Elementary Linear Algebra Applications

Version 11th Edition Anton Solutions

Manual
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Elementary Linear Algebra Applications Version 11th Edition Anton Solutions Manual

dĂďůĞŽĨŽŶƚĞŶƚƐ
 ͳǣ     ͳ
ͳǤͳ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘• ͳ
ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ͻ
ͳǤ͵ƒ–”‹ ‡•ƒ†ƒ–”‹š’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ͵͹
ͳǤͶ ˜‡”•‡•ǢŽ‰‡„”ƒ‹ ”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆƒ–”‹ ‡• Ͷͻ
ͳǤͷŽ‡‡–ƒ”›ƒ–”‹ ‡•ƒ†ƒ‡–Š‘†ˆ‘” ‹†‹‰Ǧͳ ͷ͹
ͳǤ͸‘”‡‘‹‡ƒ”›•–‡•ƒ† ˜‡”–‹„Ž‡ƒ–”‹ ‡• ͹͸
ͳǤ͹‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽǡ”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ”ǡƒ†›‡–”‹ ƒ–”‹ ‡• ͻͳ
ͳǤͺƒ–”‹š”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ͳͲͲ
ͳǤͻ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”›•–‡• ͳͲ͸
ͳǤͳͲ‡‘–‹‡ˆ ’—–Ǧ—–’—–‘†‡Ž• ͳͳͶ
Šƒ’–‡”ͳ—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›š‡” ‹•‡• ͳͳͺ
 ʹǣ  ͳʹͻ
ʹǤͳ‡–‡”‹ƒ–•„›‘ˆƒ –‘”š’ƒ•‹‘ ͳʹͻ
ʹǤʹ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰‡–‡”‹ƒ–•„›‘™‡†— –‹‘ ͳ͵͸
ʹǤ͵”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ‡–‡”‹ƒ–•Ǣ”ƒ‡”ǯ•—Ž‡ ͳͶͷ
Šƒ’–‡”ʹ—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›š‡” ‹•‡• ͳͷͷ
 ͵ǣ  ͳ͸ͺ
͵Ǥͳ‡ –‘”•‹ʹǦ’ƒ ‡ǡ͵Ǧ’ƒ ‡ǡƒ†Ǧ’ƒ ‡ ͳ͸ͺ
͵Ǥʹ‘”ǡ‘–”‘†— –ǡƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‹ ͳ͹Ͷ
͵Ǥ͵”–Š‘‰‘ƒŽ‹–› ͳ͹ͺ
͵ǤͶŠ‡ ‡‘‡–”›‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”›•–‡• ͳͺʹ
͵Ǥͷ”‘••”‘†— – ͳͺͺ
Šƒ’–‡”͵—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›š‡” ‹•‡• ͳͻʹ
 Ͷǣ  ͳͻ͹
ͶǤͳ‡ƒŽ‡ –‘”’ƒ ‡• ͳͻ͹
ͶǤʹ—„•’ƒ ‡• ʹͲ͵
ͶǤ͵‹‡ƒ” †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ʹͳ͸
ͶǤͶ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•ƒ†ƒ•‹• ʹʹͶ
ͶǤͷ‹‡•‹‘ ʹ͵͹

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ͶǤ͸Šƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ•‹• ʹͶͶ
ͶǤ͹‘™’ƒ ‡ǡ‘Ž—’ƒ ‡ǡƒ†—ŽŽ’ƒ ‡ ʹͷ͸
ͶǤͺƒǡ—ŽŽ‹–›ǡƒ†–Š‡ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽƒ–”‹š’ƒ ‡• ʹ͸Ͷ
ͶǤͻƒ–”‹š”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘–‘ ʹ͹Ͳ
ͶǤͳͲ”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆƒ–”‹š”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ʹ͹͹
ͶǤͳͳ ‡‘‡–”›‘ˆƒ–”‹š’‡”ƒ–‘”•‘ʹ ʹͺ͸
Šƒ’–‡”Ͷ—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›š‡” ‹•‡• ʹͻ͵
 ͷǣ   ʹͻͻ
ͷǤͳ‹‰‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†‹‰‡˜‡ –‘”• ʹͻͻ
ͷǤʹ‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ͵Ͳͻ
ͷǤ͵‘’Ž‡š‡ –‘”’ƒ ‡• ͵ʹͳ
ͷǤͶ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ“—ƒ–‹‘• ͵ʹ͹
ͷǤͷ›ƒ‹ ƒŽ›•–‡•ƒ†ƒ”‘˜Šƒ‹• ͵͵͸
Šƒ’–‡”ͷ—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›š‡” ‹•‡• ͵Ͷͷ
 ͸ǣ  ͵ͷͳ
͸Ǥͳ ‡””‘†— –• ͵ͷͳ
͸Ǥʹ‰Ž‡ƒ†”–Š‘‰‘ƒŽ‹–›‹ ‡””‘†— –’ƒ ‡• ͵ͷ͸
͸Ǥ͵ ”ƒǦ Š‹†–”‘ ‡••ǢǦ‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ͵͸͵
͸ǤͶ‡•–’’”‘š‹ƒ–‹‘Ǣ‡ƒ•–“—ƒ”‡• ͵͹ͷ
͸Ǥͷƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‹‰•‹‰‡ƒ•–“—ƒ”‡• ͵ͺͶ
͸Ǥ͸ — –‹‘’’”‘š‹ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ‘—”‹‡”‡”‹‡• ͵ͺ͸
Šƒ’–‡”͸—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›š‡” ‹•‡• ͵ͺͻ
 ͹ǣ       ͵ͻʹ
͹Ǥͳ”–Š‘‰‘ƒŽƒ–”‹ ‡• ͵ͻʹ
͹Ǥʹ”–Š‘‰‘ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ͵ͻͻ
͹Ǥ͵—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ‘”• Ͷͳͳ
͹ǤͶ’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘•‹‰—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ‘”• Ͷʹʹ
͹Ǥͷ ‡”‹–‹ƒǡ‹–ƒ”›ǡƒ†‘”ƒŽƒ–”‹ ‡• Ͷ͵ͳ
Šƒ’–‡”͹—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›š‡” ‹•‡• ͶͶͲ
 ͺǣ    ͶͶͷ
ͺǤͳ ‡‡”ƒŽ‹‡ƒ””ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ͶͶͷ
ͺǤʹ‘’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ† ˜‡”•‡”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• Ͷͷʹ
 ͺǤ͵ •‘‘”’Š‹• Ͷͷ͹
ͺǤͶƒ–”‹ ‡•ˆ‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ‹‡ƒ””ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• Ͷͷͻ
ͺǤͷ‹‹Žƒ”‹–› Ͷ͸ͻ
Šƒ’–‡”ͺ—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›š‡” ‹•‡• Ͷ͹ͷ
 ͻǣ   Ͷͺͳ
ͻǤͳǦ‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘• Ͷͺͳ
ͻǤʹŠ‡‘™‡”‡–Š‘† Ͷͺͻ
ͻǤ͵‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ”‘ ‡†—”‡•ˆ‘”‘Ž˜‹‰‹‡ƒ”›•–‡• Ͷͻ͸
ͻǤͶ‹‰—Žƒ”ƒŽ—‡‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ Ͷͻͺ
ͻǤͷƒ–ƒ‘’”‡••‹‘•‹‰‹‰—Žƒ”ƒŽ—‡‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ͷͲͶ
Šƒ’–‡”ͻ—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›š‡” ‹•‡• ͷͲ͸
 ͳͲǣ      ͷͳͳ
ͳͲǤͳ‘•–”— –‹‰—”˜‡•ƒ†—”ˆƒ ‡•Š”‘—‰Š’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†‘‹–• ͷͳͳ
ͳͲǤʹŠ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•–’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”Ž‰‡„”ƒ ͷͳͶ
ͳͲǤ͵—„‹ ’Ž‹‡ –‡”’‘Žƒ–‹‘ ͷͳ͹
ͳͲǤͶƒ”‘˜Šƒ‹• ͷʹʹ
ͳͲǤͷ ”ƒ’ŠŠ‡‘”› ͷʹͷ
ͳͲǤ͸ ƒ‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ–‡‰› ͷʹͺ
ͳͲǤ͹‡‘–‹‡ˆ ‘‘‹ ‘†‡Ž• ͷ͵Ͳ
ͳͲǤͺ ‘”‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡– ͷ͵ʹ
ͳͲǤͻ‘’—–‡” ”ƒ’Š‹ • ͷ͵͵
ͳͲǤͳͲ“—‹Ž‹„”‹—‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•–”‹„—–‹‘• ͷ͵͹
ͳͲǤͳͳ‘’—–‡†‘‘‰”ƒ’Š› ͷ͵ͻ
ͳͲǤͳʹ ”ƒ –ƒŽ• ͷͶͷ
ͳͲǤͳ͵Šƒ‘• ͷͷͳ
ͳͲǤͳͶ”›’–‘‰”ƒ’Š› ͷͷͻ
ͳͲǤͳͷ ‡‡–‹ • ͷ͸͹
ͳͲǤͳ͸‰‡Ǧ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ”‘™–Š ͷ͹Ͳ
ͳͲǤͳ͹ ƒ”˜‡•–‹‰‘ˆ‹ƒŽ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘• ͷ͹Ͳ
ͳͲǤͳͺ‡ƒ•–“—ƒ”‡•‘†‡Žˆ‘” —ƒ ‡ƒ”‹‰ ͷ͹ͳ
ͳͲǤͳͻƒ”’•ƒ†‘”’Š• ͷ͹͵
ͳͲǤʹͲ –‡”‡–‡ƒ” Š‰‹‡• ͷ͹ͷ



 ͳǤͳ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ͳ


,WdZϭ͗^z^dD^K&>/EZYhd/KE^EDdZ/^

ϭ͘ϭ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶƚŽ^LJƐƚĞŵƐŽĨ>ŝŶĞĂƌƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ

1. (a) Š‹•‹•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡƒ†‫ݔ‬ଷ Ǥ

 (b) Š‹•‹•‘–ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡƒ†‫ݔ‬ଷ „‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ǥ
 (c) ‡ ƒ”‡™”‹–‡–Š‹•‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͹‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹
‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡƒ†‫ݔ‬ଷ Ǥ
 (d) Š‹•‹•‘–ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡƒ†‫ݔ‬ଷ „‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”‫ݔ‬ଵିଶ Ǥ
ଷȀହ
 (e) Š‹•‹•‘–ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡƒ†‫ݔ‬ଷ „‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”‫ݔ‬ଵ Ǥ

 (f) Š‹•‹•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡƒ†‫ݔ‬ଷ Ǥ

2. (a) Š‹•‹•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫ݕ†ƒݔ‬Ǥ

 (b) Š‹•‹•‘–ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫ ݔʹ•”‡–‡Š–ˆ‘‡•—ƒ ‡„ݕ†ƒݔ‬ଵȀଷ ƒ†͵ඥ‫ݕ‬Ǥ

 (c) Š‹•‹•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫ݕ†ƒݔ‬Ǥ
గ
 (d) Š‹•‹•‘–ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫”‡–‡Š–ˆ‘‡•—ƒ ‡„ݕ†ƒݔ‬ ‘• ‫ݔ‬Ǥ
଻

 (e) Š‹•‹•‘–ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫ݕݔ”‡–‡Š–ˆ‘‡•—ƒ ‡„ݕ†ƒݔ‬Ǥ

 (f) ‡ ƒ”‡™”‹–‡–Š‹•‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ˆ‘”െ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ െ͹–Š—•‹–‹•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹‫ݕ†ƒݔ‬Ǥ
3. (a) ܽଵଵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ܽଵଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ܾଵ 
ܽଶଵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ܾଶ
 (b) ܽଵଵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ܽଵଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܽଵଷ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ܾଵ 
ܽଶଵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܽଶଷ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ܾଶ
ܽଷଵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ܽଷଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܽଷଷ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ܾଷ
 (c) ܽଵଵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ܽଵଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܽଵଷ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ܽଵସ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ܾଵ 
ܽଶଵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ܽଶଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܽଶଷ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ܽଶସ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ܾଶ


4. (a) (b) (c) 

ܽ ܽଵଶ ܾଵ ܽଵଵ ܽଵଶ ܽଵଷ ܾଵ ܽ ܽଵଶ ܽଵଷ ܽଵସ ܾଵ
൤ ଵଵ ൨ ൤ ଵଵ ൨
ܽଶଵ ܽଶଶ ܾଶ ൥ܽଶଵ ܽଶଶ ܽଶଷ ܾଶ ൩ ܽଶଵ ܽଶଶ ܽଶଷ ܽଶସ ܾଶ
 ܽଷଵ ܽଷଶ ܽଷଷ ܾଷ


ʹŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

5. (a)  (b) 

ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ   ൌ Ͳ ͵‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͷ
͵‫ݔ‬ଵ െ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ ͹‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ െ͵
  ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͹



6. (a)  (b)

  ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ െͳ ͵‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ െ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ͵

ͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ   െ ͵‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ െ͸ െͶ‫ݔ‬ଵ   ൅ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ െ͵

 െ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ  െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ െͻ
 െ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ െʹ


7. (a)  (b)  (c)

െʹ ͸ ͸ െͳ ͵ Ͷ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ െ͵ ͳ Ͳ
ቂ ቃ
൥ ͵ ͺ൩ Ͳ ͷ െͳ ͳ ൥െ͵ െͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െͳ൩
ͻ െ͵  ͸ ʹ െͳ ʹ െ͵ ͸



8. (a) (b) (c)

͵ െʹ െͳ ʹ Ͳ ʹ ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
൥Ͷ ͷ ͵൩ ൥͵ െͳ Ͷ ͹൩ ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ʹ൩
͹ ͵ ʹ ͸ ͳ െͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͵
  

9. Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‹ȋƒȌǡȋ†Ȍǡƒ†ȋ‡Ȍ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•Ȃ–Š‡•‡͵Ǧ–—’Ž‡•ƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ
Š‡͵Ǧ–—’Ž‡•‹ȋ„Ȍƒ†ȋ Ȍƒ”‡‘–•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ
10. Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‹ȋ„Ȍǡȋ†Ȍǡƒ†ȋ‡Ȍ•ƒ–‹•ˆ›ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•Ȃ–Š‡•‡͵Ǧ–—’Ž‡•ƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ
Š‡͵Ǧ–—’Ž‡•‹ȋƒȌƒ†ȋ Ȍƒ”‡‘–•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ
11. (a) ‡ ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡‫‰‹††ƒ›„‘‹–ƒ—“‡†‘ ‡•‡Š–‘”ˆݔ‬െʹ–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡
•‡ ‘†ǤŠ‹•›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡•›•–‡
͵‫ݔ‬ െ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ൌ Ͷ

  Ͳ ൌ ͳ
  Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹• ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›ǡ•‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ•›•–‡Šƒ•‘•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǤŠ‡Ž‹‡•
”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•‹–Šƒ–•›•–‡Šƒ˜‡‘’‘‹–•‘ˆ‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘ȋ–Š‡Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡
’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Žƒ††‹•–‹ –ȌǤ
 (b) ‡ ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡‫‰‹††ƒ›„‘‹–ƒ—“‡†‘ ‡•‡Š–‘”ˆݔ‬െʹ–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡
•‡ ‘†ǤŠ‹•›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡•›•–‡
ʹ‫ݔ‬ െ Ͷ‫ݕ‬ ൌ ͳ

  Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
  Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘†‘‡•‘–‹’‘•‡ƒ›”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘‫–‹–‹‘ƒ ‡™‡”‘ˆ‡”‡Š–ݕ†ƒݔ‬ǤŠ‡
Ž‹‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ•›•–‡Šƒ˜‡‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›’‘‹–•‘ˆ‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘Ǥ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡
 ͳǤͳ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•͵

ଵ
ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ ݔ‹ƒ–„‘‡™ݔ‬ൌ ൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬ǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘—•‹‰
ଶ
’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ͳ
‫ݔ‬ൌ ൅ ʹ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬
ʹ
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”‫”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒƒ•‹ݐ‬Ǥ
 (c) ‡ ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡‫‰‹††ƒ›„‘‹–ƒ—“‡†‘ ‡•‡Š–‘”ˆݔ‬െͳ–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡
•‡ ‘†ǤŠ‹•›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡•›•–‡
‫ݔ‬ െ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ൌ Ͳ

 െ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ൌ ͺ
  ”‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘™‡‘„–ƒ‹‫ ݕ‬ൌ െͶǤ—„•–‹–—–‹‰െͶˆ‘”‫‘‹–ƒ—“‡–•”‹ˆ‡Š–‘–‹ݕ‬
”‡•—Ž–•‹‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͺǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ•›•–‡Šƒ•–Š‡—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘
‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͺǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ െͶ
  Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•‹–Šƒ–•›•–‡Šƒ˜‡‘‡’‘‹–‘ˆ‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘ǣሺെͺǡ െͶሻǤ
12. ‡ ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡‫‰‹††ƒ›„‘‹–ƒ—“‡†‘ ‡•‡Š–‘”ˆݔ‬െʹ–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†Ǥ
Š‹•›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡•›•–‡
ʹ‫ݔ‬ െ ͵‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽ

  Ͳ ൌ ܾ െ ʹܽ
 ˆܾ െ ʹܽ ൌ Ͳȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡܾ ൌ ʹܽȌ–Š‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹’‘•‡•‘”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘‫ݕ†ƒݔ‬Ǣ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ
–Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
 ˆܾ െ ʹܽ ് Ͳȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡܾ ് ʹܽȌ–Š‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡• ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›–Š—•–Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‘
•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
 Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆܽƒ†ܾˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ଷ ହ
13. (a) ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ ݔ‹ƒ–„‘‡™ݔ‬ൌ ൅ ‫Žƒ‹‰‹”‘‡Š–ˆ‘–‡•‘‹–—Ž‘•‡Š–‡”‘ˆ‡”‡Š–ݕ‬
଻ ଻
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
͵ ͷ
‫ݔ‬ൌ ൅ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬
͹ ͹
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”‫”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒƒ•‹ݐ‬Ǥ
଻ ହ ସ
 (b) ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ݔ‬ଵ ™‡‘„–ƒ‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–‘ˆ–Š‡
ଷ ଷ ଷ
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
͹ ͷ Ͷ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ൅ ‫ ݎ‬െ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݎ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ‫ݏ‬
͵ ͵ ͵
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‫•”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡”ƒݏ†ƒݎ‬Ǥ
ଵ ଵ ହ ଷ
 (c) ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ݔ‬ଵ ™‡‘„–ƒ‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ସ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–‘ˆ
଼ ସ ଼ ସ
–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ͶŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ͳ ͳ ͷ ͵
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ ൅ ‫ ݎ‬െ ‫ ݏ‬൅ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݎ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ‫ݐ‬
ͺ Ͷ ͺ Ͷ
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‫ݎ‬ǡ‫ݏ‬ǡƒ†‫•”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡”ƒݐ‬Ǥ
଼ ଶ ଵ ସ
 (d) ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ ݒ‹ƒ–„‘‡™ݒ‬ൌ ‫ ݓ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫‡Š–ˆ‘–‡•‘‹–—Ž‘•‡Š–‡”‘ˆ‡”‡Š–ݖ‬
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ͺ ʹ ͳ Ͷ
‫ݒ‬ൌ ‫ ݐ‬െ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ ݐ‬െ ‫ ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݓ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ଵ ǡ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ଶ ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ଷ ǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ସ 
͵ ଵ ͵ ଶ ͵ ଷ ͵ ସ
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‫ݐ‬ଵ ǡ‫ݐ‬ଶ ǡ‫ݐ‬ଷ ǡƒ†‫ݐ‬ସ ƒ”‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•Ǥ
14. (a) ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ ݔ‹ƒ–„‘‡™ݔ‬ൌ ʹ െ ͳͲ‫Žƒ‹‰‹”‘‡Š–ˆ‘–‡•‘‹–—Ž‘•‡Š–‡”‘ˆ‡”‡Š–ݕ‬
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹ െ ͳͲ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”‫”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒƒ•‹ݐ‬Ǥ
 (b) ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ݔ‬ଵ ™‡‘„–ƒ‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͵ െ ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–‘ˆ–Š‡
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͵ െ ͵‫ ݎ‬൅ ͳʹ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݎ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ‫ݏ‬
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‫•”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡”ƒݏ†ƒݎ‬Ǥ
ଵ ଷ ଵ
 (c) ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ݔ‬ଵ ™‡‘„–ƒ‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͷ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ݔ‬ସ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–‘ˆ
ଶ ସ ସ
–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ͳ ͵ ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͷ െ ‫ ݎ‬െ ‫ ݏ‬െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݎ‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬
ʹ Ͷ Ͷ
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‫ݎ‬ǡ‫ݏ‬ǡƒ†‫•”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡”ƒݐ‬Ǥ
 (d) ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ ݒ‹ƒ–„‘‡™ݒ‬ൌ െ‫ ݓ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷ‫ ݕ‬െ ͹‫‡Š–ˆ‘–‡•‘‹–—Ž‘•‡Š–‡”‘ˆ‡”‡Š–ݖ‬
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
‫ ݒ‬ൌ െ‫ݐ‬ଵ െ ‫ݐ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ݐ‬ଷ െ ͹‫ݐ‬ସ ǡ‫ ݓ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ଵ ǡ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ଶ ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ଷ ǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ସ 
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‫ݐ‬ଵ ǡ‫ݐ‬ଶ ǡ‫ݐ‬ଷ ǡƒ†‫ݐ‬ସ ƒ”‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•Ǥ
15. (a) ‡ ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡‫‰‹††ƒ›„‘‹–ƒ—“‡†‘ ‡•‡Š–‘”ˆݔ‬െ͵–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡
•‡ ‘†ǤŠ‹•›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡•›•–‡
ʹ‫ݔ‬ െ ͵‫ݕ‬ ൌ ͳ

  Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
  Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘†‘‡•‘–‹’‘•‡ƒ›”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘‫–‹–‹‘ƒ ‡™‡”‘ˆ‡”‡Š–ݕ†ƒݔ‬Ǥ
ଵ ଷ
‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ ݔ‹ƒ–„‘‡™ݔ‬ൌ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘
ଶ ଶ
—•‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ͳ ͵
‫ݔ‬ൌ ൅ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬
ʹ ʹ
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”‫”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒƒ•‹ݐ‬Ǥ
 ͳǤͳ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ͷ

 (b) ‡ ƒ•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ†–Š‡–Š‹”†‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ǣƒ††‹‰െ͵–‹‡•–Š‡
ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‡ƒ††‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡–Š‹”†›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡•›•–‡
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ െͶ
Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
  Š‡Žƒ•––™‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘•†‘‘–‹’‘•‡ƒ›”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘–Š‡—‘™•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™‡ ƒ‘‹–
–Š‡Ǥ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ݔ‬ଵ ™‡‘„–ƒ‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െͶ െ ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘
”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘—•‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െͶ െ ͵‫ ݎ‬൅ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݎ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ‫ݏ‬
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‫•”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡”ƒݏ†ƒݎ‬Ǥ
16. (a) ‡ ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡‫ݔ‬ଵ ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘„›ƒ††‹‰െʹ–‹‡•–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ǥ
Š‹•›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡•›•–‡
Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
͵‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ െͶ
  Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘†‘‡•‘–‹’‘•‡ƒ›”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘‫ݔ‬ଵ ƒ†‫ݔ‬ଶ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™‡ ƒ‘‹–‹–Ǥ‘Ž˜‹‰
ସ ଵ
–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ݔ‬ଵ ™‡‘„–ƒ‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘
ଷ ଷ
—•‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
Ͷ ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݐ‬
͵ ͵
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”‫”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒƒ•‹ݐ‬Ǥ
 (b) ‡ ƒ•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ†–Š‡–Š‹”†‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ǣƒ††‹‰െ͵–‹‡•–Š‡
ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‡ƒ††‹‰ʹ–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡–Š‹”†›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡•›•–‡
ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݖ‬ൌ െͶ
Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
  Š‡Žƒ•––™‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘•†‘‘–‹’‘•‡ƒ›”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘–Š‡—‘™•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™‡ ƒ‘‹–
ଵ
–Š‡Ǥ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ ݔ‹ƒ–„‘‡™ݔ‬ൌ െʹ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݖ‬ǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘”‡’”‡•‡–
ଶ
–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘—•‹‰’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
ͳ
‫ ݔ‬ൌ െʹ ൅ ‫ ݎ‬െ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݎ‬ǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݏ‬
ʹ
  ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‫•”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡”ƒݏ†ƒݎ‬Ǥ
ͳ െ͹ ͺ ͺ
17. (a) ††ʹ–‹‡•–Š‡•‡ ‘†”‘™–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘‘„–ƒ‹൥ʹ െ͵ ͵ ʹ൩Ǥ
Ͳ ʹ െ͵ ͳ
ͳ ͵ െͺ ͵
 (b) ††–Š‡–Š‹”†”‘™–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘‘„–ƒ‹൥ʹ െͻ ͵ ʹ൩
ͳ Ͷ െ͵ ͵
͸Šƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ͳ Ͷ െ͵ ͵
  ȋƒ‘–Š‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‘™ƒ†–Š‡–Š‹”†”‘™–‘‘„–ƒ‹൥ʹ െͻ ͵ ʹ൩ȌǤ
Ͳ െͳ െͷ Ͳ
ͳ ʹ െ͵ Ͷ
ଵ
18. (a) —Ž–‹’Ž›–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‘™„› –‘‘„–ƒ‹൥ ͹ ͳ Ͷ ͵൩Ǥ
ଶ
െͷ Ͷ ʹ ͹
ͳ െͳ െ͵ ͸
 (b) ††–Š‡–Š‹”†”‘™–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘‘„–ƒ‹൥ ͵ െͳ ͺ ͳ൩
െ͸ ͵ െͳ Ͷ
ͳ െʹ െͳͺ Ͳ
  ȋƒ‘–Š‡”•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣƒ††െʹ–‹‡•–Š‡•‡ ‘†”‘™–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘‘„–ƒ‹൥ ͵ െͳ ͺ ͳ൩ȌǤ
െ͸ ͵ െͳ Ͷ
ͳ ݇ െͶ
19. (a) ††െͶ–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‘™–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†–‘‘„–ƒ‹ቂ ቃ™Š‹ Š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡
Ͳ ͺ െ Ͷ݇ ͳͺ
•›•–‡
‫ ݔ‬൅ ݇‫ ݕ‬ൌ െͶ
ሺͺ െ Ͷ݇ሻ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳͺ

  ˆ݇ ൌ ʹ–Š‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͳ ൌ ͳͺǡ™Š‹ Š‹• ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›–Š—•–Š‡•›•–‡

„‡ ‘‡•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥ
  ˆ݇ ് ʹ–Š‡™‡ ƒ•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫‘–‹‡—Žƒ˜•‹Š–‡–—–‹–•„—•‘–†‡‡ ‘”’†ƒݕ‬
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‘Ž˜‡ˆ‘”‫ݔ‬Ǥ
  ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ݇ ് ʹ–Š‡‰‹˜‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘ƒ ‘•‹•–‡–
Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡Ǥ
ͳ ݇ െͳ
 (b) ††െͶ–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‘™–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†–‘‘„–ƒ‹ቂ ቃ™Š‹ Š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡
Ͳ ͺ െ Ͷ݇ Ͳ
•›•–‡
‫ ݔ‬൅ ݇‫ ݕ‬ൌ െͳ
ሺͺ െ Ͷ݇ሻ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ

  ˆ݇ ൌ ʹ–Š‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͳ ൌ Ͳǡ™Š‹ Š†‘‡•‘–‹’‘•‡ƒ›”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘‫ݔ‬

ƒ†‫–•”‹ˆ‡Š–‰‹•—–‡•‘‹–—Ž‘•‡Š–‡‹”‡–‡†‘–†‡‡ ‘”’†ƒ–‹–‹‘ƒ ‡™‡”‘ˆ‡”‡Š–ݕ‬
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹–Š‹••‡–Ǥ
  ˆ݇ ് ʹ–Š‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘›‹‡Ž†•‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͳǤ
  ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ݇–Š‡‰‹˜‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘ƒ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž‹‡ƒ”
•›•–‡Ǥ
͵ െͶ ݇
20. (a) ††ʹ–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‘™–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†–‘‘„–ƒ‹ቂ ቃ™Š‹ Š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡
Ͳ Ͳ ʹ݇ ൅ ͷ
•›•–‡
͵‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݇
Ͳ ൌ ʹ݇ ൅ ͷ
 ͳǤͳ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•͹

ହ
  ˆ݇ ൌ െ –Š‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͳ ൌ Ͳǡ™Š‹ Š†‘‡•‘–‹’‘•‡ƒ›”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘
ଶ
‫–•”‹ˆ‡Š–‰‹•—–‡•‘‹–—Ž‘•‡Š–‡‹”‡–‡†‘–†‡‡ ‘”’†ƒ–‹–‹‘ƒ ‡™‡”‘ˆ‡”‡Š–ݕ†ƒݔ‬
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹–Š‹••‡–Ǥ
ହ
  ˆ݇ ് െ –Š‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹• ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›–Š—•–Š‡•›•–‡„‡ ‘‡•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥ
ଶ

  ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡‰‹˜‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘ƒ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡‘Ž›™Š‡

ହ
݇ ൌ െ Ǥ
ଶ

݇ ͳ െʹ
 (b) ††–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‘™–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†–‘‘„–ƒ‹ቂ ቃ™Š‹ Š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡•›•–‡
Ͷ൅݇ Ͳ Ͳ
݇‫ݔ‬ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ ൌ െʹ

ሺͶ ൅ ݇ሻ‫ݔ‬   ൌ Ͳ
  ˆ݇ ൌ െͶ–Š‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•Ͳ ൌ Ͳǡ™Š‹ Š†‘‡•‘–‹’‘•‡ƒ›”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘
‫–•”‹ˆ‡Š–‰‹•—–‡•‘‹–—Ž‘•‡Š–‡‹”‡–‡†‘–†‡‡ ‘”’†ƒ–‹–‹‘ƒ ‡™‡”‘ˆ‡”‡Š–ݕ†ƒݔ‬
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹–Š‹••‡–Ǥ
  ˆ݇ ് െͶ–Š‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘›‹‡Ž†•‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•‫ ݕ‬ൌ െʹǤ
  ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡˆ‘”ƒŽŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ݇–Š‡‰‹˜‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘ƒ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž‹‡ƒ”
•›•–‡Ǥ
21. —„•–‹–—–‹‰–Š‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’‘‹–‹–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ —”˜‡™‡‘„–ƒ‹

‫ݕ‬ଵ ൌ ܽ‫ݔ‬ଵଶ ൅ ܾ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ܿ

 ‡’‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡”–™‘’‘‹–•ƒ†”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡–Š”‡‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•›‹‡Ž†•

‫ݔ‬ଵଶ ܽ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ ‫ݕ‬ଵ 

‫ݔ‬ଶଶ ܽ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ ‫ݕ‬ଶ 
‫ݔ‬ଷଶ ܽ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ ‫ݕ‬ଷ 

‫ݔ‬ଵଶ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଵ

 Š‹•‹•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡‹–Š‡—‘™•ܽǡܾǡƒ†ܿǤ –•ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š‹•቎‫ݔ‬ଶଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ቏Ǥ
‫ݔ‬ଷଶ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ͳ ‫ݕ‬ଷ
23. ‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‫ݔ‬ଵ ™‡‘„–ƒ‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ܿ െ ݇‫ݔ‬ଶ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–”‹ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ܿ െ ݇‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݐ‬
 ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”‫”‡„—Žƒ‡”›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒƒ•‹ݐ‬Ǥ
 —„•–‹–—–‹‰–Š‡•‡‹–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘›‹‡Ž†•
ܿ െ ݇‫ ݐ‬൅ ݈‫ ݐ‬ൌ ݀
 ™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡”‡™”‹––‡ƒ•
ܿ െ ݇‫ ݐ‬ൌ ݀ െ ݈‫ݐ‬
ͺŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

 Š‹•‡“—ƒ–‹‘—•–Š‘Ž†–”—‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ”‡ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‫ݐ‬ǡ™Š‹ Š”‡“—‹”‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š

–Š‡•ƒ‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ‫Žƒ—“‡‡„–•—•‡†‹•Š–‘„‘ݐ‬Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡܿ ൌ ݀ƒ†݇ ൌ ݈Ǥ
24. (a) Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‘•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹ˆ‡‹–Š‡”

x ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Žƒ††‹•–‹ –‘”

x ‡ƒ Š’ƒ‹”‘ˆŽ‹‡•‹–‡”•‡ –•ƒ–ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘‹–ȋ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›Ž‹‡•„‡‹‰’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽȌ
 (b) Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹ˆ‡‹–Š‡”

x –™‘Ž‹‡• ‘‹ ‹†‡ƒ†–Š‡–Š‹”†‘‡‹–‡”•‡ –•–Š‡‘”

x ƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡Ž‹‡•‹–‡”•‡ –ƒ–ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’‘‹–ȋ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›Ž‹‡•„‡‹‰’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡ŽȌ
 (c) Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹ˆƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡Ž‹‡• ‘‹ ‹†‡Ǥ
25. ʹ‫ݔ‬ ൅ ͵‫ݕ‬ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͹
ʹ‫ݔ‬ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ͵‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͻ
Ͷ‫ݔ‬ ൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ͷ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͳ͸
26. ‡•‡–—’–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡ƒ•†‹• —••‡†‹š‡” ‹•‡ʹͳǣ
ͳଶ ܽ ൅ ͳܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ ͳ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ ͳ
 ʹଶ ܽ ൅ ʹܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͷ‹Ǥ‡ǤͶܽ ൅ ʹܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͷ
ሺെͳሻଶ ܽ െ ͳܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ ͳ ܽ െ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ ͳ
 ‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‡š’‡ –‡†ǡ•‹ ‡‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡’ƒ”ƒ„‘Žƒ’ƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ›–Š”‡‡‰‹˜‡’‘‹–•ሺ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሻǡ
ሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሻǡሺ‫ݔ‬ଷ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ‹ˆ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡƒ†‫ݔ‬ଷ ƒ”‡†‹•–‹ –Ǥ
27.  ‫ݔ‬ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͳʹ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ʹ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͷ
െ‫ݔ‬   ൅ ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͳ
dƌƵĞͲ&ĂůƐĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞƐ
(a) ”—‡ǤሺͲǡͲǡ ǥ ǡͲሻ‹•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
(b) ƒŽ•‡ǤŽ›—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘„›ƒnonœ‡”‘ ‘•–ƒ–‹•ƒ˜ƒŽ‹†‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›”‘™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
(c) ”—‡Ǥ ˆ݇ ൌ ͸–Š‡–Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǣ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡–Š‡•›•–‡‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥ
(d) ”—‡Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡܽଵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ܽଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬൅ ܽ௡ ‫ݔ‬௡ ൌ ܾ‹•ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ–Š‡̵ܽ•ƒ”‡‘–
ƒŽŽœ‡”‘Ǥ‡–—•ƒ••—‡ܽ௝ ് ͲǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆƒŽŽ‫ݔ”‘ˆ–’‡ š‡•̵ݔ‬௝  ƒ„‡•‡––‘„‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘‡š’”‡••‫ݔ‬௝ ‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•Ǥ

(e) ƒŽ•‡ǤǤ‰Ǥ‹ˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽŠ‘‘‰‡‡‘—•–Š‡–Š‡•›•–‡—•–„‡ ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥȋ‡‡”—‡Ǧ ƒŽ•‡

š‡” ‹•‡ȋƒȌƒ„‘˜‡ǤȌ
(f) ƒŽ•‡Ǥ ˆܿ ് Ͳ–Š‡–Š‡‡™•›•–‡Šƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–ƒ•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ
(g) ”—‡Ǥ††‹‰െͳ–‹‡•‘‡”‘™–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ‘—–•–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡–Š‹‰ƒ••—„–”ƒ –‹‰‘‡”‘™ˆ”‘
ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ
(h) ƒŽ•‡ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†”‘™ ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ͳ ൌ െͳǡ™Š‹ Š‹• ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›Ǥ
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ͻ


ϭ͘Ϯ'ĂƵƐƐŝĂŶůŝŵŝŶĂƚŝŽŶ

1. (a) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦͶǤ –‹•‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹”‘™

‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
 (b) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦͶǤ –‹•‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹”‘™
‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
 (c) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦͶǤ –‹•‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹”‘™
‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
 (d) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦͶǤ –‹•‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹”‘™
‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
 (e) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦͶǤ –‹•‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹”‘™
‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
 (f) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦͶǤ –‹•‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹”‘™
‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
 (g) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦ͵„—–†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡’”‘’‡”–›Ͷǣ–Š‡•‡ ‘† ‘Ž— ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ͳƒ†ƒ‘œ‡”‘—„‡”ȋെ͹Ȍƒ„‘˜‡‹–ǤŠ‡ƒ–”‹š‹•‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”„—–‘–
”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
2. (a) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦ͵„—–†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡’”‘’‡”–›Ͷǣ–Š‡•‡ ‘† ‘Ž— ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ͳƒ†ƒ‘œ‡”‘—„‡”ȋʹȌƒ„‘˜‡‹–ǤŠ‡ƒ–”‹š‹•‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”„—–‘–”‡†— ‡†
”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
 (b) Š‹•ƒ–”‹š†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡’”‘’‡”–›ͳ•‹ ‡‹–•ˆ‹”•–‘œ‡”‘—„‡”‹–Š‡–Š‹”†”‘™ȋʹȌ‹•‘–ƒ
ͳǤŠ‡ƒ–”‹š‹•‘–‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•‘–‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”‡‹–Š‡”Ǥ
 (c) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦ͵„—–†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡’”‘’‡”–›Ͷǣ–Š‡–Š‹”† ‘Ž— ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ͳƒ†ƒ‘œ‡”‘—„‡”ȋͶȌƒ„‘˜‡‹–ǤŠ‡ƒ–”‹š‹•‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”„—–‘–”‡†— ‡†
”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
 (d) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦ͵„—–†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡’”‘’‡”–›Ͷǣ–Š‡•‡ ‘† ‘Ž— ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ͳƒ†ƒ‘œ‡”‘—„‡”ȋͷȌƒ„‘˜‡‹–ǤŠ‡ƒ–”‹š‹•‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”„—–‘–”‡†— ‡†
”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
 (e) Š‹•ƒ–”‹š†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡’”‘’‡”–›ʹ•‹ ‡–Š‡”‘™–Šƒ– ‘•‹•–•‡–‹”‡Ž›‘ˆœ‡”‘•‹•‘–ƒ––Š‡
„‘––‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–”‹šǤŠ‡ƒ–”‹š‹•‘–‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•‘–‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™
‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”‡‹–Š‡”Ǥ
 (f) Š‹•ƒ–”‹š†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡’”‘’‡”–›͵•‹ ‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ͳ‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†”‘™‹•†‹”‡ –Ž›„‡Ž‘™–Š‡
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ͳ‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ȋ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ„‡‹‰ˆƒ”–Š‡”–‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–ȌǤŠ‡ƒ–”‹š‹•‘–‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘
ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•‘–‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”‡‹–Š‡”Ǥ
 (g) Š‹•ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ͳǦͶǤ –‹•‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹”‘™
‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
ͳͲŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

3. (a) Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡

‫ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͷ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͹ ‫ݔ‬ ൌ ͹ ൅ ͵‫ ݕ‬െ Ͷ‫ݖ‬
   ‫ ݕ‬൅ ʹ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ʹ ƒ„‡”‡™”‹––‡ƒ•‫ݕ‬ ൌ ʹ െ ʹ‫ݖ‬ 
    ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͷ ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͷ
  ƒ†•‘Ž˜‡†„›„ƒ Ǧ•—„•–‹–—–‹‘ǣ
‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͷ
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ െ ʹሺͷሻ ൌ െͺ
‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͹ ൅ ͵ሺെͺሻ െ Ͷሺͷሻ ൌ െ͵͹
 –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡Šƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െ͵͹ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ െͺǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͷǤ
 (b) Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡
‫   ݓ‬൅ ͺ‫ݕ‬ െ ͷ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͸ ‫ݓ‬ ൌ ͸ െ ͺ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͷ‫ݖ‬
   ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ݕ‬ െ ͻ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͵ ƒ„‡”‡™”‹––‡ƒ• ‫ݔ‬ ൌ ͵ െ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͻ‫ݖ‬
    ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ʹ ‫ݕ‬ ൌ ʹെ‫ݖ‬
‡–‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǤŠ‡
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ െ ‫ݐ‬
‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͵ െ Ͷሺʹ െ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ͻ‫ ݐ‬ൌ െͷ ൅ ͳ͵‫ݐ‬
‫ ݓ‬ൌ ͸ െ ͺሺʹ െ ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ͷ‫ ݐ‬ൌ െͳͲ ൅ ͳ͵‫ݐ‬
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǣ
 ‫ ݓ‬ൌ െͳͲ ൅ ͳ͵‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͷ ൅ ͳ͵‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬
  ™Š‡”‡‫‡—Žƒ˜›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒƒ•‹ݐ‬Ǥ
 (c) Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͹‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ   െ ͺ‫ݔ‬ହ ൌ െ͵
    ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൅ ͸‫ݔ‬ହ ൌ ͷ

      ‫ݔ‬ସ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ହ ൌ ͻ
        Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
  ƒ„‡”‡™”‹––‡ǣ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ͵ െ ͹‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ͺ‫ݔ‬ହ ǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͷ െ ‫ݔ‬ସ െ ͸‫ݔ‬ହ ǡ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ͻ െ ͵‫ݔ‬ହǤ
  ‡–‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݔ†ƒݏ‬ହ ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǤŠ‡
‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ͻ െ ͵‫ݐ‬
‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͷ െ ሺͻ െ ͵‫ݐ‬ሻ െ ͸‫ ݐ‬ൌ െͶ െ ͵‫ݐ‬
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ͵ െ ͹‫ ݏ‬൅ ʹሺെͶ െ ͵‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ͺ‫ ݐ‬ൌ െͳͳ െ ͹‫ ݏ‬൅ ʹ‫ݐ‬
  –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǣ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െͳͳ െ ͹‫ ݏ‬൅ ʹ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ െͶ െ ͵‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ͻ െ ͵‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ହ ൌ ‫ݐ‬
  ™Š‡”‡‫•‡—Žƒ˜›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡”ƒݐ†ƒݏ‬Ǥ
 (d) Š‡•›•–‡‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–•‹ ‡–Š‡–Š‹”†”‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡
‡“—ƒ–‹‘
Ͳ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͳ‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͳ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͳǤ
4. (a) —‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െ͵ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͹Ǥ
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ͳͳ

 (b) ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǣ‫ ݓ‬ൌ ͺ ൅ ͹‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹ െ ͵‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ െͷ െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒƒ•‹ݐ‡”‡Š™ݐ‬
˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ
 (c) ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǣ‫ ݒ‬ൌ െʹ ൅ ͸‫ ݏ‬െ ͵‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݓ‬ൌ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͹ െ Ͷ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͺ െ ͷ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݏ‡”‡Š™ݐ‬
ƒ†‫•‡—Žƒ˜›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡”ƒݐ‬Ǥ
 (d) Š‡•›•–‡‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–•‹ ‡–Š‡–Š‹”†”‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡
‡“—ƒ–‹‘
Ͳ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͳ‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͳ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͳǤ

ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ  
5. ൥െͳ െʹ ͵ ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
͵ െ͹ Ͷ ͳͲ  
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ െͳ ͷ ͻ൩ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
͵ െ͹ Ͷ ͳͲ 
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ െͳ ͷ ͻ൩ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ െͳͲ െʹ െͳͶ 
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͷ െͻ൩  dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെͳ͘
Ͳ െͳͲ െʹ െͳͶ 
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͷ െͻ൩  ϭϬƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ െͷʹ െͳͲͶ 
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͷ െͻ൩  dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ହଶ͘
ଵ

Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ 
 
 Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‹•ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”‹•
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͺ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͺ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ
  ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ െͻƒ† ƒ„‡”‡™”‹––‡ƒ•‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ െͻ ൅ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ 
    ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ʹ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ʹ
 ƒ Ǧ•—„•–‹–—–‹‘›‹‡Ž†•
‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ʹ
‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ െͻ ൅ ͷሺʹሻ ൌ ͳ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͺ െ ͳ െ ʹሺʹሻ ൌ ͵
 Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡Šƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͵ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͳǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ʹǤ

ʹ ʹ ʹ Ͳ  
6. ൥െʹ ͷ ʹ ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ͺ ͳ Ͷ െͳ  
ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥െʹ ͷ ʹ ͳ൩ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଵ
ଶ
ͺ ͳ Ͷ െͳ 
ͳʹŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͹ Ͷ ͳ൩ ʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
ͺ ͳ Ͷ െͳ 
ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͹ Ͷ ͳ൩  െͺƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ െ͹ െͶ െͳ 
ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ସ ଵ
቎Ͳ ͳ ቏  ଵ
dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
଻ ଻ ଻
Ͳ െ͹ െͶ െͳ 

ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ସ ଵ
቎Ͳ ͳ ቏  ϳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
଻ ଻
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 

 
 Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‹•ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”‹•
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ
Ͷ ͳ
  ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ ൌ 
͹ ଷ ͹
    Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
 ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ 
ͳ Ͷ
‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ 
͹ ͹
 –Š‡•—„•–‹–—–‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
ͳ ͵
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ 
͹ ͹
ͳ Ͷ
‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ 
͹ ͹
 ˆ™‡ƒ••‹‰‫ݔ‬ଷ ƒƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›˜ƒŽ—‡‫ݐ‬ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡„›–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•
ͳ ͵ ͳ Ͷ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ‫ݐ‬
͹ ͹ ͹ ͹
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
 
7. ʹ ͳ െʹ െʹ െʹ 
൦ ൪ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
െͳ ʹ െͶ ͳ ͳ  
͵ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ െ͵
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
െͳ ʹ െͶ ͳ ͳ 
͵ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ െ͵
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
͵ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ െ͵
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ͳ͵


ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଵ
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
ଷ

Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
 
 Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‹•ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”‹•
‫ݔ‬ െ ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ʹ‫ݖ‬ െ ‫ݓ‬ ൌ െͳ
  ‫ݕ‬ െ ʹ‫ݖ‬   ൌ Ͳ

      Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
      Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
 ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•
‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͳ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹ‫ ݖ‬൅ ‫ݓ‬
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ‫ݖ‬
 –Š‡•—„•–‹–—–‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͳ ൅ ʹ‫ ݖ‬െ ʹ‫ ݖ‬൅ ‫ ݓ‬ൌ െͳ ൅ ‫ݓ‬
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ‫ݖ‬
 ˆ™‡ƒ••‹‰‫ݐ†ƒݏ•‡—Žƒ˜›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡Š–ݓ†ƒݖ‬ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡„›–Š‡
ˆ‘”—Žƒ•
‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͳ ൅ ‫ݐ‬ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ ݓ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬

Ͳ െʹ ͵ ͳ  
8. ൥͵ ͸ െ͵ െʹ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
͸ ͸ ͵ ͷ  
͵ ͸ െ͵ െʹ 
 ൥Ͳ െʹ ͵ ͳ൩  dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘
͸ ͸ ͵ ͷ 
ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
 ଷ  ଵ
቎Ͳ െʹ ͵ ͳ቏ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଷ
͸ ͸ ͵ ͷ 
ͳͶŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
 ଷ 
቎Ͳ െʹ ͵ ͳ቏ െ͸ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ െ͸ ͻ ͻ 
ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
ଷ
 ൦Ͳ ଵ  ଵ
െ ൪ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ଶ͘
ଷ
ͳ െ
ଶ ଶ 
Ͳ െ͸ ͻ ͻ
ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
ଷ
 ൦Ͳ ଷ ଵ൪  ͸ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ െ െ
ଶ ଶ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͸
ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
ଷ
 ൦Ͳ ଵ  ଵ
െ ൪ dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଷ
ͳ െ ଺
ଶ ଶ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
 
 Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‹•ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”
ʹ
ܽ ൅ ʹܾ െ ܿ ൌ െ
͵
͵ ͳ
  ܾ െ ܿ ൌ െ
ʹ ʹ
    Ͳ ൌ ͳ
 ‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‹ ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥ

ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ  
9. ൥െͳ െʹ ͵ ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
͵ െ͹ Ͷ ͳͲ  
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ െͳ ͷ ͻ൩ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
͵ െ͹ Ͷ ͳͲ 
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ െͳ ͷ ͻ൩ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ െͳͲ െʹ െͳͶ 
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͷ െͻ൩  dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെͳ͘
Ͳ െͳͲ െʹ െͳͶ 
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͷ െͻ൩  ϭϬƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ െͷʹ െͳͲͶ 
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͷ െͻ൩ 
ଵ
dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ହଶ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ 
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͺ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩  ϱƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ 
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ͳͷ


ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͷ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ 
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͵ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩  െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ 
 
 Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡Šƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͵ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͳǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ʹǤ


ʹ ʹ ʹ Ͳ  
10. ൥െʹ ͷ ʹ ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ͺ ͳ Ͷ െͳ  
ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥െʹ ͷ ʹ ͳ൩
ଵ
dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଶ
ͺ ͳ Ͷ െͳ 
ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͹ Ͷ ͳ൩ ʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
ͺ ͳ Ͷ െͳ 
ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͹ Ͷ ͳ൩  െͺƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ െ͹ െͶ െͳ 
ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ସ ଵ
቎Ͳ ͳ ቏  dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଵ
଻ ଻ ଻
Ͳ െ͹ െͶ െͳ 

ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ସ ଵ
቎Ͳ ͳ ቏  ϳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
଻ ଻
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
ଷ ଵ
ͳ Ͳ െ 
଻ ଻
 ൦Ͳ ସ ଵ൪  െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ
଻ ଻ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
 
ଵ ଷ ଵ ସ
 ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǣ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ‫‡—Žƒ˜›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒƒ•‹ݐ‡”‡Š™ݐ‬Ǥ
଻ ଻ ଻ ଻

ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
 
11. ʹ ͳ െʹ െʹ െʹ 
൦ ൪ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
െͳ ʹ െͶ ͳ ͳ  
͵ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ െ͵
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
െͳ ʹ െͶ ͳ ͳ 
͵ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ െ͵
ͳ͸Šƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ ƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
͵ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ െ͵
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ ଵ
dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
ଷ

Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ ͵ െ͸ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ െͳ ʹ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െͳ െͳ
Ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ ƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
 
 Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‹•ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”‹•
‫ݔ‬     െ ‫ݓ‬ ൌ െͳ
  ‫ݕ‬ െ ʹ‫ ݖ‬  ൌ Ͳ

      Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
      Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
 ‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•
‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͳ ൅ ‫ݓ‬
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ‫ݖ‬
 ˆ™‡ƒ••‹‰‫ݐ†ƒݏ•‡—Žƒ˜›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡Š–ݓ†ƒݖ‬ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡„›–Š‡
ˆ‘”—Žƒ•
‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͳ ൅ ‫ݐ‬ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ ݓ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬

Ͳ െʹ ͵ ͳ  
12. ൥͵ ͸ െ͵ െʹ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
͸ ͸ ͵ ͷ  
͵ ͸ െ͵ െʹ 
 ൥Ͳ െʹ ͵ ͳ൩  dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘
͸ ͸ ͵ ͷ 
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ͳ͹

ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
 ଷ  ଵ
቎Ͳ െʹ ͵ ͳ቏ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଷ
͸ ͸ ͵ ͷ 

ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
 ଷ 
቎Ͳ െʹ ͵ ͳ቏ െ͸ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ െ͸ ͻ ͻ 
ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
ଷ
 ൦Ͳ ଵ  ଵ
െ ൪ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ͘
ଷ
ͳ െ ଶ
ଶ ଶ 
Ͳ െ͸ ͻ ͻ
ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
ଷ
 ൦Ͳ ଵ 
െ ൪
ଷ ͸ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ െ
ଶ ଶ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͸
ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
ଷ
 ൦Ͳ ଷ ଵ൪  ଵ
dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ଺͘
ͳ െ െ
ଶ ଶ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ଶ
ͳ ʹ െͳ െ 
ଷ
 ൦Ͳ  ͳ
Ͳ൪
ଷ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ െ ʹ
ଶ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ ʹ െͳ Ͳ 
 ଷ
቎Ͳ ͳ െ Ͳ቏  ʹ
ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ଶ ͵
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ 

ͳ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ 
 ଷ
቎Ͳ ͳ െ Ͳ቏  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ଶ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ 

 
 Š‡Žƒ•–”‘™ ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
Ͳܽ ൅ Ͳܾ ൅ Ͳܿ ൌ ͳ
 –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•›•–‡‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥ
 ȋ‘–‡ǣ–Š‹•™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡˜‹†‡–ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›”‘™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤȌ
13. ‹ ‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ—‘™•ȋͶȌ‡š ‡‡†•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ȋ͵Ȍǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ˆ”‘Š‡‘”‡
ͳǤʹǤʹ–Šƒ––Š‹••›•–‡Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǤŠ‘•‡‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡–”‹˜‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ†‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›
ƒ›‘–”‹˜‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
14. Š‡•›•–‡†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡‘–”‹˜‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
ȋŠ‡–Š‹”†‡“—ƒ–‹‘”‡“—‹”‡•‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳǡ™Š‹ Š•—„•–‹–—–‡†‹–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘›‹‡Ž†•‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͲǤ‘–Š
‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•—„•–‹–—–‡†‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–‹‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͲǤȌ
ͳͺŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

15. ‡’”‡•‡––™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
‘Ž—–‹‘ —•‡• ƒ—••Ǧ ‘”†ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘

ʹ ͳ ͵ Ͳ  
 ൥ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ  
ଵ ଷ
ͳ Ͳ 
 ଶ ଶ  ଵ
቎ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ቏ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଶ
Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ଵ ଷ
ͳ Ͳ 
ଶ ଶ
 ൦Ͳ 
Ͳ൪
ଷ ଷ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
െ
ଶ ଶ 
Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ଵ ଷ
ͳ Ͳ 
 ଶ ଶ  ଶ
቎Ͳ ͳ െͳ Ͳ቏ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଷ
Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ଵ ଷ
ͳ Ͳ 
 ଶ ଶ 
቎Ͳ ͳ െͳ Ͳ቏ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ 

ଵ ଷ
ͳ Ͳ 
 ଶ ଶ  ଵ
቎Ͳ ͳ െͳ Ͳ቏ dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଶ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 

ଵ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ଶ 
቎Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ቏ dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ  ଷ
ĂŶĚെ ଶƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ

ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ

 ൦Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൪ 
ଵ
െ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ଶ

Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ

 ‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ Ͳǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͲǤ
 ‘Ž—–‹‘ ǤŠ‹•–‹‡ǡ™‡•ŠƒŽŽ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›”‘™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›‹‘”†‡”
–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‹–”‘†— ‹‰ˆ”ƒ –‹‘•‹–‘–Š‡ ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘Ǥȋ‹ ‡‡˜‡”›ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡”‡†— ‡†”‘™
‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡‡šƒ –•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›”‘™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•„‡‹‰—•‡††‘‡•‘–ƒ––‡”Ȃ•‡‡’ƒ”–
ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘Dz‘‡ ƒ –•„‘—– Š‡Ž‘ ‘”•dz‘’ǤʹͳȌ

ʹ ͳ ͵ Ͳ  
 ൥ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ  
ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൥ʹ ͳ ͵ Ͳ൩  dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ
Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ  ;ƚŽĂǀŽŝĚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁͿ͘
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ͳͻ


ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ െ͵ ͵ Ͳ൩  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͳ Ͳ൩  dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ଷ͘
ଵ

Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͳ Ͳ൩  െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ 
ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͳ Ͳ൩ 
ଵ
dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଶ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩  dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 

 ‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ Ͳǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͲǤ
16. ‡’”‡•‡––™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
‘Ž—–‹‘ —•‡• ƒ—••Ǧ ‘”†ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘

ʹ െͳ െ͵ Ͳ  
 ൥െͳ ʹ െ͵ Ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ  
ଵ ଷ
ͳ െ െ Ͳ
ଶ ଶ 
 ൦െͳ  ଵ
ʹ െ͵ Ͳ൪ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଶ

ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ
ଵ ଷ
‫ͳۍ‬ െ
ଶ
െ
ଶ
Ͳ‫ې‬
‫ێ‬ ‫ ۑ‬ 
 ଷ ଽ
‫Ͳێ‬ െ Ͳ‫ۑ‬ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
ଶ ଶ
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬ 
‫ͳۏ‬ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ‫ے‬
ଵ ଷ
‫ͳۍ‬ െ
ଶ
െ
ଶ
Ͳ‫ې‬
‫ێ‬ ଷ ଽ
‫ۑ‬ 
 ‫Ͳێ‬ െ Ͳ‫ ۑ‬ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
‫ێ‬ ଶ ଶ ‫ۑ‬ 
‫ێ‬ ଷ ଵଵ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳۏ‬ ଶ ଶ
Ͳ‫ے‬
ଵ ଷ
‫ͳۍ‬ െ
ଶ
െ
ଶ
Ͳ‫ې‬

 ‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ െ͵ Ͳ‫ ۑۑ‬ ଶ
‫ێ‬ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJଷ͘
‫ێ‬ ଷ ଵଵ ‫ۑ‬ 
‫Ͳۏ‬ ଶ ଶ
Ͳ‫ے‬
ʹͲŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ଵ ଷ
ͳ െ െ Ͳ
ଶ ଶ 
 ൦Ͳ  ଷ
ͳ െ͵ Ͳ൪ െ ଶƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘

Ͳ Ͳ ͳͲ Ͳ
ଵ ଷ
ͳ െ െ Ͳ
ଶ ଶ 
 ൦Ͳ  ଵ
ͳ െ͵ Ͳ൪ dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଵ଴

Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ଵ
ͳ െ Ͳ Ͳ 
ଶ 
 ൦Ͳ  ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൪ ଷ
 ĂŶĚ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ
ଶ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ

 ൦Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൪ 
ଵ
ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ଶ

Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ

 ‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͲǤ
 ‘Ž—–‹‘ ǤŠ‹•–‹‡ǡ™‡•ŠƒŽŽ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›”‘™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›‹‘”†‡”
–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‹–”‘†— ‹‰ˆ”ƒ –‹‘•‹–‘–Š‡ ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘Ǥȋ‹ ‡‡˜‡”›ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡”‡†— ‡†”‘™
‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡‡šƒ –•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›”‘™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•„‡‹‰—•‡††‘‡•‘–ƒ––‡”Ȃ•‡‡’ƒ”–
ͳ‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘Dz‘‡ ƒ –•„‘—– Š‡Ž‘ ‘”•dz‘’ǤʹͳȌ

ʹ െͳ െ͵ Ͳ  
 ൥െͳ ʹ െ͵ Ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ  
ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ  
 ൥െͳ ʹ െ͵ Ͳ൩  dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ
ʹ െͳ െ͵ Ͳ  ;ƚŽĂǀŽŝĚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁͿ͘
ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͵ ͳ Ͳ൩  dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
ʹ െͳ െ͵ Ͳ 
ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͵ ͳ Ͳ൩  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ െ͵ െͳͳ Ͳ 
ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͵ ͳ Ͳ൩  dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ െͳͲ Ͳ 
ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͵ ͳ Ͳ൩  dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ͘
ଵ
ଵ଴
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ൩  െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ʹͳ


ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ൩  െͶƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJଷ͘
ଵ

Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩  െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 

 ‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͲǤ

͵ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ  
17. ቂ ቃ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ͷ െͳ ͳ െͳ Ͳ  
ଵ ଵ ଵ 
 ͳ Ͳ  ଵ
ቈ ଷ ଷ ଷ ቉ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଷ
ͷ െͳ ͳ െͳ Ͳ 
ଵ ଵ ଵ
ͳ Ͳ 
 ቎ ଷ ଷ ଷ
቏ െͷƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
଼ ଶ ଼
Ͳ െ െ െ Ͳ 
ଷ ଷ ଷ

ଵ ଵ ଵ
ͳ Ͳ 
 ቎ ଷ ଷ ଷ
቏ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ͘
ଷ
ଵ ଼
Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ସ

ଵ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ቎ ସ
቏ ଵ
െ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ଵ ଷ
Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ସ


 ˆ™‡ƒ••‹‰‫ݔ‬ଷ ƒ†‫ݔ‬ସ –Š‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›˜ƒŽ—‡•‫ݐ†ƒݏ‬ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡„›
–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•
ଵ ଵ
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ െ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ െ ‫ ݏ‬െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ‫ݐ‬Ǥ
ସ ସ
 ȋ‘–‡–Šƒ–ˆ”ƒ –‹‘•‹–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†‹ˆ™‡ƒ••‹‰‡†‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͷ‫†ƒ‡–•‹ݏ‬ǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š
‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ‫ݔ†Ž‡‹›†Ž—‘™ݐ‬ଵ ൌ െ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ െ‫ ݏ‬െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͷ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǤȌ


Ͳ ͳ ͵ െʹ Ͳ
 
18. ʹ ͳ െͶ ͵ Ͳ 
൦ ൪ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ʹ ͵ ʹ െͳ Ͳ  
െͶ െ͵ ͷ െͶ Ͳ
ʹ ͳ െͶ ͵ Ͳ
Ͳ ͳ ͵ െʹ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘
ʹ ͵ ʹ െͳ Ͳ 
െͶ െ͵ ͷ െͶ Ͳ
ʹʹŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ଵ ଷ
‫ͳ ۍ‬ ଶ
െʹ
ଶ
Ͳ‫ې‬
‫Ͳ ێ‬ ͳ ͵ െʹ Ͳ‫ ۑ‬ 
 ‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ଵ
dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
‫ʹ ێ‬ ͵ ʹ െͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬ 
ଶ
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬
‫ۏ‬െͶ െ͵ ͷ െͶ Ͳ‫ے‬
ଵ ଷ
‫ͳۍ‬ ଶ
െʹ
ଶ
Ͳ‫ې‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ ͵ െʹ Ͳ‫ ۑ‬  
 ‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬ െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ
‫Ͳێ‬ ʹ ͸ െͶ Ͳ‫ۑ‬  ĂŶĚͶƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳۏ‬ െͳ െ͵ ʹ Ͳ‫ے‬
ଵ ଷ
‫ͳۍ‬ ଶ
െʹ
ଶ
Ͳ‫ې‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ ͵ െʹ Ͳ‫ ۑ‬  
 ‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬ െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬  ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ‫ے‬
଻ ହ
‫ͳۍ‬ Ͳ െ
ଶ ଶ
Ͳ‫ې‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ ͵ െʹ Ͳ‫ ۑ‬ 
 ‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ଵ
െ ଶƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬ 
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ‫ے‬

 ˆ™‡ƒ••‹‰‫ݐ†ƒݏ•‡—Žƒ˜›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒ‡Š–ݔ†ƒݓ‬ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡„›–Š‡
ˆ‘”—Žƒ•
଻ ହ
‫ ݑ‬ൌ ‫ ݏ‬െ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݒ‬ൌ െ͵‫ ݏ‬൅ ʹ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݓ‬ൌ ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬Ǥ
ଶ ଶ


Ͳ ʹ ʹ Ͷ Ͳ
 
19. ͳ Ͳ െͳ െ͵ Ͳ 
൦ ൪ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ʹ ͵ ͳ ͳ Ͳ  
െʹ ͳ ͵ െʹ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ െͳ െ͵ Ͳ
Ͳ ʹ ʹ Ͷ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘
ʹ ͵ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
െʹ ͳ ͵ െʹ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ െͳ െ͵ Ͳ
 
 Ͳ ʹ ʹ Ͷ Ͳ 
൦ ൪ െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ ͵ ͵ ͹ Ͳ  ĂŶĚʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ͳ ͳ െͺ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ െͳ െ͵ Ͳ
Ͳ ͳ ͳ ʹ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଵ
Ͳ ͵ ͵ ͹ Ͳ 
ଶ

Ͳ ͳ ͳ െͺ Ͳ
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ʹ͵


ͳ Ͳ െͳ െ͵ Ͳ
 
 Ͳ ͳ ͳ ʹ Ͳ 
൦ ൪ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚĂŶĚ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ  െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െͳͲ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ െͳ െ͵ Ͳ
Ͳ ͳ ͳ ʹ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ ͳͲƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ Ͳ
 
 Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
൦ ൪ െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ  ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ

 ˆ™‡ƒ••‹‰‫•ƒŽ—”‘ˆ‡Š–›„‡˜‹‰•‹‘‹–—Ž‘•Žƒ”‡‡‰‡Š–ݐ‡—Žƒ˜›”ƒ”–‹„”ƒƒݕ‬
‫ ݓ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͲǤ


ͳ ͵ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
‫ͳۍ‬ Ͷ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ‫ې‬  
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬
20.
‫Ͳێ‬ െʹ െʹ െͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
‫ʹێ‬ െͶ ͳ ͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬  
‫ͳۏ‬ െʹ െͳ ͳ Ͳ‫ے‬
ͳ ͵ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
‫Ͳۍ‬ ͳ ʹ െͳ Ͳ‫ې‬  
 ‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳێ‬ െʹ െʹ െͳ Ͳ‫ ۑ‬ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͕
‫Ͳێ‬ െͳͲ ͳ െͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͕
‫Ͳۏ‬ െͷ െͳ Ͳ Ͳ‫ے‬ ĂŶĚെͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝĨƚŚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ ͵ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
‫Ͳۍ‬ ͳ ʹ െͳ Ͳ‫ې‬  
 ‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ ʹ െ͵ Ͳ‫ ۑ‬ ʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͕
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ ʹͳ െͳͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬  ͳͲƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͕
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ ͻ െͷ Ͳ‫ے‬ ĂŶĚͷƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝĨƚŚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ ͵ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
‫ۍ‬ ‫ې‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ ʹ െͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ ଷ ‫ۑ‬ 
 Ͳ‫ ۑ‬
ଵ
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ ͳ െ
ଶ
dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJଶ͘
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬ 
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ ʹͳ െͳͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ ͻ െͷ Ͳ‫ے‬
ʹͶŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ͳ ͵ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
‫ۍ‬ ‫ې‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ ʹ െͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬ 
‫ێ‬ ଷ ‫ۑ‬  
 Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െ Ͳ   െʹͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ
‫ێ‬ ଶ ‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ ସଵ ‫ۑ‬  ĂŶĚെͻƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝĨƚŚƌŽǁ͘
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ Ͳ
ଶ
Ͳ‫ۑ‬ 
‫ێ‬ ଵ଻ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ
ଶ
Ͳ‫ے‬

ͳ ͵ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
‫ۍ‬ ‫ې‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ ʹ െͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ ଷ ‫ۑ‬ 
 Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െ Ͳ   ଶ
dŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJସଵ͘
‫ێ‬ ଶ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬ 
‫ێ‬ ଵ଻ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ
ଶ
Ͳ‫ے‬

ͳ ͵ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
‫ۍ‬ ‫ې‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ ʹ െͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ ଷ ‫ۑ‬ 
 Ͳ‫ ۑ‬
ଵ଻
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ ͳ െ
ଶ
െ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝĨƚŚƌŽǁ͘
ଶ
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬ 
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳۏ‬
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ‫ے‬
 
 Š‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘” ‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‡•›•–‡
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ   ൅ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ Ͳ

  ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ Ͳ

͵ 
    ‫ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ݔ‬ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ ସ
      ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ Ͳ
 •‹‰„ƒ Ǧ•—„•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ™‡‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹••›•–‡
‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ Ͳǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳǡ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳǡ‫ݔ‬ସ ൌ ͲǤ

ʹ െͳ ͵ Ͷ ͻ
 
21. ͳ Ͳ െʹ ͹ ͳͳ 
൦ ൪ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
͵ െ͵ ͳ ͷ ͺ  
ʹ ͳ Ͷ Ͷ ͳͲ
ͳ Ͳ െʹ ͹ ͳͳ
 
 ʹ െͳ ͵ Ͷ ͻ 
൦ ൪ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ
͵ െ͵ ͳ ͷ ͺ  ;ƚŽĂǀŽŝĚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁͿ͘
ʹ ͳ Ͷ Ͷ ͳͲ
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ʹͷ


ͳ Ͳ െʹ ͹ ͳͳ
 
 Ͳ െͳ ͹ െͳͲ െͳ͵ 
൦ ൪ െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͕
Ͳ െ͵ ͹ െͳ͸ െʹͷ  െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͕
Ͳ ͳ ͺ െͳͲ െͳʹ ĂŶĚെʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚ͘
ͳ Ͳ െʹ ͹ ͳͳ
Ͳ ͳ െ͹ ͳͲ ͳ͵  
 ൦ ൪ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെͳ͘
Ͳ െ͵ ͹ െͳ͸ െʹͷ 
Ͳ ͳ ͺ െͳͲ െͳʹ

ͳ Ͳ െʹ ͹ ͳͳ
 
 Ͳ ͳ െ͹ ͳͲ ͳ͵ 
൦ ൪ ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁĂŶĚ
Ͳ Ͳ െͳͶ ͳͶ ͳͶ  െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳͷ െʹͲ െʹͷ 
ͳ Ͳ െʹ ͹ ͳͳ
Ͳ ͳ െ͹ ͳͲ ͳ͵  
 ൦ ൪ ଵ
dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െͳ െͳ 
ଵସ

Ͳ Ͳ ͳͷ െʹͲ െʹͷ
ͳ Ͳ െʹ ͹ ͳͳ
Ͳ ͳ െ͹ ͳͲ ͳ͵  
 ൦ ൪ െͳͷƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െͳ െͳ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െͷ െͳͲ
ͳ Ͳ െʹ ͹ ͳͳ
Ͳ ͳ െ͹ ͳͲ ͳ͵  
 ൦ ൪ dŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ͘
ଵ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െͳ െͳ 
ହ

Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ

ͳ Ͳ െʹ Ͳ െ͵
 
 Ͳ ͳ െ͹ Ͳ െ͹ 
൦ ൪ dŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͕
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ  െͳͲƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚ͕
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ĂŶĚെ͹ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚ͘
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െͳ
 
 Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
൦ ൪ ͹ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͕
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ  ĂŶĚʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ
 
 ‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ܫ‬ଵ ൌ െͳǡ‫ܫ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳǡ‫ܫ‬ଷ ൌ ͳǡ‫ܫ‬ସ ൌ ʹǤ

Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ
22. ൦െͳ െͳ ʹ െ͵ ͳ Ͳ 
൪  dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ 
ʹ ʹ െͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ
െͳ െͳ ʹ െ͵ ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ʹ ʹ െͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ʹ͸Šƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ
 
 Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ Ͳ Ͳ 
൦ ൪ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ  ĂŶĚെʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞůĂƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ
ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ
ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ ଵ
dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
ଷ

Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െ͵ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ ͳ െʹ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ  
 ൦ ൪ ʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ

 ˆ™‡ƒ••‹‰ܼଶ ƒ†ܼହ –Š‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›˜ƒŽ—‡•‫ݐ†ƒݏ‬ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡„›
–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•
ܼଵ ൌ െ‫ ݏ‬െ ‫ݐ‬ǡܼଶ ൌ ‫ݏ‬ǡܼଷ ൌ െ‫ݐ‬ǡܼସ ൌ Ͳǡܼହ ൌ ‫ݐ‬Ǥ
23. (a) Š‡•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹•–‡–Ǣ‹–Šƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ȋ„ƒ Ǧ•—„•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘•‘Ž˜‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
–Š”‡‡—‘™•ȌǤ
 (b) Š‡•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹•–‡–Ǣ‹–Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•ȋ–Š‡–Š‹”†—‘™ ƒ„‡ƒ••‹‰‡†ƒ
ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›˜ƒŽ—‡‫ݐ‬ǡ–Š‡„ƒ Ǧ•—„•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘•‘Ž˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘—‘™•ȌǤ
 (c) Š‡•›•–‡‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–•‹ ‡–Š‡–Š‹”†‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ͳ ൌ ͳ‹• ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›Ǥ
 (d) Š‡”‡‹•‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘†‡ ‹†‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹•–‡–ƒ•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„›
–Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǣ
ͳ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬
x ‘”൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩–Š‡•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫כ‬
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ʹ͹

ͳ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ͳ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬
x ‘”൥Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩–Š‡•›•–‡‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–ȋ–Š‡ƒ–”‹š ƒ„‡”‡†— ‡†–‘൥Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩ȌǤ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
24. (a) Š‡•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹•–‡–Ǣ‹–Šƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ȋ„ƒ Ǧ•—„•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘•‘Ž˜‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
–Š”‡‡—‘™•ȌǤ
 (b) Š‡•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹•–‡–Ǣ‹–Šƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ȋ•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–—‘™ǡ
–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†–‘•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ ‘†—‘™ƒ†•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡–Š‹”†‡“—ƒ–‹‘
Žƒ•–ǤȌ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
 (c) Š‡•›•–‡‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–ȋƒ††‹‰െͳ–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‘™–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†›‹‡Ž†•൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩Ǣ
ͳ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬
–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ͳ ൌ ͳ‹• ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›ȌǤ
 (d) Š‡”‡‹•‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘†‡ ‹†‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹•–‡–ƒ•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„›
–Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǣ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
x ‘”൥ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩–Š‡•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ
x ‘”൥ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩–Š‡•›•–‡‹•‹ ‘•‹•–‡–ȋ–Š‡ƒ–”‹š ƒ„‡”‡†— ‡†–‘൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩ȌǤ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ ʹ െ͵ Ͷ  
25. ൥͵ െͳ ͷ ʹ ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
Ͷ ͳ ܽଶ െ ͳͶ ܽ ൅ ʹ  
ͳ ʹ െ͵ Ͷ  
 ൥Ͳ െ͹ ͳͶ െͳͲ ൩ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ െ͹ ܽଶ െ ʹ ܽ െ ͳͶ  ĂŶĚെͶƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ ʹ െ͵ Ͷ 
 ൥Ͳ െ͹ ͳͶ െͳͲ ൩ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ܽଶ െ ͳ͸ ܽ െ Ͷ 
ͳ ʹ െ͵ Ͷ 
ଵ଴
 ቎Ͳ ͳ െʹ  ቏ ଵ
dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ଻͘
଻
Ͳ Ͳ ܽଶ െ ͳ͸ ܽെͶ 

 
 Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‘•‘Ž—–‹‘•™Š‡ܽ ൌ െͶȋ•‹ ‡–Š‡–Š‹”†”‘™‘ˆ‘—”Žƒ•–ƒ–”‹š™‘—Ž†–Š‡
‘””‡•’‘†–‘ƒ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ͳ ൌ െͺȌǤ
 Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•™Š‡ܽ ൌ Ͷȋ•‹ ‡–Š‡–Š‹”†”‘™‘ˆ‘—”Žƒ•–ƒ–”‹š™‘—Ž†
–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ͳ ൌ ͲȌǤ
 ‘”ƒŽŽ”‡ƒ‹‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆܽȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡܽ ് െͶƒ†ܽ ് ͶȌ–Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ

ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ  
26. ൥ʹ െʹ ͵ ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ͳ ʹ െሺܽଶ െ ͵ሻ ܽ  
ʹͺŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ  
 ൥Ͳ െ͸ ͳ െ͵ ൩ െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ Ͳ െܽଶ ൅ ʹ ܽ െ ʹ  ĂŶĚെͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ
ଵ ଵ

 ൦Ͳ ͳ െ ൪ ଵ
dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ଺͘
଺ ଶ

Ͳ Ͳ െܽଶ ൅ ʹ ܽെʹ
 
 Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‘•‘Ž—–‹‘•™Š‡ܽ ൌ ξʹ‘”ܽ ൌ െξʹȋ•‹ ‡–Š‡–Š‹”†”‘™‘ˆ‘—”Žƒ•–ƒ–”‹š™‘—Ž†
–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†–‘ƒ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ

 ‘”ƒŽŽ”‡ƒ‹‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆܽȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡܽ ് ξʹƒ†ܽ ് െξʹȌ–Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ

 Š‡”‡‹•‘˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆܽˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‹••›•–‡Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ

ͳ ͵ െͳ ܽ  
27. ൥ͳ ͳ ʹ ܾ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
Ͳ ʹ െ͵ ܿ  
ͳ ͵ െͳ ܽ 
 ൥Ͳ െʹ ͵ െܽ ൅ ܾ൩ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ʹ െ͵ ܿ 
ͳ ͵ െͳ ܽ 
 ൥Ͳ െʹ ͵ െܽ ൅ ܾ ൩ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ 
ͳ ͵ െͳ ܽ 
 ଷ ௔ ௕
቎Ͳ ͳ െ
ଶ ଶ
െ
ଶ
቏  ଵ
dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ͘
ଶ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ 


 ˆെܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ–Š‡–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥ–Š‡”™‹•‡ȋ‹ˆെܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ് ͲȌ‹–‹•
‹ ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥ

ͳ ͵ ͳ ܽ  
28. ൥െͳ െʹ ͳ ܾ ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
͵ ͹ െͳ ܿ  
ͳ ͵ ͳ ܽ  
 ൥Ͳ ͳ ʹ  ܽ ൅ ܾ൩  dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁĂŶĚ
Ͳ െʹ െͶ െ͵ܽ ൅ ܿ  െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ ͵ ͳ ܽ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ ʹ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൩  ʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െܽ ൅ ʹܾ ൅ ܿ 

 ˆെܽ ൅ ʹܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ–Š‡–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡‹• ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥ–Š‡”™‹•‡ȋ‹ˆെܽ ൅ ʹܾ ൅ ܿ ് ͲȌ‹–‹•
‹ ‘•‹•–‡–Ǥ

ʹ ͳ ܽ  
29. ቂ ቃ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
͵ ͸ ܾ 
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘ʹͻ

ଵ ଵ 
 ͳ ܽ  ଵ
ቈ ଶ ଶ ቉ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଶ
͵ ͸ ܾ 
ଵ ଵ
ͳ ܽ 
 ቎ ଶ ଶ
቏  െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
ଽ ଷ
Ͳ െ ܽ൅ܾ 
ଶ ଶ

ଵ ଵ
ͳ ܽ 
 ቎ ଶ ଶ
቏  ଶ
dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
ଵ ଶ ଽ
Ͳ ͳ െ ܽ൅ ܾ 
ଷ ଽ

ଶ ଵ
ͳ Ͳ ܽെ ܾ 
 ቎ ଷ ଽ
቏  ଵ
െ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ଵ ଶ ଶ
Ͳ ͳ െ ܽ൅ ܾ 
ଷ ଽ


ଶ ଵ ଵ ଶ
 Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܽ െ ܾƒ†‫ ݕ‬ൌ െ ܽ ൅ ܾǤ
ଷ ଽ ଷ ଽ

ͳ ͳ ͳ ܽ  
30. ൥ʹ Ͳ ʹ ܾ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
Ͳ ͵ ͵ ܿ  
ͳ ͳ ͳ ܽ 
 ൥Ͳ െʹ Ͳ െʹܽ ൅ ܾ൩  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ͵ ͵ ܿ 
ͳ ͳ ͳ ܽ
௕

 ൦Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ܽ െ ൪  dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ͘
ଵ
ଶ ଶ

Ͳ ͵ ͵ ܿ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ܽ
‫ۍ‬ ‫ې‬ ௕ 
 ‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ Ͳ ܽെ‫ ۑ‬ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ଶ
‫ێ‬ ଷ ‫ۑ‬ 
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ ͵ െ͵ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ‫ے‬
ଶ

ͳ ͳ ͳ ܽ
‫ۍ‬ ‫ې‬ ௕ 
 ‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ Ͳ ܽെ ‫ ۑ‬ ଵ
dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJଷ͘
ଶ
‫ێ‬ ௕ ௖‫ۑ‬ 
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ ͳ െܽ ൅ ൅ ‫ے‬
ଶ ଷ
௕ ௖
‫ͳۍ‬ ͳ Ͳ ʹܽ െ െ ‫ې‬
ଶ ଷ
‫ێ‬ ௕ ‫ ۑ‬ 

‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ Ͳ ܽെ
ଶ ‫ۑ‬ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
‫ێ‬ ௕ ௖‫ۑ‬ 
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ ͳ െܽ ൅ ൅ ‫ے‬
ଶ ଷ
௖
‫ͳۍ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ܽെ ‫ې‬ ଷ

 ‫Ͳێ‬ ‫ ۑ‬ ௕
‫ێ‬ ͳ Ͳ ܽെ
ଶ ‫ۑ‬ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
‫ێ‬ ௕ ௖‫ۑ‬ 
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ ͳ െܽ ൅ ൅ ‫ے‬
ଶ ଷ

͵ͲŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

௖ ௕ ௕ ௖
 Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ܽ െ ǡ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ܽ െ ǡƒ†‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ െܽ ൅ ൅ Ǥ
ଷ ଶ ଶ ଷ

ͳ ͵
31. ††‹‰െʹ–‹‡•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‘™–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†›‹‡Ž†•ƒƒ–”‹š‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ቂ ቃǤ
Ͳ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ
 ††‹‰െ͵–‹‡•‹–••‡ ‘†”‘™–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡•—Ž–•‹ቂ ቃǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒŽ•‘‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
Ͳ ͳ
ʹ ͳ ͵
 
32. ൥Ͳ െʹ െʹͻ൩
 
͵ Ͷ ͷ
ʹ ͳ ͵ 
 ൥Ͳ െʹ െʹͻ൩ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ ͵ ʹ 
ͳ ͵ ʹ 
 ൥Ͳ െʹ െʹͻ൩  dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘
ʹ ͳ ͵ 
ͳ ͵ ʹ 
 ൥Ͳ െʹ െʹͻ൩  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ െͷ െͳ 
ͳ ͵ ʹ 
 ൥Ͳ െʹ െʹͻ൩  െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ͳ ͺ͸ 
ͳ ͵ ʹ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ ͺ͸൩  dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘
Ͳ െʹ െʹͻ 
ͳ ͵ ʹ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ ͺ͸൩  ʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳͶ͵ 
ͳ ͵ ʹ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ ͺ͸൩  dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ
ଵ
͘
ଵସଷ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ 
ͳ ͵ Ͳ  
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩  െͺ͸ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ  ĂŶĚെʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩  െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ 

33. ‡„‡‰‹„›•—„•–‹–—–‹‰‫ ݔ‬ൌ •‹ ߙǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‘• ߚǡƒ†‫ ݖ‬ൌ –ƒ ߛ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡•›•–‡„‡ ‘‡•
‫ݔ‬ ൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ͵‫ݖ‬ ൌ Ͳ
ʹ‫ݔ‬ ൅ ͷ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ͵‫ݖ‬ ൌ Ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬ െ ͷ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ͷ‫ݖ‬ ൌ Ͳ

ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͳ  
 ൥ ʹ ͷ ͵ Ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
െͳ െͷ ͷ Ͳ  
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘͵ͳ


ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͳ  
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െ͵ Ͳ൩  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ െ͵ ͺ Ͳ  ĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െ͵ Ͳ൩  ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ െͳ Ͳ 
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െ͵ Ͳ൩  dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെͳ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ  
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩  ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁĂŶĚ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ  െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 

 Š‹••›•–‡Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͲǤ
 –Š‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽͲ ൑ ߙ ൑ ʹߨǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•‹ ߙ ൌ ͲŠƒ•–Š”‡‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǣߙ ൌ Ͳǡߙ ൌ ߨǡƒ†ߙ ൌ ʹߨǤ
గ ଷగ
 –Š‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽͲ ൑ ߚ ൑ ʹߨǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘• ߚ ൌ ͲŠƒ•–™‘•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǣߚ ൌ ƒ†ߚ ൌ Ǥ
ଶ ଶ

 –Š‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽͲ ൑ ߛ ൑ ʹߨǡ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘–ƒ ߛ ൌ ͲŠƒ•–Š”‡‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǣߛ ൌ Ͳǡߛ ൌ ߨǡƒ†ߛ ൌ ʹߨǤ

 ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ͵ ή ʹ ή ͵ ൌ ͳͺ•‘Ž—–‹‘•ሺߙǡ ߚǡ ߛሻ ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†„› ‘„‹‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆߙǡߚǡƒ†ߛŽ‹•–‡†
గ గ
ƒ„‘˜‡ǣቀͲǡ ǡ Ͳቁ ǡ ቀߨǡ ǡ Ͳቁǡ‡– Ǥ
ଶ ଶ

34. ‡„‡‰‹„›•—„•–‹–—–‹‰‫ ݔ‬ൌ •‹ ߙǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‘• ߚǡƒ†‫ ݖ‬ൌ –ƒ ߛ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡•›•–‡„‡ ‘‡•
ʹ‫ݔ‬ െ ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ͵‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͵
Ͷ‫ݔ‬ ൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬ െ ʹ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ʹ
͸‫ݔ‬ െ ͵‫ݕ‬ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ͻ

ʹ െͳ ͵ ͵  
 ൥Ͷ ʹ െʹ ʹ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
͸ െ͵ ͳ ͻ  
ʹ െͳ ͵ ͵  
 ൥Ͳ Ͷ െͺ െͶ൩  െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ Ͳ െͺ Ͳ  ĂŶĚെ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ʹ െͳ ͵ ͵ 
 ൥Ͳ Ͷ െͺ െͶ൩  dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ͘
ଵ
଼
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ʹ െͳ Ͳ ͵  
 ൥Ͳ Ͷ Ͳ െͶ൩  ͺƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ  ĂŶĚെ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ʹ െͳ Ͳ ͵ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ െͳ൩  dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJସ͘
ଵ

Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
͵ʹŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ െͳ൩  dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ െͳ൩ 
ଵ
dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJଶ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ 

 Š‹••›•–‡Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ െͳǡ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͲǤ
 Š‡‘Ž›ƒ‰Ž‡•ߙǡ ߚǡƒ†ߛ–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ͳ ൑ ߙ ൑ ʹߨǡͲ ൑ ߚ ൑ ʹߨǡͲ ൑ ߛ ൏ ߨƒ†–Š‡
‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
•‹ ߙ ൌ ͳǡ ‘• ߚ ൌ െͳǡ –ƒ ߛ ൌ Ͳ
గ
 ƒ”‡ߙ ൌ ǡ ߚ ൌ ߨǡƒ†ߛ ൌ ͲǤ
ଶ

35. ‡„‡‰‹„›•—„•–‹–—–‹‰ܺ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ǡܻ ൌ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ǡƒ†ܼ ൌ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ •‘–Šƒ––Š‡•›•–‡„‡ ‘‡•

ܺ ൅ ܻ ൅ ܼ ൌ ͸
ܺ െ ܻ ൅ ʹܼ ൌ ʹ
ʹܺ ൅ ܻ െ ܼ ൌ ͵
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͸  
 ൥ͳ െͳ ʹ ʹ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ʹ ͳ െͳ ͵  
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͸  
 ൥Ͳ െʹ ͳ െͶ൩ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ െͳ െ͵ െͻ  ĂŶĚെʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͸  
 ൥Ͳ െͳ െ͵ െͻ൩ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ
Ͳ െʹ ͳ െͶ  ;ƚŽĂǀŽŝĚŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁͿ͘
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͸ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ ͵ ͻ൩  dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെͳ͘
Ͳ െʹ ͳ െͶ 
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͸ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ ͵ ͻ൩  ʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͹ ͳͶ 
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͸ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ ͵ ͻ൩ 
ଵ
dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
଻
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ 
ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͷ  
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͵൩ െ͵ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ  ĂŶĚെͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ͵൩  െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ 

 ‡‘„–ƒ‹
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘͵͵

ܺൌͳ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ േͳ
ܻൌ͵ ֜ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ േξ͵
ܼൌʹ ֜ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ േξʹ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
36. ‡„‡‰‹„›•—„•–‹–—–‹‰ܽ ൌ ǡܾ ൌ ǡƒ†ܿ ൌ •‘–Šƒ––Š‡•›•–‡„‡ ‘‡•
௫ ௬ ௭
ܽ ൅ ʹܾ െ Ͷܿ ൌ ͳ
ʹܽ ൅ ͵ܾ ൅ ͺܿ ൌ Ͳ
െܽ ൅ ͻܾ ൅ ͳͲܿ ൌ ͷ
ͳ ʹ െͶ ͳ  
 ൥ ʹ ͵ ͺ Ͳ൩ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
െͳ ͻ ͳͲ ͷ  
ͳ ʹ െͶ ͳ  
 ൥Ͳ െͳ ͳ͸ െʹ൩ െʹƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ ͳͳ ͸ ͸  ĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
ͳ ʹ െͶ ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͳ͸ ʹ൩ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെͳ͘
Ͳ ͳͳ ͸ ͸ 
ͳ ʹ െͶ ͳ 
 ൥Ͳ ͳ െͳ͸ ʹ൩  െͳͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳͺʹ െͳ͸ 
ͳ ʹ െͶ ͳ 
 ቎Ͳ ͳ െͳ͸ ʹ቏ 
଼
ଵ
dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJଵ଼ଶ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ െ 
ଽଵ


 •‹‰„ƒ Ǧ•—„•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ™‡‘„–ƒ‹
ͺ ͳ ͻͳ
ܿൌെ ֜ ‫ݖ‬ൌ ൌെ
ͻͳ ܿ ͺ
ͷͶ ͳ ͻͳ
ܾ ൌ ʹ ൅ ͳ͸ܿ ൌ ֜ ‫ݕ‬ൌ ൌ 
ͻͳ ܾ ͷͶ
͹ ͳ ͳ͵
ܽ ൌ ͳ െ ʹܾ ൅ Ͷܿ ൌ െ ֜ ‫ݔ‬ൌ ൌെ
ͳ͵ ܽ ͹
37. ƒ Š’‘‹–‘–Š‡ —”˜‡›‹‡Ž†•ƒ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆˆ‘—”‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘ሺͳǡ͹ሻǣ  ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ݀ ൌ ͹
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘ሺ͵ǡ െͳͳሻǣ  ʹ͹ܽ ൅ ͻܾ ൅ ͵ܿ ൅ ݀ ൌ െͳͳ

‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘ሺͶǡ െͳͶሻǣ  ͸Ͷܽ ൅ ͳ͸ܾ ൅ Ͷܿ ൅ ݀ ൌ െͳͶ
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘ሺͲǡͳͲሻǣ        ݀ ൌ ͳͲ

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͹
 
 ʹ͹ ͻ ͵ ͳ െͳͳ 
൦ ൪ dŚĞĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚŵĂƚƌŝdžĨŽƌƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
͸Ͷ ͳ͸ Ͷ ͳ െͳͶ  
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳͲ
͵ͶŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͹
 
 Ͳ െͳͺ െʹͶ െʹ͸ െʹͲͲ 
൦ ൪ െʹ͹ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ
Ͳ െͶͺ െ͸Ͳ െ͸͵ െͶ͸ʹ  ĂŶĚെ͸ͶƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚ͘
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳͲ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͹
‫ۍ‬ ସ ଵଷ ଵ଴଴‫ې‬ 
 ‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ
ଷ ଽ ‫ ۑ‬ ଽ
ଵ
dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJെ ଵ଼͘
‫Ͳێ‬ െͶͺ െ͸Ͳ െ͸͵ െͶ͸ʹ‫ۑ‬ 
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳͲ‫ے‬
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͹
‫ۍ‬ ସ ଵଷ ଵ଴଴‫ې‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ 
 ଷ ଽ ଽ ‫ ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ ଵଽ ଶଵସ‫ۑ‬ ͶͺƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͘
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ Ͷ
ଷ ଷ ‫ۑ‬ 
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳͲ‫ے‬
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͹
‫ۍ‬ ସ ଵଷ ଵ଴଴‫ې‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ 
 ଷ ଽ ଽ ‫ ۑ‬ ଵ
‫ێ‬ ଵଽ ଵ଴଻‫ۑ‬ dŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJସ͘
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ ͳ
ଵଶ ଺ ‫ۑ‬ 
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳͲ‫ے‬

ͳ ͳ ͳ Ͳ െ͵
‫ۍ‬ ଵ଴‫ې‬ 
ସ 
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ Ͳ െ ‫ ۑ‬ ଵଽ
 ଷ ଷ  െ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁ͕
ଵଶ
‫Ͳێ‬ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ʹ‫ۑ‬  ଵଷ
െ ଽ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͕
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳͲ‫ے‬
ĂŶĚെͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚ͘
ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െͷ 

 Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െ͸  ସ
൦ ൪ െ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁĂŶĚ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ʹ 
ଷ

Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳͲ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘

ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ െ͸  
 ൦ ൪ െͳƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ʹ 
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͳͲ

 Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡Šƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣܽ ൌ ͳǡܾ ൌ െ͸ǡܿ ൌ ʹǡ݀ ൌ ͳͲǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–
˜ƒŽ—‡•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ —”˜‡‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܿ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݀–‘’ƒ••–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‘—”‰‹˜‡’‘‹–•Ǥ
38. ƒ Š’‘‹–‘–Š‡ —”˜‡›‹‡Ž†•ƒ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ–Š”‡‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘ሺെʹǡ͹ሻǣ  ͷ͵ܽ െ ʹܾ ൅ ͹ܿ ൅ ݀ ൌ Ͳ
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘ሺെͶǡͷሻǣ  Ͷͳܽ െ Ͷܾ ൅ ͷܿ ൅ ݀ ൌ Ͳ
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘ሺͶǡ െ͵ሻǣ  ʹͷܽ ൅ Ͷܾ െ ͵ܿ ൅ ݀ ൌ Ͳ
ͷ͵ െʹ ͹ ͳ Ͳ
 Š‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š‘ˆ–Š‹••›•–‡൥Ͷͳ െͶ ͷ ͳ Ͳ൩Šƒ•–Š‡”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”
ʹͷ Ͷ െ͵ ͳ Ͳ
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘͵ͷ

ͳ
‫ͳۍ‬ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ‫ې‬
‫ێ‬ ʹͻ ‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ ʹ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳێ‬ ͳ Ͳ െ Ͳ‫ۑ‬
ʹͻ
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ Ͷ ‫ۑ‬
‫Ͳۏ‬ Ͳ ͳ െ
ʹͻ
Ͳ‫ے‬

 ˆ™‡ƒ••‹‰݀ƒƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›˜ƒŽ—‡‫ݐ‬ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡„›–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•
ͳ ʹ Ͷ
ܽൌെ ‫ݐ‬ǡܾ ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǡܿ ൌ ‫ݐ‬ǡ݀ ൌ ‫ݐ‬
ʹͻ ʹͻ ʹͻ
 ȋ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡŽ‡––‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡݀Šƒ˜‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡െʹͻ›‹‡Ž†•ܽ ൌ ͳǡܾ ൌ െʹǡƒ†ܿ ൌ െͶǤȌ
39. ‹ ‡–Š‡Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—••›•–‡Šƒ•‘Ž›–Š‡–”‹˜‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ‹–•ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š—•–„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
”‡†— ‡˜‹ƒƒ•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›”‘™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘–Š‡”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩Ǥ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
 ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡same•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›”‘™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š‘ˆ–Š‡
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ݎ‬
‘Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—••›•–‡›‹‡Ž†•–Š‡”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ‫ ݏ‬൩™Š‡”‡‫ݎ‬ǡ‫ݏ‬ǡƒ†‫‡”ƒݐ‬
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫ݐ‬
•‘‡”‡ƒŽ—„‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‘Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—••›•–‡Šƒ•‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
40. (a) ͵ȋ–Š‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ͳ̵•‹ˆ–Š‡ƒ–”‹šŠƒ•‘”‘™•‘ˆœ‡”‘•Ȍ
 (b) ͷȋ‹ˆƒŽŽ‡–”‹‡•‹‫Ͳ‡”ƒܤ‬Ȍ
 (c) ʹȋ–Š‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ”‘™•‘ˆœ‡”‘•‹ˆ‡ƒ Š ‘Ž— ‘–ƒ‹•ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ͳȌ
41. (a) Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‡‹‰Š–’‘••‹„Ž‡”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”•ǣ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ‫ͳ ݎ‬ ‫ݎ‬ Ͳ ͳ ‫ݎ‬ ‫Ͳ ݏ‬ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫Ͳ ݎ‬ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
  ൥Ͳ ͳ Ͳ൩ǡ൥Ͳ ͳ ‫ ݏ‬൩ǡ൥Ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩ǡ൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩ǡ൥Ͳ Ͳ ͳ൩ǡ൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩ǡ൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩ǡƒ†൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
  ™Š‡”‡‫•”‡„—Žƒ‡”›ƒ‡„ƒ ݏ†ƒݎ‬Ǥ
 (b) Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‹š–‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”•ǣ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‫ͳ ݎ‬ Ͳ ‫ݎ‬ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݎ ͳ ݐ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫ݎ‬ Ͳ ‫ݏ‬
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ‫Ͳ ݏ‬ ͳ ‫ݏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫ݏ‬ ‫Ͳ Ͳ ݑ‬ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫ݐ‬
  ൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫Ͳ ݐ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݏ‬ Ͳ ͳ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫Ͳ ݐ‬ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ‫ͳ Ͳ ݎ‬ ‫ݎ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݏ‬
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫Ͳ Ͳ ݏ‬ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ‫Ͳ ݎ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡ൦ ൪ǡƒ†൦ ൪Ǥ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
  ™Š‡”‡‫ݎ‬ǡ‫ݏ‬ǡ‫ݐ‬ǡƒ†‫•”‡„—Žƒ‡”›ƒ‡„ƒ ݑ‬Ǥ
͵͸Šƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

42. (a) ‹–Š‡”–Š‡–Š”‡‡Ž‹‡•’”‘’‡”Ž›‹–‡”•‡ –ƒ––Š‡‘”‹‰‹ǡ‘”–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‘˜‡”Žƒ’ƒ†–Š‡

‘–Š‡”‘‡‹–‡”•‡ –•–Š‡ƒ––Š‡‘”‹‰‹Ǥ
 (b) ŽŽ–Š”‡‡Ž‹‡• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‘˜‡”Žƒ’‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ
43. (a) ‡ ‘•‹†‡”–™‘’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ•‡•ǣȋ‹Ȍܽ ൌ Ͳǡƒ†ȋ‹‹Ȍܽ ് ͲǤ
  ȋ‹Ȍ ˆܽ ൌ Ͳ–Š‡–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ് Ͳ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–ܾ ് Ͳƒ†ܿ ് ͲǤ ƒ—••Ǧ ‘”†ƒ
‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘›‹‡Ž†•


 Ͳ ܾ 
ቂ ቃ tĞĂƐƐƵŵĞĚܽ ൌ Ͳ
ܿ ݀  

 ܿ ݀ 
ቂ ቃ dŚĞƌŽǁƐǁĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘
Ͳ ܾ 

ௗ 
 ͳ ଵ
ቈ ௖ ቉  dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ĂŶĚ
௖
Ͳ ͳ  ଵ
ƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ Ǥ;EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚܾǡ ܿ ് ͲǤ ሻ
௕

ͳ Ͳ  
 ቂ ቃ ௗ
െ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ͳ 
௖


  ȋ‹‹Ȍ ˆܽ ് Ͳ–Š‡™‡’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ—••Ǧ ‘”†ƒ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

 ܽ ܾ   
ቂ ቃ
ܿ ݀  
௕ 
 ͳ
௔ ቉ 
ଵ
ቈ dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ ͘
௔
ܿ ݀ 
௕
ͳ 
 ቎ ௔ 
௔ௗି௕௖ ቏ െܿƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ 
௔

௕ 
 ͳ
௔ ቉ 
௔
ቈ dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĞĚďLJ
௔ௗି௕௖
͘
Ͳ ͳ  ;EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚܽĂŶĚܽ݀ െ ܾܿĂƌĞŶŽŶnjĞƌŽ͘Ϳ

ͳ Ͳ  
 ቂ ቃ ௕
െ ௔ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽǁǁĂƐĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƌŽǁ͘
Ͳ ͳ 

  „‘–Š ƒ•‡•ȋܽ ൌ Ͳƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ܽ ് ͲȌ™‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”‘ˆ
ܽ ܾ ͳ Ͳ
ቂ ቃ‹•ቂ ቃ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Šƒ–ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ് ͲǤ
ܿ ݀ Ͳ ͳ
 (b) ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡same‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›”‘™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‡’•ƒ•‹’ƒ”–ȋƒȌ–Š‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†ƒ–”‹š
ܽ ܾ ݇ ͳ Ͳ ‫݌‬
ቂ ቃ™‹ŽŽ„‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†–‘ƒƒ–”‹š‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”൤ ൨™Š‡”‡‫݌‬
ܿ ݀ ݈ Ͳ ͳ ‫ݍ‬
 ͳǤʹ ƒ—••‹ƒŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘͵͹

ƒ†‫•”‡„—Žƒ‡”‡‘•‡”ƒݍ‬Ǥ‡ ‘ Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡‰‹˜‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡Šƒ•‡šƒ –Ž›‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ
‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫݌‬ǡ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݍ‬Ǥ

dƌƵĞͲ&ĂůƐĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞƐ
(a) ”—‡Ǥƒ–”‹š‹”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Šƒ•ƒŽŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
ͳ Ͳ
(b) ƒŽ•‡Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‹–‡” Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡”‘™•‘ˆቂ ቃ›‹‡Ž†•ƒƒ–”‹š–Šƒ–‹•‘–‹”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
Ͳ ͳ
(c) ƒŽ•‡Ǥ‡‡š‡” ‹•‡͵ͳǤ
(d) ”—‡Ǥ ƒ”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘œ‡”‘”‘™•‡“—ƒŽ•–‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ͳ̵•Ǥ
Š‡”‡•—Ž–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ˆ”‘Š‡‘”‡ͳǤʹǤͳǤ
(e) ”—‡ǤŠ‹•‹•‹’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡–Š‹”†’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆƒ”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ȋ•‡‡’ǤͳͳȌǤ
(f) ƒŽ•‡Ǥ‘œ‡”‘‡–”‹‡•ƒ”‡’‡”‹––‡†ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ͳ̵•‹ƒ”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
(g) ”—‡Ǥ ƒ”‡†— ‡†”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘œ‡”‘”‘™•‡“—ƒŽ•–‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ͳ̵•Ǥ
”‘Š‡‘”‡ͳǤʹǤͳ™‡ ‘ Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡•›•–‡Šƒ•݊ െ ݊ ൌ Ͳˆ”‡‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‹–Šƒ•‘Ž›–Š‡
–”‹˜‹ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
(h) ƒŽ•‡ǤŠ‡”‘™‘ˆœ‡”‘•‹’‘•‡•‘”‡•–”‹ –‹‘‘–Š‡—‘™•ƒ† ƒ„‡‘‹––‡†ǤŠ‡–Š‡”–Š‡
•›•–‡Šƒ•‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ƒ›ǡ‘‡ǡ‘”‘•‘Ž—–‹‘ȋ•Ȍ†‡’‡†•solely‘–Š‡‘œ‡”‘”‘™•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡†— ‡†
”‘™‡ Š‡Ž‘ˆ‘”Ǥ
(i) ƒŽ•‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•›•–‡‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‹ ‘•‹•–‡–ǣ
‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͳ
‫ݔ‬൅‫ݕ‬൅‫ݖ‬ൌʹ

ϭ͘ϯDĂƚƌŝĐĞƐĂŶĚDĂƚƌŝdžKƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƐ

1. (a) †‡ˆ‹‡†ȋ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‘Ž—•‹‫ܣ‹•™‘”ˆ‘”‡„—‡Š–Š –ƒ–‘•‡‘†ܤ‬Ȍ

 (b) ‡ˆ‹‡†ǢͶ ൈ Ͷƒ–”‹š
 (c) ‡ˆ‹‡†ǢͶ ൈ ʹƒ–”‹š
 (d) ‡ˆ‹‡†Ǣͷ ൈ ʹƒ–”‹š
 (e) ‡ˆ‹‡†ǢͶ ൈ ͷƒ–”‹š
 (f) ‡ˆ‹‡†Ǣͷ ൈ ͷƒ–”‹š
2. (a) ‡ˆ‹‡†Ǣͷ ൈ Ͷƒ–”‹š 
 (b) †‡ˆ‹‡†ȋ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‘Ž—•‹‫ܥ‹•™‘”ˆ‘”‡„—‡Š–Š –ƒ–‘•‡‘†ܦ‬Ȍ
 (c) ‡ˆ‹‡†ǢͶ ൈ ʹƒ–”‹š
 (d) ‡ˆ‹‡†Ǣʹ ൈ Ͷƒ–”‹š
 (e) ‡ˆ‹‡†Ǣͷ ൈ ʹƒ–”‹š
͵ͺŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

 (f) †‡ˆ‹‡†ȋ‫ƒ•‹ ்ܣܤ‬Ͷ ൈ Ͷƒ–”‹šǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ‘–„‡ƒ††‡†–‘ƒͶ ൈ ʹƒ–”‹š‫ܦ‬Ȍ

ͳ൅͸ ͷ൅ͳ ʹ൅͵ ͹ ͸ ͷ
3. (a) ൥െͳ ൅ ሺെͳሻ Ͳ൅ͳ ͳ ൅ ʹ൩ ൌ ൥െʹ ͳ ͵൩ 
͵൅Ͷ ʹ൅ͳ Ͷ൅͵ ͹ ͵ ͹
ͳെ͸ ͷെͳ ʹെ͵ െͷ Ͷ െͳ
 (b) ൥െͳ െ ሺെͳሻ Ͳെͳ ͳ െ ʹ൩ ൌ ൥ Ͳ െͳ െͳ൩ 
͵െͶ ʹെͳ Ͷെ͵ െͳ ͳ ͳ
ͷή͵ ͷήͲ ͳͷ Ͳ
 (c) ൥ͷ ή ሺെͳሻ ͷ ή ʹ൩ ൌ ൥െͷ ͳͲ൩
ͷήͳ ͷήͳ ͷ ͷ
െ͹ ή ͳ െ͹ ή Ͷ െ͹ ή ʹ െ͹ െʹͺ െͳͶ
 (d) ቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ 
െ͹ ή ͵ െ͹ ή ͳ െ͹ ή ͷ െʹͳ െ͹ െ͵ͷ
 (e) †‡ˆ‹‡†ȋƒʹ ൈ ͵ƒ–”‹š‫ ʹƒ‘”ˆ†‡– ƒ”–„—•‡„–‘ƒ ܥ‬ൈ ʹƒ–”‹šʹ‫ܤ‬Ȍ 
Ͷή͸ Ͷήͳ Ͷή͵ ʹήͳ ʹήͷ ʹήʹ ʹͶ െ ʹ Ͷ െ ͳͲ ͳʹ െ Ͷ
 (f) ൥Ͷ ή ሺെͳሻ Ͷ ή ͳ Ͷ ή ʹ൩ െ ൥ʹ ή ሺെͳሻ ʹ ή Ͳ ʹ ή ͳ൩ ൌ ൥െͶ െ ሺെʹሻ ͶെͲ ͺ െ ʹ ൩
ͶήͶ Ͷήͳ Ͷή͵ ʹή͵ ʹήʹ ʹήͶ ͳ͸ െ ͸ ͶെͶ ͳʹ െ ͺ
ʹʹ െ͸ ͺ
 ൌ ൥െʹ Ͷ ͸൩
ͳͲ Ͳ Ͷ
ͳ ͷ ʹ ʹή͸ ʹήͳ ʹή͵ ͳ ൅ ͳʹ ͷ൅ʹ ʹ൅͸
 (g) െ͵ ൭൥െͳ Ͳ ͳ൩ ൅ ൥ʹ ή ሺെͳሻ ʹ ή ͳ ʹ ή ʹ൩൱ ൌ െ͵ ൥െͳ ൅ ሺെʹሻ Ͳ ൅ ʹ ͳ ൅ Ͷ൩
͵ ʹ Ͷ ʹήͶ ʹήͳ ʹή͵ ͵൅ͺ ʹ൅ʹ Ͷ൅͸
െ͵ ή ͳ͵ െ͵ ή ͹ െ͵ ή ͺ െ͵ͻ െʹͳ െʹͶ
 ൌ ൥െ͵ ή ሺെ͵ሻ െ͵ ή ʹ െ͵ ή ͷ ൩ ൌ ൥ ͻ െ͸ െͳͷ൩
െ͵ ή ͳͳ െ͵ ή Ͷ െ͵ ή ͳͲ െ͵͵ െͳʹ െ͵Ͳ
͵െ͵ ͲെͲ Ͳ Ͳ
 (h) ൥െͳ െ ሺെͳሻ ʹ െ ʹ൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ Ͳ൩ 
ͳെͳ ͳെͳ Ͳ Ͳ
 (i) ͳ ൅ Ͳ ൅ Ͷ ൌ ͷ
ͳ ͷ ʹ ͵ή͸ ͵ήͳ ͵ή͵ ͳ െ ͳͺ ͷെ͵ ʹെͻ
 (j) –” ൭൥െͳ Ͳ ͳ൩ െ ൥͵ ή ሺെͳሻ ͵ ή ͳ ͵ ή ʹ൩൱ ൌ –” ൭൥െͳ െ ሺെ͵ሻ Ͳെ͵ ͳ െ ͸൩൱ 
͵ ʹ Ͷ ͵ήͶ ͵ήͳ ͵ή͵ ͵ െ ͳʹ ʹെ͵ Ͷെͻ
െͳ͹ ʹ െ͹
 ൌ –” ൭൥ ʹ െ͵ െͷ൩൱ ൌ െͳ͹ െ ͵ െ ͷ ൌ െʹͷ
െͻ െͳ െͷ
͹ήͶ ͹ ή ሺെͳሻ ʹͺ െ͹
 (k) Ͷ–” ቀቂ ቃቁ ൌ Ͷ–” ቀቂ ቃቁ ൌ Ͷሺʹͺ ൅ ͳͶሻ ൌ Ͷ ή Ͷʹ ൌ ͳ͸ͺ
͹ήͲ ͹ήʹ Ͳ ͳͶ
 (l) †‡ˆ‹‡†ȋ–”ƒ ‡‹•‘Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”•“—ƒ”‡ƒ–”‹ ‡•Ȍ
͵ െͳ ͳ ͳ Ͷ ʹ ʹή͵൅ͳ ʹ ή ሺെͳሻ ൅ Ͷ ʹήͳ൅ʹ ͹ ʹ Ͷ
4. (a) ʹ ቂ ቃ൅ቂ ቃൌቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ 
Ͳ ʹ ͳ ͵ ͳ ͷ ʹήͲ൅͵ ʹήʹ൅ͳ ʹήͳ൅ͷ ͵ ͷ ͹
ͳ െͳ ͵ ͸ െͳ Ͷ ͳെ͸ െͳ െ ሺെͳሻ ͵ െ Ͷ െͷ Ͳ െͳ
 (b) ൥ͷ Ͳ ʹ൩ െ ൥ͳ ͳ ͳ൩ ൌ ൥ͷ െ ͳ Ͳെͳ ʹ െ ͳ൩ ൌ ൥ Ͷ െͳ ͳ൩ 
ʹ ͳ Ͷ ͵ ʹ ͵ ʹെ͵ ͳെʹ Ͷെ͵ െͳ െͳ ͳ
 ͳǤ͵ƒ–”‹ ‡•ƒ†ƒ–”‹š’‡”ƒ–‹‘•͵ͻ


ͳെ͸ ͷെͳ ʹെ͵ ் െͷ Ͷ െͳ ் െͷ Ͳ െͳ

 (c) ൭൥െͳ െ ሺെͳሻ Ͳെͳ ͳ െ ʹ൩൱ ൌ ൭൥ Ͳ െͳ െͳ൩൱ ൌ ൥ Ͷ െͳ ͳ൩
͵െͶ ʹെͳ Ͷെ͵ െͳ ͳ ͳ െͳ െͳ ͳ
 (d) †‡ˆ‹‡†ȋƒʹ ൈ ʹƒ–”‹š‫ ͵ƒ‘–†‡††ƒ‡„–‘ƒ  ் ܤ‬ൈ ʹƒ–”‹šͷ‫ ் ܥ‬Ȍ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଷ ଷ ଵ ଷ
‫ۍ‬ଶ ή ͳ ଶ
ή ͵‫ې‬ ଵ
‫ۍ‬ସ ή ͵
ଵ
ή Ͳ‫ ۍ ې‬ଶ െ ସ ଶ
െ Ͳ‫ۍ ې‬െ
ସ ଶ‫ې‬
ସ
‫ێ‬ଵ ଵ
‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬ଵ ଵ ‫ێ ۑ‬ ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ ێ ۑ‬ଽ ‫ۑ‬
 (e) ‫ێ‬ଶ ή Ͷ ଶ
ή ͳ‫ ۑ‬െ ‫ ێ‬ή ሺെͳሻ ή ʹ‫ ۑ‬ൌ ‫ ʹێ‬൅ െ ‫ۑ‬ൌ‫ێ‬ Ͳ‫ ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ ‫ێ ۑ‬ସଵ ସ
ଵ ‫ێێ ۑ‬
ସ ଶ ଶ‫ۑ‬ ‫ ێ‬ସ ‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ଵ ‫ۑ‬ ଵ‫ۑ‬ ‫ ێ‬ଷ ଽ‫ۑ‬
ή ͷ‫ۏ ے‬ସ ή ͳ ή ͳ‫ے‬
ଵ ଵ ହ
‫ۏ‬ଶ ή ʹ ଶ
ସ ‫ ͳۏ‬െ ସ ଶ
െ ‫ۏ ے‬
ସ ସ ସ‫ے‬

Ͷ െͳ Ͷ Ͳ ͶെͶ െͳ െ Ͳ Ͳ െͳ
 (f) ቂ ቃെቂ ቃൌ൤ ൨ൌቂ ቃ
Ͳ ʹ െͳ ʹ Ͳ െ ሺെͳሻ ʹെʹ ͳ Ͳ
͸ െͳ Ͷ ͳ െͳ ͵ ʹ ή ͸ ʹ ή ሺെͳሻ ʹ ή Ͷ ͵ ή ͳ ͵ ή ሺെͳሻ ͵ή͵
 (g) ʹ ൥ͳ ͳ ͳ൩ െ ͵ ൥ͷ Ͳ ʹ ൩ ൌ ൥ʹ ή ͳ ʹ ή ͳ ʹ ή ͳ൩ െ ൥͵ ή ͷ ͵ ή Ͳ ͵ ή ʹ൩
͵ ʹ ͵ ʹ ͳ Ͷ ʹή͵ ʹήʹ ʹή͵ ͵ήʹ ͵ήͳ ͵ήͶ
ͳʹ െ ͵ െʹ െ ሺെ͵ሻ ͺ െ ͻ ͻ ͳ െͳ
 ൌ ൥ʹ െ ͳͷ ʹെͲ ʹ െ ͸ ൩ ൌ ൥െͳ͵ ʹ െͶ൩ 
͸െ͸ Ͷെ͵ ͸ െ ͳʹ Ͳ ͳ െ͸
்
͸ െͳ Ͷ ͳ െͳ ͵ ் ʹ ή ͸ ʹ ή ሺെͳሻ ʹ ή Ͷ ͵ ή ͳ ͵ ή ሺെͳሻ ͵ ή ͵
 (h) ൭ʹ ൥ͳ ͳ ͳ൩ െ ͵ ൥ͷ Ͳ ʹ൩൱ ൌ ൭൥ʹ ή ͳ ʹ ή ͳ ʹ ή ͳ൩ െ ൥͵ ή ͷ ͵ ή Ͳ ͵ ή ʹ൩൱ 
͵ ʹ ͵ ʹ ͳ Ͷ ʹή͵ ʹήʹ ʹή͵ ͵ήʹ ͵ήͳ ͵ήͶ
் ்
ͳʹ െ ͵ െʹ െ ሺെ͵ሻ ͺ െ ͻ ͻ ͳ െͳ ͻ െͳ͵ Ͳ
 ൌ ൭൥ʹ െ ͳͷ ʹെͲ ʹ െ ͸ ൩൱ ൌ ൭൥െͳ͵ ʹ െͶ൩൱ ൌ ൥ ͳ ʹ ͳ൩
͸െ͸ Ͷെ͵ ͸ െ ͳʹ Ͳ ͳ െ͸ െͳ െͶ െ͸

ሺͳ ή ͳሻ െ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ ሺͳ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή Ͷሻ ͸ ͳ ͵
 (i) ൤ ൨ ൥െͳ ͳ ʹ൩
ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͵ሻ ሺ͵ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ʹሻ ሺ͵ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή Ͷሻ
Ͷ ͳ ͵
͸ ͳ ͵
͵ ͻͳͶ
 ൌቂ ቃ ൥െͳ ͳ ʹ൩
ͳ͹ ʹͷʹ͹
Ͷ ͳ ͵
ሺ͵ ή ͸ሻ െ ሺͻ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳͶ ή Ͷሻ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳͶ ή ͳሻ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳͶ ή ͵ሻ
 ൌ൤ ൨
ሺͳ͹ ή ͸ሻ െ ሺʹͷ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ͹ ή Ͷሻ ሺͳ͹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹͷ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ͹ ή ͳሻ ሺͳ͹ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺʹͷ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺʹ͹ ή ͵ሻ
͸ͷ ʹ͸ ͸ͻ
 ൌቂ ቃ
ͳͺͷ ͸ͻ ͳͺʹ
 (j) †‡ˆ‹‡†ȋƒʹ ൈ ʹƒ–”‹š‫ ͵ƒ›„†‡‹Ž’‹–Ž—‡„–‘ƒ ܤ‬ൈ ʹƒ–”‹š‫ܣ‬Ȍ
ͳ ͷ ʹ ͸ െͳ Ͷ
 (k) –” ൭൥െͳ Ͳ ͳ൩ ൥ͳ ͳ ͳ൩൱  ൌ
͵ ʹ Ͷ ͵ ʹ ͵
ሺͳ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ െሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ
–” ቌ቎െሺͳ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ െሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ቏ቍ
ሺ͵ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͵ሻ െሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ʹሻ ሺ͵ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͵ሻ
ͳ͹ ͺ ͳͷ
 ൌ –” ൭൥െ͵ ͵ െͳ൩൱ ൌ ͳ͹ ൅ ͵ ൅ ʹ͸ ൌͶ͸ 
͵ʹ ͹ ʹ͸
 (l) †‡ˆ‹‡†ȋ‫ ʹƒ•‹ܥܤ‬ൈ ͵ƒ–”‹šǢ–”ƒ ‡‹•‘Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”•“—ƒ”‡ƒ–”‹ ‡•Ȍ
ͶͲŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

ሺ͵ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή Ͳሻ െሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ʹሻ ͳʹ െ͵
5. (a) ቎െሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή Ͳሻ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ቏ ൌ ൥െͶ ͷ൩ 
ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ െሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ Ͷ ͳ

 (b) †‡ˆ‹‡†ȋ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‘Ž—•‘ˆ‫ܣ‹•™‘”ˆ‘”‡„—‡Š–Š –ƒ–‘•‡‘†ܤ‬Ȍ 

͵ή͸ ͵ήͳ ͵ή͵ ͳ ͷ ʹ
 (c) ൥͵ ή ሺെͳሻ ͵ ή ͳ ͵ ή ʹ൩ ൥െͳ Ͳ ͳ൩
͵ήͶ ͵ήͳ ͵ή͵ ͵ ʹ Ͷ
ሺͳͺ ή ͳሻ െ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͵ሻ ሺͳͺ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ʹሻ ሺͳͺ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή Ͷሻ
 ൌ ቎െሺ͵ ή ͳሻ െ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͸ ή ͵ሻ െሺ͵ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͸ ή ʹሻ െሺ͵ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͸ ή Ͷሻ቏
ሺͳʹ ή ͳሻ െ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͵ሻ ሺͳʹ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ʹሻ ሺͳʹ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή Ͷሻ
Ͷʹ ͳͲͺ ͹ͷ
 ൌ ൥ͳʹ െ͵ ʹͳ൩
͵͸ ͹ͺ ͸͵
ሺ͵ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή Ͳሻ െሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ʹሻ ͳʹ െ͵
 (d) ቎െሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή Ͳሻ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ቏ ቂͳ Ͷ ʹ
ቃ ൌ ൥െͶ ͷ൩ ቂ
ͳ Ͷ ʹ
ቃ
͵ ͳ ͷ ͵ ͳ ͷ
ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ െሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ Ͷ ͳ
ሺͳʹ ή ͳሻ െ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ ሺͳʹ ή Ͷሻ െ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ሺͳʹ ή ʹሻ െ ሺ͵ ή ͷሻ ͵ Ͷͷ ͻ
 ൌ ቎െሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͵ሻ െሺͶ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͳሻ െሺͶ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͷሻ቏ൌ ൥ͳͳ െͳͳ ͳ͹൩ 
ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ሺͶ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ሺͶ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͷሻ ͹ ͳ͹ ͳ͵
͵ Ͳ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ሺͶ ή Ͷሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ሺͶ ή ʹሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͷሻ ͵ Ͳ
ͳ ͳͷ ͵
 (e) ൥െͳ ʹ൩ ൤ ൨ ൌ ൥െͳ ʹ൩ ቂ ቃ
ሺͲ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ ሺͲ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ሺͲ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͷሻ ͸ ʹ ͳͲ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͸ሻ ሺ͵ ή ͳͷሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ʹሻ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͳͲሻ ͵ Ͷͷ ͻ
 ൌ ቎െሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͸ሻ െሺͳ ή ͳͷሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ െሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳͲሻ቏ൌ ൥ͳͳ െͳͳ ͳ͹൩
ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͸ሻ ሺͳ ή ͳͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳͲሻ ͹ ͳ͹ ͳ͵
ͳ ͵ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͷሻ
ͳ Ͷ ʹ ʹͳ ͳ͹
 (f) ቂ ቃ ൥Ͷ ͳ൩ ൌ ൤ ൨ൌቂ ቃ
͵ ͳ ͷ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ʹሻ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͷሻ ͳ͹ ͵ͷ
ʹ ͷ
்
ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺͷ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ
Ͳ െʹ ͳͳ
 (g) ቌ቎െሺͳ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺͲ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ െሺͳ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ቏ቍ ൌ ቂ ቃ 
ͳʹ ͳ ͺ
ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ሺ͵ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ

ͳ ͵ ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή Ͳሻ െሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ʹሻ
Ͷ െͳ ͵ െͳ ͳ ͵ െͳ ͳ
 (h) ൭൥Ͷ ͳ൩ ቂ ቃ൱ ቂ ቃൌ ቎ሺͶ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ െሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ቏ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ ʹ Ͳ ʹ ͳ Ͳ ʹ ͳ
ʹ ͷ ሺʹ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή Ͳሻ െሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ʹሻ
Ͷ ͷ ሺͶ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή Ͳሻ െሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ʹሻ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͳሻ
͵ െͳ ͳ ሺͳ͸
 ൌ ൥ͳ͸ െʹ൩ ቂ ቃൌ቎ ή ͵ሻ െ ή Ͳሻ െሺͳ͸ ή ͳሻ െ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ
ሺʹ ሺͳ͸ ή ͳሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ቏
Ͳ ʹ ͳ
ͺ ͺ ሺͺ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͺ ή Ͳሻ െሺͺ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͺ ή ʹሻ ሺͺ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͺ ή ͳሻ
ͳʹ ͸ ͻ
 ൌ ൥Ͷͺ െʹͲ ͳͶ൩
ʹͶ ͺ ͳ͸
 ͳǤ͵ƒ–”‹ ‡•ƒ†ƒ–”‹š’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ͷͳ

ͳ ͷ ʹ ͳ െͳ ͵
 (i) –” ൭൥െͳ Ͳ ͳ൩ ൥ͷ Ͳ ʹ൩൱ 
͵ ʹ Ͷ ʹ ͳ Ͷ
ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ െሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή Ͷሻ
 ൌ –” ቌ቎െሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ െሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ቏ቍ 
ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ʹሻ െሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͷሻ
͵Ͳ ͳ ʹͳ
 ൌ –” ൭൥ ͳ ʹ ͳ൩൱ ൌ ͵Ͳ ൅ ʹ ൅ ʹͻ ൌ ͸ͳ
ʹͳ ͳ ʹͻ
͸ െͳ Ͷ ͳ ͷ ʹ Ͷή͸െͳ Ͷ ή ሺെͳሻ െ ͷ ͶήͶെʹ
 (j) –” ൭Ͷ ൥ͳ ͳ ͳ൩ െ ൥െͳ Ͳ ͳ൩൱ ൌ –” ൭൥Ͷ ή ͳ െ ሺെͳሻ Ͷ ή ͳ െ Ͳ Ͷ ή ͳ െ ͳ൩൱
͵ ʹ ͵ ͵ ʹ Ͷ Ͷή͵െ͵ Ͷήʹെʹ Ͷή͵െͶ
ʹ͵ െͻ ͳͶ
 ൌ –” ൭൥ ͷ Ͷ ͵൩൱ ൌ ʹ͵ ൅ Ͷ ൅ ͺ ൌ ͵ͷ 
ͻ ͸ ͺ
ͳ ͵ ͸ െͳ Ͷ
͵ െͳ ͳ
 (k) –” ൭൥Ͷ ͳ൩ ቂ ቃ ൅ ʹ ൥ͳ ͳ ͳ൩൱
Ͳ ʹ ͳ
ʹ ͷ ͵ ʹ ͵
ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή Ͳሻ െሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ʹሻ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ʹ ή ͸ ʹ ή ሺെͳሻ ʹ ή Ͷ
 –” ቌ቎ሺͶ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ െሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ቏ ൅ ൥ʹ ή ͳ ʹ ή ͳ ʹ ή ͳ൩ቍ
ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή Ͳሻ െሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ʹሻ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͳሻ ʹή͵ ʹήʹ ʹή͵
͵ ͷ Ͷ ͳʹ െʹ ͺ ͳͷ ͵ ͳʹ
 –” ൭൥ͳʹ െʹ ͷ൩ ൅ ൥ ʹ ʹ ʹ൩൱ ൌ –” ൭൥ͳͶ Ͳ ͹൩൱ ൌ ͳͷ ൅ Ͳ ൅ ͳ͵ ൌ ʹͺ 
͸ ͺ ͹ ͸ Ͷ ͸ ͳʹ ͳʹ ͳ͵
͸ ͳ ͵ ͳ ͵ ୘ ͵ Ͳ
 (l) –” ቌ൭൥െͳ ͳ ʹ൩ ൥Ͷ ͳ൩൱ ൥െͳ ʹ൩ቍ
Ͷ ͳ ͵ ʹ ͷ ͳ ͳ
்
ሺ͸ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ʹሻ ሺ͸ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͷሻ ͵ Ͳ
 ൌ –” ൮ቌ቎െሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ െሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͷሻ቏ቍ ൥െͳ ʹ൩൲
ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ʹሻ ሺͶ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͷሻ ͳ ͳ

ͳ͸ ͵Ͷ ୘ ͵ Ͳ ͵ Ͳ
ͳ͸ ͹ ͳͶ
 ൌ –” ቌ൭൥ ͹ ͺ൩൱ ൥െͳ ʹ൩ቍ ൌ –” ൭ቂ ቃ ൥െͳ ʹ൩൱
͵Ͷ ͺ ʹͺ
ͳͶ ʹͺ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
ሺͳ͸ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺ͹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳͶ ή ͳሻ ሺͳ͸ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳͶ ή ͳሻ
 ൌ –” ൬൤ ൨൰
ሺ͵Ͷ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺͺ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹͺ ή ͳሻ ሺ͵Ͷ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͺ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺʹͺ ή ͳሻ
ͷͷ ʹͺ
 ൌ –” ቀቂ ቃቁ ൌ ͷͷ ൅ ͶͶ ൌ ͻͻ
ͳʹʹ ͶͶ
ͳ െͳ ͵ ͸ ͳ ͵ ͵ Ͳ ʹήͳെ͸ ʹ ή ሺെͳሻ െ ͳ ʹ ή ͵ െ ͵ ͵ Ͳ
6. (a) ൭ʹ ൥ͷ Ͳ ʹ൩ െ ൥െͳ ͳ ʹ൩൱ ൥െͳ ʹ൩ ൌ ൥ʹ ή ͷ െ ሺെͳሻ ʹ ή Ͳ െ ͳ ʹ ή ʹ െ ʹ൩ ൥െͳ ʹ൩ 
ʹ ͳ Ͷ Ͷ ͳ ͵ ͳ ͳ ʹήʹെͶ ʹήͳെͳ ʹήͶെ͵ ͳ ͳ
െͶ െ͵ ͵ ͵ Ͳ െሺͶ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ െሺͶ ή Ͳሻ െ ሺ͵ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ
ൌ ൥ ͳͳ െͳ ʹ൩ ൥െͳ ʹ൩ ൌ ቎ ሺͳͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ሺͳͳ ή Ͳሻ െ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ቏
Ͳ ͳ ͷ ͳ ͳ ሺͲ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͳሻ ሺͲ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͳሻ
െ͸ െ͵
ൌ ൥ ͵͸ Ͳ൩
Ͷ ͹
ͶʹŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

 (b) †‡ˆ‹‡†ȋƒʹ ൈ ͵ƒ–”‹šሺͶ‫ܤ‬ሻ‫ ʹƒ‘–†‡††ƒ‡„–‘ƒ ܥ‬ൈ ʹƒ–”‹šʹ‫ܤ‬Ȍ 

்
ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͵ሻ ሺ͵ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͳሻ ሺ͵ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͷሻ ͳ െͳ ͵
 (c) ቌെ ቎െሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ െሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ െሺͳ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͷሻ቏ቍ ൅ ͷ ൥ͷ Ͳ ʹ൩
ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͷሻ ʹ ͳ Ͷ
͵ ͳʹ ͸ ் ͷ ή ͳ ͷ ή ሺെͳሻ ͷ ή ͵ െ͵ െͷ െͶ ͷ െͷ ͳͷ
 ൌ൭െ ൥ͷ െʹ ͺ൩൱ ൅ ൥ͷ ή ͷ ͷ ή Ͳ ͷ ή ʹ൩ ൌ ൥െͳʹ ʹ െͷ൩ ൅ ൥ʹͷ Ͳ ͳͲ൩
Ͷ ͷ ͹ ͷήʹ ͷήͳ ͷήͶ െ͸ െͺ െ͹ ͳͲ ͷ ʹͲ
െ͵ ൅ ͷ െͷ ൅ ሺെͷሻ െͶ ൅ ͳͷ ʹ െͳͲ ͳͳ
 ൌ ൥െͳʹ ൅ ʹͷ ʹ൅Ͳ െͷ ൅ ͳͲ൩ ൌ ൥ͳ͵ ʹ ͷ൩
െ͸ ൅ ͳͲ െͺ ൅ ͷ െ͹ ൅ ʹͲ Ͷ െ͵ ͳ͵
Ͷ െͳ ͵ െͳ ͳ ʹήͳ ʹήͶ ʹήʹ ்
 (d) ቀቂ ቃቂ ቃെቂ ቃቁ 
Ͳ ʹ Ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹή͵ ʹήͳ ʹήͷ
்
ሺͶ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ െሺͶ ή ͳሻ െ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ʹ ͺ Ͷ
 ൌ ൬൤ ൨െቂ ቃ൰ 
ሺͲ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή Ͳሻ െሺͲ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ ሺͲ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ͸ ʹ ͳͲ
்
ͳʹ െ͸ ͵ ʹ ͺ Ͷ ͳʹ െ ʹ െ͸ െ ͺ ͵ െ Ͷ ்
 ൌ ቀቂ ቃെቂ ቃቁ ൌ ቀቂ ቃቁ  
Ͳ Ͷ ʹ ͸ ʹ ͳͲ Ͳെ͸ Ͷ െ ʹ ʹ െ ͳͲ
ͳͲ െ͸
ͳͲ െͳͶ െͳ ்
 ൌ ቀቂ ቃቁ ൌ ൥െͳͶ ʹ൩ 
െ͸ ʹ െͺ
െͳ െͺ
ͳ ͵ ͵ Ͳ
Ͷ Ͳ ͳ Ͷ ʹ ͵ െͳ ͳ
 (e) ቂ ቃ ൭ቂ ቃ ൥Ͷ ͳ ൩ െ ቂ ቃ ൥െͳ ʹ൩൱
െͳ ʹ ͵ ͳ ͷ Ͳ ʹ ͳ
ʹ ͷ ͳ ͳ
Ͷ Ͳ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͷሻ
 ൌቂ ቃ ൬൤ ൨
െͳ ʹ ሺ͵ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ʹሻ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͷሻ
ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ሺ͵ ή Ͳሻ െ ሺͳ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ
െ൤ ൨൰
ሺͲ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ሺͲ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ
Ͷ Ͳ ʹͳ ͳ͹ ͳͳ െͳ Ͷ Ͳ ʹͳ െ ͳͳ ͳ͹ െ ሺെͳሻ Ͷ Ͳ ͳͲ ͳͺ
 ൌቂ ቃ ቀቂ ቃെቂ ቃቁ ൌ ቂ ቃ൤ ൨ൌቂ ቃቂ ቃ
െͳ ʹ ͳ͹ ͵ͷ െͳ ͷ െͳ ʹ ͳ͹ െ ሺെͳሻ ͵ͷ െ ͷ െͳ ʹ ͳͺ ͵Ͳ
ሺͶ ή ͳͲሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͳͺሻ ሺͶ ή ͳͺሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͵Ͳሻ ͶͲ ͹ʹ
 ൌ൤ ൨ൌቂ ቃ 
െሺͳ ή ͳͲሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͳͺሻ െሺͳ ή ͳͺሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͵Ͳሻ ʹ͸ Ͷʹ

ͳ െͳ ͵ ͸ െͳ Ͷ ͸ ͳ ͵ ͳ ͷ ʹ ்
 (f) ൥ͷ Ͳ ʹ൩ ൥ͳ ͳ ͳ൩ െ ൭൥െͳ ͳ ʹ൩ ൥െͳ Ͳ ͳ൩൱ 
ʹ ͳ Ͷ ͵ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͳ ͵ ͵ ʹ Ͷ
ሺͳ ή ͸ሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ െሺͳ ή ͳሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ʹሻ ሺͳ ή Ͷሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ
 ൌ ቎ሺͷ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ െሺͷ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ ሺͷ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͲ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ቏
ሺʹ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͵ሻ െሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ʹሻ ሺʹ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͵ሻ
்
ሺ͸ ή ͳሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ ሺ͸ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ʹሻ ሺ͸ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή Ͷሻ
 െ ቌ቎െሺͳ ή ͳሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ െሺͳ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή ʹሻ െሺͳ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺʹ ή Ͷሻ቏ቍ 
ሺͶ ή ͳሻ െ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ ሺͶ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ʹሻ ሺͶ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή Ͷሻ
ͳͶ Ͷ ͳʹ ͳͶ ͵͸ ʹͷ ் ͳͶ Ͷ ͳʹ ͳͶ Ͷ ͳʹ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
 ൌ ൥͵͸ െͳ ʹ͸൩ െ ൭൥ Ͷ െͳ ͹൩൱ ൌ ൥͵͸ െͳ ʹ͸൩ െ ൥͵͸ െͳ ʹ͸൩ ൌ ൥Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ൩
ʹͷ ͹ ʹͳ ͳʹ ʹ͸ ʹͳ ʹͷ ͹ ʹͳ ʹͷ ͹ ʹͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
 ͳǤ͵ƒ–”‹ ‡•ƒ†ƒ–”‹š’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ͷ͵

͸ െʹ Ͷ
7. (a) ˆ‹”•–”‘™‘ˆ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌȏˆ‹”•–”‘™‘ˆ‫ܣ‬Ȑ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ሾ͵ െʹ ͹ሿ ൥Ͳ ͳ ͵൩
͹ ͹ ͷ
 ൌ ሾሺ͵ ή ͸ሻ െ ሺʹ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή ͹ሻ െሺ͵ ή ʹሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή ͹ሻ ሺ͵ ή Ͷሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή ͷሻሿ
 ൌ ሾ͸͹ Ͷͳ Ͷͳሿ
͸ െʹ Ͷ
 (b) –Š‹”†”‘™‘ˆ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌȏ–Š‹”†”‘™‘ˆ‫ܣ‬Ȑ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ሾͲ Ͷ ͻሿ ൥Ͳ ͳ ͵൩
͹ ͹ ͷ
 ൌ ሾሺͲ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͹ሻ െሺͲ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͹ሻ ሺͲ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͷሻሿ
 ൌ ሾ͸͵ ͸͹ ͷ͹ሿ
 (c) •‡ ‘† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬ȏ•‡ ‘† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ܤ‬Ȑ
͵ െʹ ͹ െʹ െሺ͵ ή ʹሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή ͹ሻ Ͷͳ
 ൌ ൥͸ ͷ Ͷ൩ ൥ ͳ൩ ൌ ቎െሺ͸ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͹ሻ቏ ൌ ൥ʹͳ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ ͹ െሺͲ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͹ሻ ͸͹

 (d) ˆ‹”•– ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܣܤ‬ൌ ‫ܤ‬ȏˆ‹”•– ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ܣ‬Ȑ

͸ െʹ Ͷ ͵ ሺ͸ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͳሻ ͸
 ൌ ൥Ͳ ͳ ͵൩ ൥͸൩ ൌ ቎ሺͲ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή Ͳሻ቏ ൌ ൥ ͸ ൩
͹ ͹ ͷ Ͳ ሺ͹ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή Ͳሻ ͸͵
͵ െʹ ͹
 (e) –Š‹”†”‘™‘ˆ‫ ܣܣ‬ൌȏ–Š‹”†”‘™‘ˆ‫ܣ‬Ȑ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሾͲ Ͷ ͻ ሿ ൥͸ ͷ Ͷ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ
 ൌ ሾሺͲ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή Ͳሻ െሺͲ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή Ͷሻ ሺͲ ή ͹ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͻሻሿ
 ൌ ሾʹͶ ͷ͸ ͻ͹ሿ
 (f) –Š‹”† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܣܣ‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬ȏ–Š‹”† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ܣ‬Ȑ
͵ െʹ ͹ ͹ ሺ͵ ή ͹ሻ െ ሺʹ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή ͻሻ ͹͸
 ൌ ൥͸ ͷ Ͷ൩ ൥Ͷ൩ ൌ ቎ሺ͸ ή ͹ሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͻሻ቏ ൌ ൥ͻͺ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ ͻ ሺͲ ή ͹ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͻሻ ͻ͹

8. (a) ˆ‹”•– ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬ȏˆ‹”•– ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ܤ‬Ȑ

͵ െʹ ͹ ͸ ሺ͵ ή ͸ሻ െ ሺʹ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή ͹ሻ ͸͹
 ൌ ൥͸ ͷ Ͷ൩ ൥Ͳ൩ ൌ ቎ሺ͸ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͹ሻ቏ ൌ ൥͸Ͷ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ ͹ ሺͲ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͹ሻ ͸͵

 (b) –Š‹”† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܤܤ‬ൌ ‫ܤ‬ȏ–Š‹”† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ܤ‬Ȑ

͸ െʹ Ͷ Ͷ ሺ͸ ή Ͷሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͷሻ ͵ͺ
 ൌ ൥Ͳ ͳ ͵൩ ൥͵൩ ൌ ቎ሺͲ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͷሻ቏ ൌ ൥ͳͺ൩
͹ ͹ ͷ ͷ ሺ͹ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͷሻ ͹Ͷ
͸ െʹ Ͷ
 (c) •‡ ‘†”‘™‘ˆ‫ ܤܤ‬ൌȏ•‡ ‘†”‘™‘ˆ‫ܤ‬Ȑ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ሾͲ ͳ ͵ሿ ൥Ͳ ͳ ͵൩
͹ ͹ ͷ
 ൌ ሾሺͲ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή Ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͹ሻ െሺͲ ή ʹሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͹ሻ ሺͲ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͳ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺ͵ ή ͷሻሿ
 ൌ ሾʹͳ ʹʹ ͳͺሿ
ͶͶŠƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

 (d) ˆ‹”•– ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܣܣ‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬ȏˆ‹”•– ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ܣ‬Ȑ

͵ െʹ ͹ ͵ ሺ͵ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή Ͳሻ െ͵
 ൌ ൥͸ ͷ Ͷ൩ ൥͸൩ ൌ ቎ሺ͸ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͳሻ቏ ൌ ൥ Ͷͺ ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ Ͳ ሺͲ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή Ͳሻ ʹͶ

 (e) –Š‹”† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬ȏ–Š‹”† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ܤ‬Ȑ

͵ െʹ ͹ Ͷ ሺ͵ ή Ͷሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺ͹ ή ͷሻ Ͷͳ
 ൌ ൥͸ ͷ Ͷ൩ ൥͵൩ ൌ ቎ሺ͸ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͷ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͷሻ቏ ൌ ൥ͷͻ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ ͷ ሺͲ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͵ሻ ൅ ሺͻ ή ͷሻ ͷ͹
͵ െʹ ͹
 (f) ˆ‹”•–”‘™‘ˆ‫ ܣܤ‬ൌȏˆ‹”•–”‘™‘ˆ‫ܤ‬Ȑ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሾ͸ െʹ Ͷሿ ൥͸ ͷ Ͷ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ
 ൌ ሾሺ͸ ή ͵ሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͳሻ െሺ͸ ή ʹሻ െ ሺʹ ή ͷሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή Ͷሻ ሺ͸ ή ͹ሻ െ ሺʹ ή Ͷሻ ൅ ሺͶ ή ͻሻሿ
 ൌ ሾ͸ െ͸ ͹Ͳሿ
͵ െʹ ͹ െ͵
9. (a) ˆ‹”•– ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܣܣ‬ൌ ͵ ൥͸൩ ൅ ͸ ൥ ͷ൩ ൅ Ͳ ൥Ͷ൩ ൌ ൥ Ͷͺ ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ ʹͶ
͵ െʹ ͹ ͳʹ
  •‡ ‘† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܣܣ‬ൌ െʹ ൥͸൩ ൅ ͷ ൥ ͷ൩ ൅ Ͷ ൥Ͷ൩ ൌ ൥ʹͻ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ ͷ͸
͵ െʹ ͹ ͹͸
  –Š‹”† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܣܣ‬ൌ ͹ ൥͸൩ ൅ Ͷ ൥ ͷ൩ ൅ ͻ ൥Ͷ൩ ൌ ൥ͻͺ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ ͻ͹
͸ െʹ Ͷ ͸Ͷ
 (b) ˆ‹”•– ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܤܤ‬ൌ ͸ ൥Ͳ൩ ൅ Ͳ ൥ ͳ൩ ൅ ͹ ൥͵൩ ൌ ൥ʹͳ൩
͹ ͹ ͷ ͹͹
͸ െʹ Ͷ ͳͶ
  •‡ ‘† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܤܤ‬ൌ െʹ ൥Ͳ൩ ൅ ͳ ൥ ͳ൩ ൅ ͹ ൥͵൩ ൌ ൥ʹʹ൩
͹ ͹ ͷ ʹͺ
͸ െʹ Ͷ ͵ͺ
  –Š‹”† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܤܤ‬ൌ Ͷ ൥Ͳ൩ ൅ ͵ ൥ ͳ൩ ൅ ͷ ൥͵൩ ൌ ൥ͳͺ൩
͹ ͹ ͷ ͹Ͷ
͵ െʹ ͹ ͸͹
10. (a) ˆ‹”•– ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ͸ ൥͸൩ ൅ Ͳ ൥ ͷ൩ ൅ ͹ ൥Ͷ൩ ൌ ൥͸Ͷ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ ͸͵
͵ െʹ ͹ Ͷͳ
  •‡ ‘† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ െʹ ൥͸൩ ൅ ͳ ൥ ͷ൩ ൅ ͹ ൥Ͷ൩ ൌ ൥ʹͳ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ ͸͹
͵ െʹ ͹ Ͷͳ
  –Š‹”† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ Ͷ ൥͸൩ ൅ ͵ ൥ ͷ൩ ൅ ͷ ൥Ͷ൩ ൌ ൥ͷͻ൩
Ͳ Ͷ ͻ ͷ͹
͸ െʹ Ͷ ͸
 (b) ˆ‹”•– ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܣܤ‬ൌ ͵ ൥Ͳ൩ ൅ ͸ ൥ ͳ൩ ൅ Ͳ ൥͵൩ ൌ ൥ ͸൩
͹ ͹ ͷ ͸͵
 ͳǤ͵ƒ–”‹ ‡•ƒ†ƒ–”‹š’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ͷͷ

͸ െʹ Ͷ െ͸
  •‡ ‘† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܣܤ‬ൌ െʹ ൥Ͳ൩ ൅ ͷ ൥ ͳ൩ ൅ Ͷ ൥͵൩ ൌ ൥ ͳ͹ ൩
͹ ͹ ͷ Ͷͳ
͸ െʹ Ͷ ͹Ͳ
  –Š‹”† ‘Ž—‘ˆ‫ ܣܤ‬ൌ ͹ ൥Ͳ൩ ൅ Ͷ ൥ ͳ൩ ൅ ͻ ൥͵൩ ൌ ൥ ͵ͳ൩
͹ ͹ ͷ ͳʹʹ
ʹ െ͵ ͷ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ͹ ʹ െ͵ ͷ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ͹
11. (a) ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥ͻ െͳ ͳ൩ǡ‫ ܠ‬ൌ ൥‫ݔ‬ଶ ൩ǡ‫ ܊‬ൌ ൥െͳ൩Ǣ–Š‡ƒ–”‹š‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣ൥ͻ െͳ ͳ൩ ൥‫ݔ‬ଶ ൩ ൌ ൥െͳ൩
ͳ ͷ Ͷ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ ͳ ͷ Ͷ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
Ͷ Ͳ െ͵ ͳ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ͳ Ͷ Ͳ െ͵ ͳ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ͳ
ͷ ͳ Ͳ െͺ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ͵ ͷ ͳ Ͳ െͺ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ͵
 (b) ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൦ ൪ǡ‫ ܠ‬ൌ ൦‫ ݔ‬൪ǡ‫ ܊‬ൌ ൦ ൪Ǣ–Š‡ƒ–”‹š‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣ൦ ൪ ൦ ൪ ൌ ൦ ൪
ʹ െͷ ͻ െͳ ଷ Ͳ ʹ െͷ ͻ െͳ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
Ͳ ͵ െͳ ͹ ‫ݔ‬ସ ʹ Ͳ ͵ െͳ ͹ ‫ݔ‬ସ ʹ
ͳ െʹ ͵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ͵ ͳ െʹ ͵ ‫ݔ‬ െ͵
ଵ
ʹ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ ͳ Ͳ ‫ݔ‬ Ͳ
12. (a) ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൦ ൪ǡ‫ ܠ‬ൌ ൥‫ݔ‬ଶ ൩ǡ‫ ܊‬ൌ ൦ ൪Ǣ–Š‡ƒ–”‹š‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣ൦ ൪ ൥ ଶ ൩ ൌ ൦ ൪
Ͳ െ͵ Ͷ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ͳ Ͳ െ͵ Ͷ ‫ݔ‬ ͳ
ଷ
ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͷ ͳ Ͳ ͳ ͷ
͵ ͵ ͵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ͵ ͵ ͵ ͵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ͵
 (b) ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൥െͳ െͷ െʹ൩ǡ‫ ܠ‬ൌ ൥‫ݔ‬ଶ ൩ǡ‫ ܊‬ൌ ൥ ͵൩Ǣ–Š‡ƒ–”‹š‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣ൥െͳ െͷ െʹ൩ ൥‫ݔ‬ଶ ൩ ൌ ൥ ͵൩
Ͳ െͶ ͳ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ Ͳ െͶ ͳ ‫ݔ‬ଷ Ͳ
13. (a) ͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͸‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ͹‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ʹ(b) ‫ݔ‬ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ ൌ ʹ
െ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͳ ʹ‫ݔ‬ ൅ ͵‫ݕ‬   ൌ ʹ
  Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ͵ ͷ‫ݔ‬ െ ͵‫ݕ‬ െ ͸‫ݖ‬ ൌ െͻ
14. (a) ͵‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ ʹ(b) ͵‫ݓ‬ െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬  ൅ ‫ݖ‬ ൌ Ͳ
Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͵‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͹‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ െͳ ͷ‫ݓ‬   ൅ ʹ‫ݕ‬ െ ʹ‫ݖ‬ ൌ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ݔ‬ଷ ൌ Ͷ ͵‫ݓ‬ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ͹‫ݖ‬ ൌ Ͳ
െʹ‫ݓ‬ ൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ ൅ ͸‫ݖ‬ ൌ Ͳ
ͳ ͳ Ͳ ݇ ݇൅ͳ
15. ሾ݇ ͳ ͳሿ ൥ͳ Ͳ ʹ ൩ ൥ ͳ ൩ ൌ ሾ݇ ͳ ͳሿ ൥݇ ൅ ʹ൩ ൌ ݇ ଶ ൅ ݇ ൅ ݇ ൅ ʹ െ ͳ ൌ ݇ ଶ ൅ ʹ݇ ൅ ͳ ൌ ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻଶ 
Ͳ ʹ െ͵ ͳ െͳ
 Š‡‘Ž›˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ݇–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹•݇ ൌ െͳǤ
ͳ ʹ Ͳ ʹ ͸
16. ሾʹ ʹ ݇ ሿ ൥ʹ Ͳ ͵൩ ൥ʹ൩ ൌ ሾʹ ʹ ݇ሿ ൥͵݇ ൅ Ͷ൩ ൌ ݇ ଶ ൅ ͳʹ݇ ൅ ʹͲ ൌ ሺ݇ ൅ ͳͲሻሺ݇ ൅ ʹሻ
Ͳ ͵ ͳ ݇ ݇൅͸
Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ݇–Šƒ–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡݇ ൌ െͳͲƒ†݇ ൌ െʹǤ
Ͷ െ͵ ሾ Ͳ Ͷ ͺ ͸ െͻ െ͵ ͸ െͷ ͷ
17. ቂ ቃ ሾͲ ͳ ʹሿ ൅ ቂ ቃ െʹ ͵ ͳሿ ൌ ቂ ቃ൅ቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
ʹ െͳ Ͳ ʹ Ͷ ʹ െ͵ െͳ ʹ െͳ ͵
Ͳ െʹ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͸ Ͳ െͶ ͸ Ͳ െͶ
18. ቂ ቃ ሾͳ Ͷ ͳሿ ൅ ቂ ቃ ሾെ͵ Ͳ ʹሿ ൌ ቂ ቃ൅ቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
Ͷ െ͵ Ͷ ͳ͸ Ͷ ͻ Ͳ െ͸ ͳ͵ ͳ͸ െʹ
ͳ ʹ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͸ ͺ ͳͷ ͳͺ ʹʹ ʹͺ
19. ቂ ቃ ሾͳ ʹሿ ൅ ቂ ቃ ሾ͵ Ͷሿ ൅ ቂ ቃ ሾͷ ͸ሿ ൌ ቂ ቃ൅ቂ ቃ൅ቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
Ͷ ͷ ͸ Ͷ ͺ ͳͷ ʹͲ ͵Ͳ ͵͸ Ͷͻ ͸Ͷ
Ͳ Ͷ ሾ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ͸ Ͳ ʹ െʹ ͳͺ െʹ
20. ቂ ቃ ሾʹ െͳሿ ൅ ቂ ቃ Ͷ Ͳሿ ൅ ቂ ቃ ሾͳ െͳሿ ൌ ቂ ቃ൅ቂ ቃ൅ቂ ቃൌቂ ቃ
ͳ െʹ ͷ ʹ െͳ െͺ Ͳ ͷ െͷ െͳ െ͸
Elementary Linear Algebra Applications Version 11th Edition Anton Solutions Manual

Ͷ͸Šƒ’–‡”ͳǣ›•–‡•‘ˆ‹‡ƒ”“—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–”‹ ‡•

‫ݔ‬ଵ െ͵‫ ݎ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݏ‬െ ʹ‫ݐ‬ Ͳ Ͳ

‫ݔۍ‬ଶ ‫ۍ ې‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ۍ ېͲۍ ې‬െ͵‫ۍ ېݎ‬െͶ‫ۍ ېݏ‬െʹ‫ېͲۍ ېݐ‬ െ͵
‫ېͳ ۍ‬
െͶ
‫ېͲ ۍ‬
െʹ
‫ېͲ ۍ‬
‫ݎ‬ Ͳ Ͳ
‫ێ ۑ ݔێ‬ െʹ‫ݏ‬
‫ێ ۑ ێ ۑ‬ ‫ێ ۑ‬ ‫ێ ۑ‬ ‫ۑ ێ ۑ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬
‫ێ‬ ଷ
‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ێ ۑͲ ێ ۑͲێ ۑ‬െʹ‫ۑͲێ ۑͲ ێ ۑݏ‬ Ͳ െʹ Ͳ
21. ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ێ‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ൌ ‫ ۑͲ ێ‬൅ ൅ ൅ ൌ ‫ ۑͲێ‬൅ ‫ ۑ ێ ݎ‬൅ ‫ ۑ ێ ݏ‬൅ ‫ۑ ێ ݐ‬
‫ێ ۑ ێ‬ Ͳ ‫ێ ۑ‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ێ ۑ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
‫ۑ ێ‬ ‫ۑͲ ێ‬
‫ێ ۑͲ ێ ۑ‬ ‫ۑ ێ ۑ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬
ସ
‫ݔێ‬ହ ‫ێ ۑ‬ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ێ‬ Ͳ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬ Ͳ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ۑ‬ Ͳ ‫ێ‬ Ͳ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬ Ͳ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ۑͳ ێ‬
ଵ ‫ێ ۑ‬ଵ‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬ଵ‫ۑ‬
‫ۏ ے ଺ݔۏ‬
ଷ ‫ے ۏ ےͲ ۏ ے Ͳ ۏ ےͲ ۏ ے ۏ ے‬
ଷ
‫ےͲ ۏ‬ ‫ےͲ ۏ‬ ‫ےͲ ۏ‬
ଷ
‫ݔ‬ଵ െ͵‫ ݎ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݏ‬െ ʹ‫ݐ‬ െ͵‫ݎ‬ െͶ‫ݏ‬ െʹ‫ݐ‬ െ͵ െͶ െʹ
‫ݔۍ‬ଶ ‫ۍ ې‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ېͲ ۍ ېͲ ۍ ې ݎ ۍ ې‬ ‫ېͳ ۍ‬ ‫ېͲ ۍ‬ ‫ېͲ ۍ‬
‫ێ ۑ ݔێ‬ ‫ێ ۑ‬ ‫ێ ۑ‬ ‫ێ ۑ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬
ଷ െʹ‫ݏ‬ ‫ ۑ‬ൌ ‫ ۑͲ ێ‬൅ ‫ێ‬െʹ‫ ۑݏ‬൅ ‫ ۑͲ ێ‬ൌ ‫ ۑͲ ێ ݎ‬൅ ‫ێ ݏ‬െʹ‫ ۑ‬൅ ‫ۑͲ ێ ݐ‬
22. ‫ ۑ ݔێ‬ൌ ‫ێ‬
‫ ێ‬ସ‫ێ ۑ‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ۑͲ ێ ۑ ݏ ێ ۑͲ ێ ۑ‬ ‫ۑͲ ێ‬ ‫ۑͳ ێ‬ ‫ۑͲ ێ‬
‫ݔێ‬ହ ‫ێ ۑ‬ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ۑ ݐ ێ ۑͲ ێ ۑͲ ێ ۑ‬ ‫ۑͲ ێ‬ ‫ۑͲ ێ‬ ‫ۑͳ ێ‬
‫ۏ ے ଺ݔۏ‬ Ͳ ‫ےͲ ۏ ےͲ ۏ ےͲ ۏ ے‬ ‫ےͲ ۏ‬ ‫ےͲ ۏ‬ ‫ےͲ ۏ‬
23. Š‡‰‹˜‡ƒ–”‹š‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹•‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡
ܽ ൌ Ͷ
͵ ൌ ݀ െ ʹܿ
െͳ ൌ ݀ ൅ ʹܿ
ܽ ൅ ܾ ൌ െʹ
 ˆ–‡”•—„–”ƒ –‹‰ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Šǡƒ††‹‰–Š‡•‡ ‘†–‘–Š‡–Š‹”†ǡƒ†„ƒ Ǧ•—„•–‹–—–‹‰ǡ
™‡‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣܽ ൌ Ͷǡܾ ൌ െ͸ǡܿ ൌ െͳǡƒ†݀ ൌ ͳǤ
24. Š‡‰‹˜‡ƒ–”‹š‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹•‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”•›•–‡
ܽ െ ܾ     ൌ ͺ
ܽ ൅ ܾ     ൌ ͳ

    ܿ ൅ ͵݀ ൌ ͹
   െ ܿ ൅ ʹ݀ ൌ ͸
 ˆ–‡”•—„–”ƒ –‹‰ˆ‹”•–‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†ǡƒ††‹‰–Š‡–Š‹”†–‘–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Šǡƒ†„ƒ Ǧ•—„•–‹–—–‹‰ǡ
ଽ ଻ ସ ଵଷ
™‡‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣܽ ൌ ǡܾ ൌ െ ǡܿ ൌ െ ǡƒ†݀ ൌ Ǥ
ଶ ଶ ହ ହ

25. (a) ˆ–Š‡݅–Š”‘™˜‡ –‘”‘ˆ‫•‹ܣ‬ሾͲ ‫ڮ‬ Ͳሿ–Š‡‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ˆ”‘ ‘”—ŽƒȋͻȌ‹‡ –‹‘ͳǤ͵–Šƒ–

  ݅–Š”‘™˜‡ –‘”‘ˆ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ  ሾͲ ‫ڮ‬ Ͳሿ‫ ܤ‬ൌ  ሾͲ ‫ڮ‬ Ͳሿ
Ͳ
 (b) ˆ–Š‡݆–Š ‘Ž—˜‡ –‘”‘ˆ‫•‹ܤ‬൥ ‫ ڭ‬൩–Š‡‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ˆ”‘ ‘”—ŽƒȋͺȌ‹‡ –‹‘ͳǤ͵–Šƒ–
Ͳ
Ͳ Ͳ
  –Š‡݆–Š ‘Ž—˜‡ –‘”‘ˆ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬൥ ‫ ڭ‬൩  ൌ  ൥ ‫ ڭ‬൩
Ͳ Ͳ
ܽଵଵ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܽଵଵ ܽଵଶ ܽଵଷ ܽଵସ ܽଵହ ܽଵ଺
‫ۍ‬ Ͳ ܽଶଶ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ‫ې‬ ‫Ͳ ۍ‬ ܽଶଶ ܽଶଷ ܽଶସ ܽଶହ ܽଶ଺ ‫ې‬
‫ێ‬ ‫ۑ‬ ‫Ͳ ێ‬ Ͳ ܽଷଷ ܽଷସ ܽଷହ ܽଷ଺ ‫ۑ‬
Ͳ Ͳ ܽଷଷ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬
26. (a) ‫ێ‬  (b)‫Ͳ ێ‬ Ͳ Ͳ ܽସସ ܽସହ
‫ۑ‬
ܽସ଺ ‫ۑ‬
‫ێ‬ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܽସସ Ͳ Ͳ‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬
‫ێ‬ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܽହହ Ͳ‫ۑ‬ ‫Ͳ ێ‬ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܽହହ ܽହ଺ ‫ۑ‬
‫ۏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܽ଺଺ ‫ے‬ ‫Ͳ ۏ‬ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ܽ଺଺ ‫ے‬

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