component is connected to the positive terminal of the
voltage source.

3. Diode can be tested using an ohmmeter. The needle pointer should deflect in
one direction only, The LED should light when in forward bias connection. No
deflection with the polarity of the test is interchanged.

Good Indication
The needle pointer should deflect very little or may not deflect at all.
Connect the positive test probe to the cathode and the negative test
probe to the anode.

Defective Indication
The needle pointer does not deflect even when the test probes are
reversed. The diode is open.
The needle pointer deflects with almost the same resistance for both
procedures. The diode is leaky.

Transistor is the most complicated component to be tested. One of the several

things that makes it complicated is if it is NPN or PNP. If you know what type it is, it
will make the testing easier, but if not, you can do it by trial and error.
To determine whether the transistor is a PNP or NPN , follow the procedures
below:
1. Determine the correct terminals of the transistor.
2. Set the VOM to X1 or X10 ohm range.
3. Connect the positive test lead of the meter to the emitter and the negative test
lead to the base of the transistor. Note the resistance reading.
4. Interchange the connections of the test leads to the leads of the transistor
under test. Note the reading.
Base your conclusion on the table below.

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 2
 Positive Negative to Resistance Reading Conclusion
to
Emitter Base Less than 150 ohms Transistor is NPN
Base Emitter Infinity
Emitter Base Infinity Transistor is NPN
Base Emitter Less than 150 ohms

Some defective indicators of a transistor

Resistance between any pair of terminal is less than 1 ohm. The transistor is
shorted.
Resistance between base and emitter or base and collector for both the forward and
reverse bias application of ohmmeter tests leads is infinity(no meter deflection). The
transistor is open.
Transistor overheats (except for power transistors)during normal operating
condition. The transistor is either shorted or leaky.

DIRECTIONS: Illustrate how a forward and reverse bias is connected using a diode
and a dry cell battery. Do this in your notebook.

Forward Bias Reverse Bias

DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answer in your notebook.
1. What is the defect of a transistor if any pair of the terminals is less than 1 ohm?
A. leaky B. open C. overheat D. shorted
2. What will happen to the needle of the tester if the positive probe is connected to
the anode and negative probe to the cathode of the diode?
A. The needle will deflect to the right.
B. The needle will stay on the left side.
C. The needle will deflect to the right and will slowly return to the left side.
D. The needle will deflect to the right and will immediately return to the left side.
3. How to discharge capacitor?
A. Connect the two terminals of the capacitor using an insulator.
B. Connect the two terminals of the capacitor using a conductor material.
C. Connect the negative probe of the tester to the positive terminal of the
capacitor.
D. Connect the positive probe of the tester to the positive terminal of the
capacitor.
4. A good resistor has a resistance reading with value
A. lower than the minimum value.
B. higher than the minimum value
C. higher than the minimum value and lower than the maximum value.
D. lower than the minimum value and higher than the maximum value.
5. Which component requires to be discharge before testing?
A. capacitor B. diode C. resistor D. transistor

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 2
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

(LEARNING
Computer SystemsAREA)
Servicing
(QUARTER
Quarter 3 – NUMBER)
Module 3
(MODULE
Lesson 3: Ohm’s NUMBER)
Law, Series and
Parallel Circuit

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 2
Learning Outcomes:
LO3 Test Components
3.4 Resolve detected problems and faults during testing in accordance with
agreed project or industry practice
Learning Objectives:
This lesson will cover testing methods using circuit prototyping to analyze
operating parameters for in-circuit testing. At the end of this lesson, you should be
able to:
1. Explain Ohm’s Law.
2. Draw a series and parallel circuit.
3. Value the importance of calculating voltage, current, resistance and power
applying Ohm’s law.

Directions: Read each item carefully. Use separate sheet to write the letter of the
best answer.
1. Three 100-watt light bulbs are connected in parallel across the 120-V power
line. If one is open, how many bulbs can be lighted?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
2. With resistances of 100, 200,300,400 and 500 ohms connected in parallel.
Rt is ____.
A. about B. about C. less than D. more
1KΩ 500Ω 100Ω than1MΩ
3. A 1- Ω resistance in parallel with a 2-Ω resistance provides a combined
equivalent resistance of _____.
A. Ω
2 B. 1Ω C. 2Ω D. 3Ω
3
4. With 100 V applied across ten 50- Ω resistances in parallel, the current
through each resistance is equal to ____.
A. 2A B. 10A C. 50A D. 100A
5. With eight 10M-ohm resistances connected in parallel across a 10V-source,
the main line current equals ____.
1
A. uA B. 0.1 uA C. 0.8 uA D. 8 uA
8

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 3
 Lesson
Ohm’s Law, Series and Parallel Circuit
3

Week 5

DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answer in your notebook.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Which prefix is used to denote a value A. brown
equivalent to 1 x 10 -12
2. Which of the following is not the same as B. .01G
100000?
3. A capacitor’s value is often expressed in C. pico
______.
4. What color band denotes a significant D. 1000 Ω
digit equivalent to 1.?
5. What color code denotes a multiplier E. 10 k Ω
equivalent to 1.
F. black

For each component to operate properly especially when connected and is in

use in a circuit, its characteristics is controlled. The amount of current, the voltage
needed, and the resistance has a definite proportion and is defined by Ohm’s Law.
Ohm’s Law states that the resistance is directly proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the current. It means, as the resistance increases, the
amount of current that can flow decreases.
In mathematical equation, it is represented by this formula where R is
resistance in Ω, I is current in ampere, and V is voltage in volt.

𝑽
R= V= 𝑰 𝒙 𝑹 I= 𝑽/𝑹
𝑰

Ohm’s law is also used to determine the amount of power in the circuit. It can
be calculated using this formula where P is power in watt.

P= 𝑰 𝒙 𝑽 or 𝑰𝟐 𝒙 𝑹

This derived formula from Ohm’s law is applicable for both dc and ac circuits.
Example:
given V given R solve for I Solve for P
1. 10V 5Ω
𝑉
I= =
10𝑉
= P= 𝐼𝑉=2Ax10V
𝑅 5Ω
= 20watts
2A

solve for V given R given I solve for P

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 3
 2. V = IR 10000 Ω 2mA P=𝐼 2 𝑅
=.002 x =
10000 (0.002)2x1000
= 20V =0.04 watt

given V solve for R given R solve for P

3. 9V 3µA P=𝐼𝑉
R=
𝑉
=
9𝑉
3MΩ = 3µ𝐴 𝑥 9𝑉
𝐼 0.000003𝐴
= .27µwatt

In application requiring the use of current, the components are arranged in

the form of a circuit. A circuit can be defined as a path for current flow. In which end
comes first does not matter with resistors, but for other polarized components, it
does.

Two Types of Circuit

Series circuit is made when two or more components connected with only
one path for current through all of them. It is made by connecting an end of each
component to an end of the next.

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 3
 Parallel circuit is formed when two or more components are connected
across one voltage source. Each parallel path is then a branch circuit, with its own
individual current.

Comparison of Series and Parallel

Series Parallel
Voltage The individual voltages across Parallel circuits have one common
each of the series components can voltage across all the branches.
have different values.

Vt = V1 + V2 … Vt= V1 = V2 …
Current The current I is the same in all the Each parallel path is then a
series components. branch circuit with its own
individual current I.

It = I1 = I2 … It = I 1 + I2…
Resistanc Total resistance is the sum of all The combined equivalent
e series resistance. resistance across the main line in
a parallel circuit is the opposition
to the total current in the main
line.
Rt = R1 + R2 …. Rt=
𝑅1𝑥𝑅2…
𝑅2+𝑅1…
Power Pt = P1 + P2 … Pt = P1 + P2 …
Current
Flow

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 3
DIRECTIONS: Use Ohm’s Law formula to complete the table below. Express your
answer using a prefix. Do this in your notebook.

Voltage Current Resistance Power

1. 45V 3A
2. 5mA 5KΩ
3. 240V 3KΩ
4. 50V 5µA
5. 8A 2400Ω

Directions: Use formula which depends on whether you are to calculate P, I, V or R.

Write your answer in your notebook.
1. A toaster takes 10 A from the 120-V power line. How much power is used?
2. How much current flows in the filament of a 300-watt bulb connected to the
120V power line?
3. A resistor is to be connected across a 45-volt battery to provide 1 mA of
current. The required resistance with suitable wattage rating is_____.
4. The resistance R1 is added in series with 100-ohms R2 to limit the current to
0.3A with 120 V applied.
a. Show the schematic diagram.
b. How much power is dissipated in each resistance?
5. Two resistances R1 and R2 are parallel across a 120-V source. The total line
current is 10A. The current I1 through R1 is 4A.
a. Draw the schematic diagram of the circuit, giving the values of current I 1
and I2 and resistances R1 and R2 in both branches.
b. How much is the Rt?

A. Directions: Read each statement carefully. Identify from the given choices which
one complete the statement. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answer in your notebook.
1. When two resistances are connected in series, _____.
A. the voltage across each must be the same
B. they must have different resistance values
C. they must both have the same resistance value
D. there is only one path for current through both resistances
2. The resistance of an open series string is _____.
A. zero
B. infinite
C. equal to the normal resistance of the string
D. about double the normal resistance of the string

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 3
 3. When one resistance in a series string is open, the ______.
A. current is zero in all the resistances
B. the current increases in the voltage source
C. the voltage is zero across the open resistance
D. current is maximum in the normal resistance
4. With two resistance connected in parallel, ______.
A. each must have the same resistance value
B. the voltage across each must be the same
C. the current through each must be the same
D. their combined resistance equals the sum of the individual values
5. If a parallel circuit is open in the main line, the current ______.
A. increases in each branch
B. is zero in all the branches
C. is zero only in the branch that has highest resistance
D. increases in the branch that has the lowest resistance
6. When two resistances are connected in series, ___________.
A. the voltage across each must be the same
B. they must have different resistance values
C. they must both have the same resistance value
D. there is only one path for current through both resistances
7. If a parallel circuit is open in the main line, the current is __________.
A. zero in all the branches
B. increases in each branch
C. zero only in the branch that has highest resistance
D. increases in the branch that has the lowest resistance
8. When one resistance in a series string is open, ____________.
A. the current is zero in all the resistances
B. the current increases in the voltage source
C. the voltage is zero across the open resistance
D. the current is maximum in the normal resistances
9. Resistance R1 and R2 are in series with 90 V applied. If V1 is 30V, then V2
must be _______.
A. 30 V B. 45 V C. 60 V D. 90 V
10. With two 45 – K ohm resistances in series across 90 V battery, the voltage
across each resistance equals to ______.
A. 30 V B. 45 V C. 60 D. 90 V

B. DIRECTIONS: Given two resistors connected in parallel, calculate the following

values:
1. Rt
2. I1
3. I2
4. It

DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 3
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

(LEARNING AREA)
Computer Systems Servicing
(QUARTER NUMBER)
Quarter 3 – Module 3
(MODULE
Lesson NUMBER)
4: Digital Electronics

21
DO_Q3_COMPUTERSYSTEMSSERVICING_GRADE12_LESSON 3
Learning Outcomes:
LO 4: Evaluate the testing process
4.2 Evaluate testing process and records system based on standard
procedures
Learning Objectives:
This lesson will cover testing criteria and methods for digital circuits. At the
end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Identify logical operation of different logic gates.
2. Construct truth table.
3. Value the importance of simulating logical operations.

Directions: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and if not, replace the
underlined word(s) with the word(s) that will make the statement true.
Write your answer in your notebook.
Example: And OR gate has two or more inputs and produces two or more output.
Answer: two or more -one
1. An inverter is a logic gate with two or more inputs.
2. A presence of 1 in OR gate input produces an out of 1.
3. Logic gates are electronic components used for decision making.
4. Decoder is an example of a sequential logic circuits.
5. A digital circuit involves various voltage level for all its input and output signals.

Lesson
Digital Electronics
4

Digital circuits operate using only two voltage levels for all input and output
signals. The most used in digital circuits are 0V and +5V. This two-state design
allows us the use of binary number when working with digital circuits. The binary
number system uses only two digits, which are 0 and 1. 0V is used to represent
binary 0, and +5V is used to represent binary 1.
Modern calculators and computers that process binary numbers use decision
making elements called logic [Link] gates can have many input signals but
they have only one output [Link] table below summarizes the 8 logic gates.

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 Truth Table is a representation of input state combination and the output
state. The number of input combination is defined by the function 2 n where n is the
number of input variables. The output is determined by the logical combination,
which follows the Boolean operation where

Or gate follows Boolean AND gate follows Boolean Inverter follows Boolean
addition. multiplication. inversion or negation.
inputs output inputs output input output

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

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Example:

From the given Schematic Diagram Truth Table

2n=24=16 input combinations

A B C D AB AB CD X
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
We have A,B, C, D as input variables 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
and X as output variable, the 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Boolean/Logic Expression is
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
X = (A B) + (C D) 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

Two categories of Digital Logic Circuits

• Combinational Logic Circuit – is a digital logic circuit that produces an
output either LOW or HIGH at a specified combination of input signal. The
output depends on the present inputs only.
• Sequential Logic Circuit – is a digital logic circuit produces an output either
LOW or HIGH at a definite order or sequence of inputs. The output does not
depend on the input states but also takes the previous output.
Examples of Digital Circuits

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 Integrated circuits operate internally, its pin configuration and basic operation
slightly differ for every type of integrated circuit, depending on what logic gates are
integrated inside an IC.

There are three different types of integration according to size.

SSI (Small Scale Integration)i ntegrated
circuits that contains only a few transistors.
MSI (Medium Scale Integration) contains
hundreds of transistors on each chip.
LSI (Large Scale Integration) contains
tens of thousands of transistors per chip.
Examples are 1K-bit RAMs, calculator chips, and the first
microprocessors.
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) is the process of creating an
integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions of transistors onto a single
[Link] microprocessor and memory chips are VLSI devices

A. DIRECTIONS: Given the truth table for a 3-input gate, complete the table
below by determining the output state. Do this in your notebook.

Or Gate And Gate

input output input output
A B C X A B C X

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 B. DIRECTIONS: Research and draw IC pin configuration for the following logic
gates. Draw your research in the table. Do this in your notebook.

Logic Gate Pin configuration

[Link] Gate
[Link] Gate
[Link]-OR Gate
[Link]-NOR Gate

DIRECTIONS: Refer to the illustration of a logic gates below. Identify which of the
logic gates shown in the picture is being described. Write the letter of
your answer in your notebook.

1. Follows the logical operation of multiplication

2. Produces an output state which is the same with its input state
3. An output that is high with an odd number of high state input.
4. Follows the logical operation of addition
5. The negation of an AND gate
6. Also called a true gate.
7. An ex-or followed by an inverter
8. Negates the input state
9. Produces an output which is the negation of logical addition
10. One of its use is a temporary storage like printing jobs or sms messages.

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• Mitchel E. Schultz. [Link] Basic Electronics by Glencoe
• Antonio M. Andes. [Link] Electronics
• Marcelo B. Tan. [Link] for Beginners

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO Valenzuela

Office Address: Pio Valenzuela Street, Marulas, Valenzuela City

Telefax: (02) 8292-4340

Email Address: sdovalenzuela@[Link]

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