Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. Memory is best defined as

A) the conscious encoding of information.
B) stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded.
C) the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.
D) the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was
encoded.
E) recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex.

2. The process of getting information into memory is called

A) priming.
B) chunking.
C) encoding.
D) registering.
E) storing.

3. The process of encoding refers to

A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the recall of information previously learned.
C) getting information into memory.
D) the motivated forgetting of painful memories.
E) a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

4. Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

A) recognition; recall
B) imagery; mnemonics
C) rehearsal; retrieval
D) retention; acquisition
E) priming; relearning

5. The process of getting information out of memory is called

A) priming.
B) encoding.
C) relearning.
D) retrieval.
E) rehearsal.

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 6. The process of retrieval refers to
A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the organization of information into manageable units.
C) getting information out of memory storage.
D) conscious repetition of information to be remembered.
E) the identification of information previously learned.

7. A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from

particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as
A) mnemonics.
B) connectionism.
C) the peg-word system.
D) automatic processing.
E) mood-congruent memory.

8. Which of the following is the best definition of the modern memory model
“connectionism”?
A) a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on active processing
B) the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks
C) memory aids provided by powerful visual imagery or cues
D) unconscious encoding of incidental information
E) cues from a current situation that trigger memories of a previous experience

9. Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.

A) repressed memory
B) sensory memory
C) flashbulb memory
D) long-term memory
E) semantic memory

10. Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________

memory.
A) short-term
B) implicit
C) mood-congruent
D) explicit
E) automatic

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 11. After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only
long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly
stored in his ________ memory.
A) echoic
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) long-term
E) implicit

12. A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) implicit
C) echoic
D) long-term
E) short-term

13. The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called
________ memory.
A) sensory
B) state-dependent
C) long-term
D) flashbulb
E) implicit

14. Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a
building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it.
Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?
A) Such implicit memory is stored in the cerebellum, thus Mamie must have
experienced damage to that brain region.
B) Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded
into long-term memory.
C) Because of the time span between being exposed to the mural, the spacing effect
has interrupted memory formation.
D) The memory of the mural has decayed over time.
E) Mamie is experiencing retroactive interference, leading to her forgetting past
information.

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 15. As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about
competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current
thoughts being processed?
A) sensory memory
B) the cerebellum
C) working memory
D) echoic memory
E) long-term memory

16. To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory,
researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.
A) iconic
B) working
C) flashbulb
D) implicit
E) repressed

17. The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from
long-term memory involves the activity of
A) implicit memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) proactive interference.
D) working memory.
E) semantic encoding.

18. Which term best describes parallel processing?

A) voluntary
B) conscious
C) serial
D) automatic
E) sequential

19. Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of

A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) interference.
D) storage.
E) repression.

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 20. How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new
memories?
A) Parallel processing allows our brain to encode memories directly into long-term
memory, bypassing working memory.
B) Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once,
some automatically, some with effort.
C) Parallel processing allows us to encode every event accurately as it happens, even
if we cannot always retrieve it later.
D) Sensory impulses travel through separate channels, with visual information going
into visual working memory, and auditory into auditory working memory.
E) Hypnotism can enhance memory through parallel processing, accessing both
conscious and unconscious levels of our minds.

21. We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically,

because of which property of the brain?
A) serial position effect
B) parallel processing
C) explicit memory
D) long-term potentiation
E) priming

22. Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is
known as
A) recall.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) automatic processing.
D) state-dependent memory.
E) chunking.

23. Automatic processing occurs without

A) iconic memory.
B) semantic encoding.
C) conscious awareness.
D) long-term potentiation.
E) sensory memory.

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 24. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term
proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the
term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory
of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
A) automatic processing.
B) the serial position effect.
C) the spacing effect.
D) relearning.
E) priming.

25. During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the
day's events. This best illustrates
A) the spacing effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) rosy retrospection.
D) echoic memory.
E) short-term memory.

26. While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan
effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance
of
A) flashbulb memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) source amnesia.
E) implicit memory.

27. You are most likely to automatically encode information about

A) politicians' names.
B) friends' birthdays.
C) new phone numbers.
D) the sequence of your day's events.
E) dates in a history book.

28. The effortful processing of information

A) typically interferes with the capacity to think creatively.
B) cannot easily be suppressed and inhibited.
C) can become automatic through practice.
D) occurs less frequently among adults than children.
E) takes place in the cerebellum.

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 29. Effortful processing can occur only with
A) implicit memory.
B) conscious attention.
C) visual imagery.
D) chunking.
E) sensory memory.

30. In an effort to remember how to spell “rhinoceros,” Samantha spells the word
aloud 30 times. She is using a technique known as
A) priming.
B) rehearsal.
C) the peg-word system.
D) chunking.
E) the serial position effect.

31. When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's
name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy
called
A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) mnemonics.
D) the serial position effect.
E) rehearsal.

32. Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to

A) encoding.
B) chunking.
C) imagery.
D) repression.
E) automatic processing.

33. Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the
study of human memory?
A) Pavlov
B) James
C) Loftus
D) Freud
E) Ebbinghaus

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 34. Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of
A) chunking.
B) imagery.
C) priming.
D) rehearsal.
E) implicit memory.

35. Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the
discovery that
A) the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.
B) what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood.
C) information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten.
D) our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited.
E) hypnosis can increase recall of meaningless information.

36. Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not
remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information requires
A) proactive interference.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) chunking.
D) effortful processing.
E) priming.

37. Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the
material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night
before the test. This illustrates what is known as
A) the spacing effect.
B) the serial position effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) chunking.
E) automatic processing.

38. Students who restudy course material at the end of a semester in order to pass the
AP final exam are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the
course material. This best illustrates the value of
A) implicit memory.
B) the serial position effect.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) the spacing effect.
E) chunking.

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 39. Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect?
A) The studies that testing researchers conduct are more easily remembered than other
studies.
B) Most people cannot recall automatically encoded information under testing
situations.
C) Repeated quizzing of information increases the chances it will be recalled.
D) Testing the same information over and over again decreases recall due to
interference.
E) Anxiety associated with testing situations increases recall due to mood-congruent
memory.

40. The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than
massed study is known as
A) the serial position effect.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) the spacing effect.
D) long-term potentiation.
E) chunking.

41. Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire
semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning
period. This best illustrates the importance of
A) long-term potentiation.
B) the serial position effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) implicit memory.
E) the spacing effect.

42. The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of

A) rehearsal.
B) chunking.
C) visual imagery.
D) automatic processing.
E) flashbulb memory.

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 43. The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon, she
could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been
introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the
benefits of
A) automatic processing.
B) parallel processing.
C) rehearsal.
D) flashbulb memory.
E) the serial position effect.

44. The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the
middle items is known as the ________ effect.
A) serial position
B) misinformation
C) mnemonic
D) priming
E) spacing

45. On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to
bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to
write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items
A) at the beginning of the list.
B) at the end of the list.
C) in the middle of the list.
D) at the beginning and in the middle of the list.
E) at the middle and the end of the list.

46. Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the

A) priming effect.
B) self-reference effect.
C) serial position effect.
D) spacing effect.
E) mnemonic effect.

47. Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them
listed in order is likely to illustrate
A) implicit memory.
B) the recency effect.
C) iconic memory.
D) a primacy effect.
E) the relearning effect.

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 48. Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list
especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates
A) iconic memory.
B) the spacing effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) a recency effect.
E) automatic processing

49. At your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers, one at a time.
As you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting at the beginning. By
the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the
beginning and the last names you heard. Which of the following best explains
your experience?
A) spacing effect
B) semantic encoding
C) chunking
D) proactive interference
E) serial position effect

50. Semantic encoding refers to the processing of

A) sounds.
B) meanings.
C) visual images.
D) unfamiliar units.
E) touch sensations.

51. The statement, “The haystack was important because the cloth ripped,” becomes
easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: “A
parachutist.” This best illustrates the influence of
A) visual encoding.
B) parallel processing.
C) sensory memory.
D) semantic encoding.
E) mnemonic devices.

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 52. The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called
A) long-term potentiation.
B) automatic processing.
C) rehearsal.
D) mnemonic encoding.
E) semantic encoding.

53. The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new
information best illustrates the importance of
A) the serial position effect.
B) semantic encoding.
C) retroactive interference.
D) iconic memory.
E) repression.

54. Most people misrecall the sentence, “The angry rioter threw the rock at the
window” as “The angry rioter threw the rock through the window.” This best
illustrates the importance of
A) semantic encoding.
B) retroactive interference.
C) misinformation effect.
D) iconic memory.
E) mood-congruent memory.

55. Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each
unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the
value of
A) iconic memory.
B) semantic encoding.
C) rosy retrospection.
D) the peg-word system.
E) long-term potentiation.

56. Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare
you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on today's test?
A) How well does the word describe you?
B) Does the word consist of ten letters?
C) Is the word written in capital letters?
D) Does the word rhyme with obsessed?
E) How many vowels are in the word?

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 57. Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's
illustrates the value of
A) the spacing effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) acoustic encoding.
D) chunking.
E) state-dependent memory.

58. Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ________ is to ________.

A) implicit memory; explicit memory
B) effortful processing; automatic processing
C) the serial position effect; the spacing effect
D) iconic memory; flashbulb memory
E) meaning; imagery

59. Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating
A) semantic encoding.
B) automatic processing.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) proactive interference.
E) implicit memory.

60. One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that
during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This
best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires
A) automatic processing.
B) implicit memory.
C) acoustic encoding.
D) source amnesia.
E) semantic encoding.

61. Superior memory for rap lyrics that include the most rhymes best illustrates the
value of
A) priming.
B) the spacing effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) the serial position effect.
E) acoustic encoding.

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 62. Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember
seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete
sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of
A) priming.
B) the “peg-word” system.
C) automatic processing.
D) semantic encoding.
E) the serial position effect.

63. Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each
unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the
value of
A) iconic memory.
B) semantic encoding.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) automatic processing.
E) the “peg-word” system.

64. To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often
relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid
because it facilitates
A) iconic memory.
B) semantic encoding.
C) automatic processing.
D) proactive interference.
E) the serial position effect.

65. When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they
often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best
illustrates the effects of
A) implicit memory.
B) source amnesia.
C) semantic encoding.
D) memory decay.
E) state-dependent memory.

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 66. When asked to recall a list of words including, “plump, crook, and child,” people
frequently recalled “fat, criminal, and kid.” This best illustrates the impact of
A) parallel processing.
B) peg words.
C) semantic encoding.
D) echoic memory.
E) mood-congruent memory.

67. The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of

A) semantic encoding.
B) source amnesia.
C) iconic memory.
D) flashbulb memory.
E) repression.

68. We are more likely to remember the words “typewriter, cigarette, and fire” than
the words “void, process, and inherent.” This best illustrates the value of
A) long-term potentiation.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) imagery.
D) iconic memory.
E) priming.

69. Recalling the pleasurable high points of an experience while forgetting its more
mundane moments helps explain
A) the self-reference effect.
B) source amnesia.
C) rosy retrospection.
D) implicit memory.
E) mood-congruent memory.

70. Elaine's memory of her Paris vacation is more positive today than it was last year
just after she went. This best illustrates
A) the self-reference effect.
B) source amnesia.
C) proactive interference.
D) rosy retrospection.
E) the spacing effect.

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 71. A mnemonic device is a
A) sensory memory.
B) test or measure of memory.
C) technique for automatic processing.
D) memory aid.
E) word, event, or place that triggers a memory of the past.

72. Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing
material are called
A) semantic techniques.
B) iconic traces.
C) organizational cues.
D) mnemonic devices.
E) flashbulb memories.

73. Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images
of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of
A) the spacing effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) rosy retrospection.
D) the peg-word system.
E) serial position effect.

74. Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of
A) flashbulb memory.
B) visual imagery.
C) state-dependent memory.
D) the serial position effect.
E) implicit memory.

75. Chunking refers to

A) getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery.
B) the organization of information into meaningful units.
C) the unconscious encoding of incidental information.
D) the tendency to recall best the first item in a list.
E) the combined use of automatic and effortful processing to ensure the retention of
unfamiliar information.

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 76. The organization of information into meaningful units is called
A) automatic processing.
B) the spacing effect.
C) chunking.
D) iconic memory.
E) the peg-word system.

77. Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at
the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of
A) the spacing effect.
B) chunking.
C) the serial position effect.
D) priming.
E) flashbulb memory.

78. Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by
using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
A) chunking.
B) imagination inflation.
C) the serial position effect.
D) the peg-word system.
E) implicit memory.

79. The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging

them to spell the word “MEMORY.” This provides an illustration of
A) chunking.
B) the “peg-word” system.
C) automatic processing.
D) the spacing effect.
E) the serial position effect.

80. The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best
illustrates the value of
A) imagery.
B) chunking.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the serial position effect.
E) semantic encoding.

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 81. Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence “George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints
Houses Yellow” to help him remember the spelling of “geography.” Tim is using
A) a mnemonic device.
B) the peg-word system.
C) the spacing effect.
D) priming.
E) the serial position effect.

82. Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the
order of wavelength illustrates the use of
A) rosy retrospection.
B) an acronym.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the peg-word system.
E) long-term potentiation.

83. By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the
larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much
more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of
A) implicit memory.
B) the serial position effect.
C) hierarchical organization.
D) the spacing effect.
E) parallel processing.

84. Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges,
celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by
reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and
vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies
and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of
A) the spacing effect.
B) hierarchical organization.
C) automatic processing.
D) the peg-word system.
E) implicit memory.

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 85. Iconic memory refers to
A) the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory.
B) photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a
second.
C) the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of
events.
D) the visually encoded images in long-term memory.
E) important events often encoded through flashbulb memory.

86. The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV
screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down
the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary
mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________
memory.
A) iconic
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) echoic
E) state-dependent

87. Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________

memory.
A) sensory
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) implicit
E) state-dependent

88. For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a
vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates
the nature of _______ memory.
A) iconic
B) flashbulb
C) recall
D) explicit
E) implicit

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 89. By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only
a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________
memory.
A) echoic
B) flashbulb
C) state-dependent
D) iconic
E) implicit

90. When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-
twentieth of a second, research participants
A) recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of
them.
B) recalled only about seven of the letters due to storage limitations.
C) had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.
D) formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter.
E) recognized some of the letters but could not recall any of them.

91. Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

A) short-term memory; long-term memory
B) explicit memory; implicit memory
C) visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
D) automatic processing; effortful processing
E) flashbulb memory; implicit memory

92. For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid
auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates
________ memory.
A) short-term
B) iconic
C) mood-congruent
D) implicit
E) echoic

93. Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a
couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory.
A) flashbulb
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) state-dependent
E) iconic

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 94. While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose
concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, “no car keys.”
When she asks, “Are you listening to me?” you are able to repeat the last few
things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains
this phenomenon?
A) Because you have heard the same lecture many times, rehearsal has caused it to be
stored in long-term memory.
B) Words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall
her words.
C) What your Mom said at the beginning and end of her lecture will be recalled
because of the serial position effect.
D) Because losing driving privileges is an emotional event, her words create a
flashbulb memory.
E) Hearing the words “car keys” leads to the priming of specific memories.

95. Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for
three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as
A) 1 second.
B) 12 seconds.
C) 1 minute.
D) 12 minutes.
E) 1 hour.

96. Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were
presented with three consonants. This study found that ________ memories have
a limited duration without active processing and rehearsal.
A) echoic
B) long-term
C) mood-congruent
D) short-term
E) flashbulb

97. After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by

Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent
A) source amnesia.
B) retroactive interference.
C) proactive interference.
D) encoding failure.
E) rehearsal.

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 98. Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly
________ bits of information.
A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 24
E) 50

99. “The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of
________ memory.
A) short-term
B) explicit
C) flashbulb
D) implicit
E) sensory

100. Short-term memory is slightly better

A) for auditory information than for visual information.
B) for random letters than for random digits.
C) in children than in adults.
D) in females than in males.
E) for sensory information than for semantic information.

101. As a participant in a memory experiment, Chandler was given a recall test after
listening to the series “2, 5, 7, 9, 3, 6, 4, 1,” and “V, F, D, B, P, Z, G, T.” Based on
previous research, which series will Chandler remember better?
A) His recall should be the same because both series are within short-term memory
capacity of 7 +/– 2 bits of information.
B) He should remember the numbers better because the letters have similar sounds
that may interfere with recall.
C) Because of the spacing effect he will remember the first number or letter, and the
last number or letter, in each series.
D) He will remember the letters better because they are more likely to be semantically
encoded.
E) Chandler will struggle to recall either series because he has not had adequate time
to rehearse the lists.

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 102. The human capacity for storing long-term memories is
A) essentially unlimited.
B) roughly equal to seven units of information.
C) typically much greater in young children than in adults.
D) greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65.
E) enhanced through hypnosis.

103. Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?

A) echoic memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) iconic memory
E) proactive memory

104. Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their
cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories
A) was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres.
B) was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes.
C) was restricted to their left and right occipital lobes.
D) was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex.
E) was not restricted to the association areas.

105. The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n)
A) flashbulb memory.
B) spacing effect.
C) mnemonic device.
D) memory trace.
E) iconic memory.

106. Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve

A) source amnesia.
B) synaptic changes.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) the serial position effect.
E) hormonal changes.

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 107. Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation
is associated with the
A) structure of DNA molecules.
B) release of certain neurotransmitters.
C) activity level of the hippocampus.
D) development of the cerebellum.
E) transformation of neurons in the medulla.

108. When learning occurs through classical conditioning, the sea slug, Aplysia,
releases more ________ at certain synapses.
A) serotonin
B) epinephrine
C) insulin
D) LTP
E) acetylcholine

109. The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is
known as
A) chunking.
B) the serial position effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) long-term potentiation.
E) proactive interference.

110. Long-term potentiation refers to

A) the impact of overlearning on retention.
B) an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events.
C) an increase in a neuron's firing potential.
D) the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having
learned it.
E) the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

111. One effect of long-term potentiation is that

A) the sending neuron needs additional prompting to release its neurotransmitters.
B) more glucose energy is made available to fuel brain activity.
C) a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase.
D) the memory trace can be tracked to specific sites in the brain.
E) more neurons are added into a neural chain of memory.

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 112. Sea slugs, mice, and fruit flies have displayed enhanced memories following
enhanced production of the protein
A) LTP.
B) CREB.
C) GABA.
D) THC.
E) ACh.

113. Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze
with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that
A) priming is affected by the release of serotonin into the synapse.
B) proactive interference is minimized by LTP.
C) source amnesia decreases the more the rat runs the maze.
D) LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations.
E) state-dependent memories are easily retrieved.

114. Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is
most likely to disrupt ________ memory.
A) implicit
B) mood-congruent
C) short-term
D) flashbulb
E) iconic

115. A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked
unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere
with Ashley's ________ memory.
A) flashbulb
B) implicit
C) mood-congruent
D) short-term
E) echoic

116. Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

A) sensory memories.
B) flashbulb memories.
C) mood-congruent memories.
D) repressed memories.
E) semantic memories.

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 117. Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist
attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by
A) retrieval cues.
B) the serial position effect.
C) source amnesia.
D) the body's release of stress hormones.
E) long-term potentiation.

118. The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who witnessed the 2010
earthquake in Haiti best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by
A) the spacing effect.
B) hierarchical organization.
C) the serial position effect.
D) implicit memory.
E) the body's release of stress hormones.

119. Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although
his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to
others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that
A) retroactive interference makes it harder to recall old information.
B) source amnesia can affect how well we remember past events.
C) misinformation can distort flashbulb memories.
D) iconic memories decay quickly.
E) when we are under stress, long-term potentiation diminishes our ability to form
new memories.

120. The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation
by shrinking the
A) adrenal glands.
B) hippocampus.
C) pituitary gland.
D) sensory cortex.
E) frontal lobe.

121. By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the
process of
A) source misattribution.
B) proactive interference.
C) long-term memory formation.
D) repression.
E) mood-congruent memory.

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 122. After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent
life experiences. He is most likely suffering from
A) long-term potentiation.
B) repression.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) amnesia.
E) implicit memory.

123. Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new
personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness
of having learned them. This suggests that
A) explicit memories are stored in the cerebellum, which must not have been
damaged.
B) long-term potentiation decreases our ability to store implicit memories.
C) the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory
system.
D) amnesia only disturbs recall of explicit memories.
E) the cerebellum must have been damaged, hindering implicit memory formation.

124. The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned
it suggests the need to distinguish between
A) proactive interference and retroactive interference.
B) short-term memory and long-term memory.
C) recognition and recall.
D) explicit memory and implicit memory.
E) iconic memory and echoic memory.

125. A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as

________ memory.
A) state-dependent
B) flashbulb
C) short-term
D) sensory
E) implicit

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 126. Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection
that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory.
A) semantic
B) explicit
C) flashbulb
D) implicit
E) sensory

127. Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.

A) proactive
B) procedural
C) explicit
D) implicit
E) iconic

128. Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious
recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates
________ memory.
A) implicit
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) working
E) state-dependent

129. Where are explicit memories of newly learned verbal information and visual
designs stored?
A) Verbal information is stored in the right hippocampus and visual designs are stored
in the left hippocampus.
B) Verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored
in the right hippocampus.
C) Verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored
in the right cerebellum.
D) Verbal information is stored in the right cerebellum and visual designs are stored in
the left cerebellum.
E) Verbal information is stored in the left cerebellum and visual designs are stored in
the right cerebellum.

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 130. Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot
consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered
damage to his
A) brainstem.
B) cerebellum.
C) hypothalamus.
D) hippocampus.
E) motor cortex.

131. Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the

A) hippocampus.
B) cerebellum.
C) hypothalamus.
D) motor cortex.
E) corpus callosum.

132. Which of the following best describes explicit memories?

A) nondeclarative
B) processed by the cerebellum
C) acquired through classical conditioning
D) include memory for general knowledge
E) accessed without conscious recall

133. Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

A) short-term; long-term
B) long-term; short-term
C) implicit; explicit
D) explicit; implicit
E) iconic; echoic

134. Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________.

A) epinephrine; serotonin
B) skill memory; fact memory
C) automatic processing; effortful processing
D) long-term memory; short-term memory
E) hippocampus; cerebellum

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 135. An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is
most helpful for explaining
A) the serial position effect.
B) the spacing effect.
C) repression.
D) state-dependent memory.
E) infantile amnesia.

136. Which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia?
A) The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature.
B) The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding.
C) The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events.
D) Iconic memories last for less than a second in infants.
E) Birth trauma prevents explicit encoding.

137. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened,

which test of memory is being used?
A) reconstruction
B) recognition
C) rehearsal
D) recall
E) relearning

138. An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a

police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized?
A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) misinformation
E) reconstruction

139. Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?
A) recognition
B) recall
C) relearning
D) rehearsal
E) imagery

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 140. Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their
definitions measures ________.
A) recognition; relearning
B) recall; recognition
C) recall; relearning
D) relearning; recall
E) recognition; rehearsal

141. Which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of
rehearsal on retention?
A) recall
B) recognition
C) relearning
D) reconstruction
E) repression

142. Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked
to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why
might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names?
A) Implicit memories are easier to recall than explicit memories are.
B) Proactive interference is less likely to affect childhood learning.
C) Iconic memory is superior to echoic memory.
D) Source amnesia may interfere with Group 1's ability to recall the names of the
dwarfs.
E) Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for
them.

143. James took special classes to learn Spanish in elementary school. As a young
adult, he decided to serve in the Peace Corps and was sent to Guatemala. While
he had forgotten most of his early Spanish training, he quickly remembered it.
This illustrates that
A) priming allows us to retrieve specific memories from a web of associations.
B) retroactive interference does not affect the recall of childhood memories.
C) the speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible.
D) source amnesia does not influence learning that occurs before a person is 8 years
old.
E) semantic encoding increases what can be recalled by providing more retrieval cues.

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 144. Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are
called
A) retrieval cues.
B) déjà vu.
C) iconic traces.
D) context effects.
E) schemas.

145. The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his
early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful
A) echoic memory.
B) retrieval cue.
C) implicit memory.
D) spacing effect.
E) mnemonic.

146. The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called

A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) repression.
D) priming.
E) state-dependent memory.

147. Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as

A) automatic processing.
B) repression.
C) chunking.
D) relearning.
E) priming.

148. Memories are primed by

A) repression.
B) retrieval cues.
C) retroactive interference.
D) the serial position effect.
E) source amnesia.

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 149. Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to
A) chunking.
B) relearning.
C) priming.
D) repression.
E) the spacing effect.

150. Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a
junior high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory
retrieval is an illustration of
A) priming.
B) chunking.
C) source amnesia.
D) automatic processing.
E) the spacing effect.

151. Hearing the word “rabbit” may lead people to spell the spoken word “hair” as “h-
a-r-e.” This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as
A) chunking.
B) retroactive interference.
C) proactive interference.
D) repression.
E) priming.

152. Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to
recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the
TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of
A) the spacing effect.
B) repression.
C) the serial position effect.
D) automatic processing.
E) priming.

153. Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an
ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates
the impact of
A) priming.
B) chunking.
C) source amnesia.
D) retroactive interference.
E) state-dependent memory.

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 154. After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they
recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates
the impact of ________ on recall.
A) the serial position effect
B) retrieval cues
C) state-dependent memory
D) the spacing effect
E) parallel processing

155. The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater
than on land best illustrates the value of
A) the serial position effect.
B) echoic memory.
C) the spacing effect.
D) retrieval cues.
E) implicit memory.

156. The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as

A) implicit memory.
B) the serial position effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) source amnesia.
E) déjà vu.

157. Déjà vu refers to the

A) emotional arousal produced by events that prime us to recall associated events.
B) tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with our current mood.
C) unconscious activation of particular associations in memory.
D) eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event.
E) involuntary activation of the hippocampus.

158. Walking into your bedroom you think, “I need to get my backpack in the
kitchen.” When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As
you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, “Backpack!” This sudden
recall is best explained by
A) the misinformation effect.
B) context effects.
C) source amnesia.
D) semantic encoding.
E) flashbulb memory formation.

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 159. While in a context similar to one you've been in before, you see a stranger who
looks and walks like one of your friends. These circumstances are likely to
trigger the experience of
A) déjà vu.
B) implicit memory.
C) rosy retrospection.
D) proactive interference.
E) long-term potentiation.

160. Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person
is ________.
A) sad; happy
B) drunk; sober
C) angry; calm
D) fearful; happy
E) drunk; drunk

161. After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't
remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall
best illustrates
A) the spacing effect.
B) proactive interference.
C) the serial position effect.
D) motivated forgetting.
E) state-dependent memory.

162. The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to
A) the self-reference effect.
B) retroactive interference.
C) repression.
D) source amnesia.
E) mood-congruent memory.

163. Compared with formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are
more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates
A) the misinformation effect.
B) source amnesia.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) mood-congruent memory.
E) retroactive interference.

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 164. Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of
A) repression.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) retrieval.
E) relearning.

165. Negative recall primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrates

A) repression.
B) retroactive interference.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) proactive interference.
E) mood-congruent memory.

166. Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful recollections
of the rare occasions in which he had observed his girlfriend flirting with other
men. David's experience best illustrates
A) source misattribution.
B) retroactive interference.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) the misinformation effect.
E) repression.

167. Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook.
Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is
A) depressed.
B) happy.
C) relaxed.
D) unemotional.
E) excited.

168. When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his
bedroom, he thought about all of the other times his heart had been broken.
Bryan's experience provides an example of
A) retroactive interference.
B) implicit memory.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) iconic memory.
E) long-term potentiation.

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 169. A person who has trouble forgetting information, such as the Russian memory
whiz S, often seems to have a limited capacity for
A) implicit memory.
B) explicit memory.
C) abstract thinking.
D) visual imagery.
E) echoic memory.

170. In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests
that storage decay contributes to
A) absent-mindedness.
B) repression.
C) transience.
D) implicit memory.
E) source amnesia.

171. In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests
that encoding failure results from the sin of
A) absent-mindedness.
B) transience.
C) blocking.
D) repression.
E) chunking.

172. In considering the seven sins of memory, misattribution is to the sin of ________
as blocking is to the sin of ________.
A) retroactive interference; proactive interference
B) distortion; forgetting
C) proactive interference; retroactive interference
D) intrusion; distortion
E) priming; repression

173. In considering the seven sins of memory, transience is to the sin of ________ as
suggestibility is to the sin of ________.
A) distortion; intrusion
B) proactive interference; retroactive interference
C) forgetting; distortion
D) retroactive interference; proactive interference
E) relearning; mood congruence

Page 37
 174. Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to
recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely
due to a failure in
A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) iconic memory.
E) implicit memory.

175. The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by
letters is most likely due to
A) encoding failure.
B) the spacing effect.
C) retroactive interference.
D) source amnesia.
E) retrieval failure.

176. Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention
when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in
terms of
A) storage decay.
B) proactive interference.
C) encoding failure.
D) retroactive interference.
E) source amnesia.

177. The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely
due to a failure in
A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) implicit memory.
E) iconic memory.

178. To prevent encoding failure you should

A) avoid source amnesia.
B) limit parallel processing.
C) engage in effortful processing.
D) stop long-term potentiation.
E) encourage priming.

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 179. The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember
information depends on
A) how long ago we learned that information.
B) the nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval.
C) whether the information is part of our implicit or explicit memory.
D) whether the information was acoustically or visually encoded.
E) whether proactive interference occurred.

180. Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned
information is initially
A) slow and subsequently stays slow.
B) slow and subsequently speeds up.
C) rapid and subsequently stays rapid.
D) rapid and subsequently slows down.
E) steady and subsequently speeds up.

181. Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that
A) our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited.
B) iconic memory fades more rapidly than echoic memory.
C) what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved while in that same mood.
D) the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned.
E) syllables that were meaningful to the participants were recalled best.

182. Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course,
they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding
indicates that information is lost while it is
A) encoded.
B) rehearsed.
C) retrieved.
D) in storage.
E) relearned.

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 183. Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' “forgetting curve” how will your memories for
psychological concepts change?
A) I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the
information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years.
B) Memory loss will occur slowly, so I should be able to remember most
psychological concepts for many years.
C) Retroactive interference will hinder my ability to recall psychological concepts as
new information blocks my recall.
D) Over time the misinformation effect will increase the likelihood that I will forget
the psychological concepts that I have learned.
E) I will forget psychological concepts soon after learning them, unless priming
occurs.

184. Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's
name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in
A) storage.
B) encoding.
C) rehearsal.
D) retrieval.
E) automatic processing.

185. The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until
someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the
title was most likely caused by
A) a physical decay of stored memory.
B) encoding failure.
C) state-dependent memory.
D) retrieval failure.
E) repression.

186. The fact that older people are often less able than younger adults to recall
recently learned information can be best explained in terms of the greater
difficulty older people have with
A) automatic processing.
B) iconic memory.
C) state-dependent memory.
D) retrieval.
E) implicit memory.

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 187. When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary
inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted
from a(n) ________ failure.
A) rehearsal
B) storage
C) encoding
D) retrieval
E) automatic processing

188. Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of the Netherlands, he
quickly and correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in the
Netherlands. Yusef's initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in
A) implicit memory.
B) storage.
C) encoding.
D) state-dependent memory.
E) retrieval.

189. The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called
A) state-dependent memory.
B) retroactive interference.
C) the serial position effect.
D) the spacing effect.
E) proactive interference.

190. Proactive interference refers to the

A) blocking of painful memories from conscious awareness.
B) incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event.
C) disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information.
D) disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
E) integration of current information into implicit memories.

191. Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it
difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
A) retroactive interference.
B) priming.
C) source amnesia.
D) proactive interference.
E) repression.

Page 41
 192. Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has
difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best
illustrates
A) retroactive interference.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) proactive interference.
D) the spacing effect.
E) source amnesia.

193. Which of the following best explains why Ebbinghaus found the task of learning
new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficult as his research career
progressed?
A) the spacing effect
B) source amnesia
C) proactive interference
D) retroactive interference
E) misattribution

194. Retroactive interference involves the disruption of

A) automatic processing.
B) iconic memory.
C) memory retrieval.
D) semantic encoding.
E) echoic memory.

195. After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to
remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing
the effects of
A) encoding failure.
B) source amnesia.
C) retroactive interference.
D) proactive interference.
E) automatic processing.

Page 42
 196. After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering
details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning.
Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates
A) transience.
B) retroactive interference.
C) the spacing effect.
D) proactive interference.
E) source amnesia.

197. Two people learned nonsense syllables and then tried to recall them after up to
eight hours had elapsed. John Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach observed that
forgetting occurred least rapidly when the individuals spent their time
A) physically exercising.
B) playing a card game.
C) watching television.
D) sleeping.
E) chunking.

198. The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables
forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may
involve
A) encoding failure.
B) repression.
C) implicit memory loss.
D) interference.
E) long-term potentiation.

199. The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables
forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may
involve
A) encoding failure.
B) repression.
C) implicit memory loss.
D) the hippocampus.
E) interference.

Page 43
 200. Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we
fall asleep is most likely due to
A) motivated forgetting.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) retroactive interference.
D) encoding failure.
E) long-term potentiation.

201. You took Spanish during your sophomore year, and French during your junior
year. Happily, you found that knowing Spanish helped you learn French. This
phenomenon is best explained by
A) proactive interference.
B) memory construction.
C) source amnesia.
D) the spacing effect.
E) positive transfer.

202. Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password.
This illustrates
A) the spacing effect.
B) retroactive interference.
C) source amnesia.
D) proactive interference.
E) the serial position effect.

203. Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new
password. This illustrates
A) source amnesia.
B) retroactive interference.
C) the serial position effect.
D) proactive interference.
E) chunking.

204. Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the
case. Their memory failure best illustrates
A) source amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) the serial position effect.
D) motivated forgetting.
E) priming.

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 205. A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked
from conscious awareness is known as
A) retroactive interference.
B) proactive interference.
C) the spacing effect.
D) repression.
E) priming.

206. Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused
by a process that involves
A) source amnesia.
B) retroactive interference.
C) memory decay.
D) retrieval failure.
E) long-term potentiation.

207. Who emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories?

A) Hermann Ebbinghaus
B) Elizabeth Loftus
C) Lloyd Peterson
D) George Sperling
E) Sigmund Freud

208. Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal
education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-
grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates
A) repression.
B) proactive interference.
C) retroactive interference.
D) the serial position effect.
E) the spacing effect.

209. Research participants who were exposed to very convincing arguments about the
desirability of frequent toothbrushing misrecalled how frequently they had
brushed their teeth in the preceding two weeks. This best illustrates
A) the self-reference effect.
B) proactive interference.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) the spacing effect.
E) semantic encoding.

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 210. Repression most clearly involves a failure in
A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) storage.
D) iconic memory.
E) long-term potentiation.

211. Which of the following best describes the position of many current researchers
regarding repression?
A) Repressed memories protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety.
B) Only implicit memories are repressed into unconsciousness.
C) Repression rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material.
D) Repressed memories, once out of consciousness, are not harmful.
E) The activity of the hippocampus leads to repression.

212. Stereotypes can often influence the form in which information is retrieved from
long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of
A) long-term potentiation.
B) automatic processing.
C) memory construction.
D) the spacing effect.
E) visual encoding.

213. As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on
past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates
A) implicit memory.
B) proactive interference.
C) the spacing effect.
D) memory construction.
E) serial position effect.

214. When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the
vehicles were going when they “smashed” into each other, the observers
developed memories of the accident that
A) omitted some of the most painful aspects of the event.
B) were more accurate than the memories of observers who had not been immediately
questioned about what they saw.
C) were influenced by whether Loftus and Palmer identified themselves as police
officers.
D) portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been.
E) demonstrated repression of significant aspects of the accident.

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 215. Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a
filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other
subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This
experiment best illustrated
A) proactive interference.
B) the self-reference effect.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the misinformation effect.
E) state-dependent memory.

216. After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have
contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the
accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than
was actually the case. This provides an example of
A) proactive interference.
B) the serial position effect.
C) state-dependent memory.
D) the self-reference effect.
E) the misinformation effect.

217. The misinformation effect refers to the

A) tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad
mood.
B) disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
C) the eerie sense that “I've been in this exact situation before.”
D) incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event.
E) negative effect of incorrect information on recall.

218. The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of

A) automatic processing.
B) memory construction.
C) repression.
D) proactive interference.
E) mood-congruent memory.

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 219. An attorney uses misleading questions in an attempt to distort a court witness'
recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates
A) state-dependent memory.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) proactive interference.
D) priming.
E) the serial position effect.

220. When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry test she had just completed,
she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the test
was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates
A) flashbulb memory.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) the self-reference effect.
E) proactive interference.

221. Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas.
This most clearly contributes to
A) the serial position effect.
B) proactive interference.
C) imagination inflation.
D) mood-congruent memory.
E) parallel processing.

222. Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events,

including a false event such as breaking a window with their hand. They
discovered that
A) events from the distant past are less vulnerable to memory distortion than more
recent events.
B) people can easily distinguish between their own true and false memories.
C) hypnotic suggestion is an effective technique for accurate memory retrieval.
D) it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories.
E) college students are less likely to succumb to the misinformation effect.

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 223. Marci vividly remembered winning a stuffed animal at a carnival game when she
was a child. However, when she mentioned this to her parents, she was told that
the event never occurred. Marci's experience may have been influenced by
A) retroactive interference.
B) implicit memories.
C) mood-congruent memories.
D) parallel processing.
E) imagination inflation.

224. The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of being
kidnapped after hearing his nursemaid's false reports of such an event. His
experience best illustrates
A) implicit memory.
B) proactive interference.
C) source amnesia.
D) mood-congruent memory.
E) the self-reference effect.

225. After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual
abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as
part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of
A) proactive interference.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) implicit memory.
E) source amnesia.

226. As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog.
Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him.
Andre's false recollection best illustrates
A) the self-reference effect.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) source amnesia.
D) implicit memory.
E) proactive interference.

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 227. After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced
with “Mr. Science,” preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things
that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates
A) the self-reference effect.
B) source amnesia.
C) proactive interference.
D) implicit memory.
E) mood-congruent memory.

228. After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime,
Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best
illustrates
A) source amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) implicit memory.
D) the self-reference effect.
E) flashbulb memory.

229. Your friend told you that eating chocolate was shown to improve memory recall.
You may later recall this “fact” but forget where you heard it. You assume that
you heard it on the news, a credible source, so you begin eating chocolate. Your
behavior best illustrates
A) implicit memory.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) source amnesia.
D) retroactive interference.
E) motivated forgetting.

230. Being asked to explain why a previously observed stranger was feeling angry has
been found to influence people's perceptual memories of that person's facial
expression. This best illustrates the dynamics of
A) proactive interference.
B) memory construction.
C) iconic memory.
D) automatic processing.
E) the serial position effect.

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 231. Research on memory construction indicates that
A) recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more
distant past.
B) false memories often feel as real as true memories.
C) hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory
retrieval.
D) it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never
happened.
E) true memories are created by long-term potentiation, and false memories are
encoded in the cerebellum.

232. Compared with false memories, true memories are more likely to
A) persist over time.
B) have emotional overtones.
C) contain detailed information.
D) be reported with confidence.
E) feel vivid and compelling.

233. By incorporating errors originating from a hypnotist's leading questions,

“hypnotically refreshed” memories often illustrate
A) the self-reference effect.
B) rosy retrospection.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) proactive interference.
E) priming.

234. Those who are eager to use hypnosis to facilitate eyewitness recollections of the
details of a crime should first be warned of the dangers of
A) the self-reference effect.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) proactive interference.
D) state-dependent memory.
E) the spacing effect.

235. When we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner
when we first began dating. This best illustrates the dynamics of
A) automatic processing.
B) the spacing effect.
C) proactive interference.
D) the serial position effect.
E) memory construction.

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 236. Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce,
however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and
unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of
A) proactive interference.
B) memory construction.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the serial position effect.
E) repression.

237. When asked to recall their attitudes of 10 years ago regarding marijuana use,
people offer recollections closer to their current views than to those they actually
reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates
A) memory construction.
B) proactive interference.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) mood-congruent memory.
E) repression.

238. Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape

case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist
because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked.
The victim's false recollection best illustrates
A) state-dependent memory.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) the spacing effect.
D) source amnesia.
E) the self-reference effect.

239. Police interrogators have been trained to ask less suggestive and more effective
questions to avoid
A) long-term potentiation.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) proactive interference.
E) retroactive interference.

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 240. Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's
recollections of sexual abuse?
A) the serial position effect
B) the spacing effect
C) the misinformation effect
D) long-term potentiation
E) proactive interference

241. Compared with adults, children are more susceptible to

A) long-term potentiation.
B) automatic processing.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) proactive interference.
E) the self-reference effect.

242. To gain accurate eyewitness testimony from children, interviewers must

A) be sensitive to repressed memories.
B) provide details to the child before the interview.
C) use neutral words that children can understand.
D) employ leading questions to prompt a response.
E) allow children to listen to adults discuss the case before the interview.

243. In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to
the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrated the
dynamics of
A) memory construction.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) sensory memory.
E) mood-congruent memory.

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 244. When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse,
their reports are especially credible if
A) they are asked specific, detailed questions about the issue rather than more general,
open-ended questions.
B) after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question
they just answered.
C) they use anatomically correct dolls to indicate if and where they had been
physically touched.
D) involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview.
E) they express strong feelings about the memories and seem convinced that the
memories are accurate.

245. Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have
often been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties are due to
A) memory storage failure.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) memory encoding failure.
D) proactive interference.
E) repression.

246. Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may
sometimes be told that they are simply in a stage of “denial” and “repression.”
This explanation for their lack of abuse memories emphasizes
A) proactive interference.
B) encoding failure.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) source amnesia.
E) retrieval failure.

247. Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and
recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that
A) the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our
minds.
B) repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early
childhood sexual abuse.
C) we commonly recover memories of long-forgotten negative as well as positive
events.
D) the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously
forgotten.
E) professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients' true and false
childhood memories.

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 248. Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she
was less than a year old. Memory experts are most likely to doubt the reliability
of her memory due to their awareness of
A) implicit memory.
B) the self-reference effect.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) infantile amnesia.
E) the spacing effect.

249. With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of

sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations
suggest that
A) the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our
minds.
B) the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously
forgotten.
C) repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early
childhood abuse.
D) professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients' true and false
childhood memories.
E) adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.

250. Participants in one experiment were given entirely fabricated accounts of an

occasion in which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood.
Many of these participants later falsely recollected vivid details of the experience
as having actually occurred. This experiment best illustrated
A) the self-reference effect.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) proactive interference.
E) the spacing effect.

251. When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle
incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body.
Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates
A) proactive interference.
B) implicit memory.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) the misinformation effect.
E) mood-congruent memory.

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 252. Stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be
A) encoded.
B) repressed.
C) stored.
D) retrieved.
E) recalled.

253. Speed-reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it

inhibits
A) the serial position effect.
B) retroactive interference.
C) the next-in-line effect.
D) proactive interference.
E) rehearsal.

254. Repeating someone's name several times shortly after being introduced to that
person is an effective strategy for
A) chunking.
B) rehearsal.
C) implicit memory.
D) automatic processing.
E) priming.

255. Studying psychological concepts while riding the bus, walking to lunch, and
waiting for class to begin will improve your memory of the concepts by taking
advantage of
A) chunking.
B) the self-reference effect.
C) priming.
D) the serial position effect.
E) the spacing effect.

256. Mentally re-creating the mood that accompanied your original learning of course
material is an effective way to activate
A) iconic memory.
B) the spacing effect.
C) retrieval cues.
D) acoustic encoding.
E) retroactive interference.

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 257. Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful
strategy for
A) automatically processing complex information.
B) facilitating the development of implicit memory.
C) activating your state-dependent memory.
D) becoming aware of what you do not yet know.
E) enhancing implicit memories.

258. Forming many associations between new course material and what you already
know is an effective way to build a network of
A) retrieval cues.
B) sensory memories.
C) state-dependent memories.
D) serial position effects.
E) iconic memories.

259. People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French
vocabulary in order to minimize
A) the self-reference effect.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) interference.
E) echoic memory.

260. By taking text and class notes in your own words you are improving memory by
A) encoding memory semantically.
B) preventing proactive interference.
C) avoiding source amnesia.
D) creating implicit memories.
E) encouraging parallel processing.

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