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Assignment Number 2:
Q 1: Consider a combined gas-steam turbine cycle with both machines ideal. Air enters the compressor
at 1 atm and 520°R. 200 percent theoretical air gases enter the gas turbine at 2500°R. The pressure
ratio for both the compressor and turbine is 8. No intercooling, reheat, or regeneration are used in
the gas-turbine cycle. The turbine exhaust is used directly without supplementary firing and leaves to
the stack at 900°R. Steam is produced at 1200 psia and 950°F, and the condenser pressure is 1.2 psia.
No feedwater heating is used, and the pump work may be ignored.

Draw the flow and T-s diagrams labelling points correspondingly, and calculate:
(a) The heat added, per pound mass of air,
(b) The steam flow, in pounds per pound mass of air,
(c) The combined work, in BTUs per pound mass of air,
(d) The combined plant efficiency,
(e) The plant efficiency if the steam cycle is inoperative, and
(f) Perform a full exergy analysis for the combined cycle and identify the key sources of
irreversibilities.

Q 2: A combined gas-steam turbine powerplant is designed with Six 50-MW gas turbines and one 120-
MW steam turbine. Each gas turbine operates with a compressor inlet temperature of 510°R, a turbine
inlet temperature of 2500°R, a pressure ratio of 6, and polytropic and mechanical efficiencies of 0.88
and 0.95 for both the compressor and turbine.
The gases leaving the turbines pass through a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and then to a
regenerator with an effectiveness of 0.85. The turbine gases correspond to 200 percent of theoretical
air. Supplementary firing at full load raises the gas temperature to 2100°R.
The steam cycle operates with:
• Turbine steam inlet conditions of 1000 psia and 1550°R,
• One open-type feedwater heater (not optimally placed) delivering feedwater to the HRSG at
910°R,
• A condenser pressure of 1.5 psia, and
• Polytropic and mechanical efficiencies of 0.91 and 0.94 for the steam turbine.
All electric generator efficiencies are 0.98.

Draw the cycle flow diagram and T-s diagram with labelled points, and calculate the following:
(a) The required steam mass flow rate in the steam turbine (lbm/hour),
(b) The required air mass flow rate in each gas turbine (lbm/hour),
(c) The heat added in the gas cycle and via supplementary firing at full load (BTUs),
(d) The stack gas temperature in degrees Fahrenheit,
(e) The cycle efficiency at full load, and
(f) The cycle efficiency during startup when only one gas turbine is operational at full load with
no supplementary firing or regeneration.
Assumptions:
• Steam cycle pump work is negligible.

Q3: Consider the steam generator in a combined cycle of the dual-pressure variety (see Fig. 1(a)). The
combustion gases, corresponding to 400 percent theoretical air, leave supplementary firing at 1600°R
and exit the steam generator at 850°F. Steam is generated at 1200 psia and 1050°F (high pressure)
and 250 psia and 550°F (low pressure), from feedwater at 400°F. The high- and low-pressure steam
mass flow rates are in a 2:1 ratio.

Using the gas tables, calculate:

(a) The gas mass flow rate, in pound mass per pound mass of total steam.
(b) The gas exit temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, if only high-pressure steam is generated for
the same gas mass flow rate.
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(c) The heat recovery efficiency of the steam generator, defined as the ratio of heat transferred
to steam to the total heat available from the gas stream entering the steam generator.
Assumptions:
• The molecular weight of the gas is 28.880.
• Use standard gas tables for enthalpy and specific heat values.
• The system operates under steady-state conditions with negligible heat losses to the
surroundings.

Q4: A combined cycle power plant of the type shown in Fig. 1(b) uses argon in the gas turbine portion.
The compressor and turbine have a pressure ratio of 3.0, polytropic efficiencies of 0.87, and inlet
conditions of 100°F and 2200°F, respectively. A regenerator with an effectiveness of 0.85 recovers
heat from the argon exhaust.

The steam cycle generates steam at 1200 psia and 1100°F and condenses at 2 psia. The steam turbine
polytropic efficiency is 0.82, and the system includes an open-type feedwater heater with a terminal
temperature difference of 30°F.

Calculate:
(a) The argon mass flow rate (in lbm/hour) required for a combined output of 250 MW.
(b) The efficiencies of the gas cycle, steam cycle, and the combined cycle.
Assume the argon properties:
• Molecular weight = 39.948
• Ratio of specific heats (kk) = 1.667
• Gas constant (RR) = 53.34 ft·lbf/lbm·°R
Assumptions:
• Ignore the pump work for the steam cycle.
• Assume the heat losses to the surroundings are negligible.

Figure 1 (a) Duel Pressure Cycle, (b) Combined Cycle for Nuclear Power Plant
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Design & Open-Ended Problems: Exploring Engineering Practice

Combined Cycle Power Plant Design for Peshawar University Greater
Campus
Problem Statement
Title: 65 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant with Campus Energy Optimization

Background Context:
Peshawar University Greater Campus requires a 65 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) to achieve
energy independence while supporting the regional grid. The plant must serve dual purposes:
providing reliable power for campus operations (50-80 MW range) and demonstrating sustainable
energy practices for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The design must align with Pakistan's COP29 commitments
while remaining economically viable.

Design Requirements:
Design Challenges
Problem 1: CCPP Cycle Design and Thermodynamic Analysis
Given Data:

• Natural gas composition: 92% CH₄, 5% C₂H₆, 3% N₂

• Ambient conditions: Peshawar summer (45°C, 95 kPa)
• Required net output: 65 MW (within 50-80 MW operating range)
• Minimum efficiency: 58% (scaled from industrial requirement)
• Campus thermal demand: 25 MWth for heating/cooling
Manual Calculations Required:
Gas Turbine Cycle Analysis:
• Using the Brayton cycle principles, calculate for 65 MW output, with Optimal pressure ratio
(12-22 range) for maximum work output
• Turbine inlet temperature (1300-1500°C) considering material constraints
• Compressor and turbine isentropic efficiencies (87-93%)
• Show all iteration steps for pressure ratio optimization
• Calculate exhaust gas temperature and flow rate

Heat Recovery Steam Generator Design:

Determine steam cycle parameters for cogeneration:
• Dual-pressure reheat cycle optimization with extraction points, take Pinch point (ΔT = 8-12°C)
for maximum heat recovery (optional)
• Steam conditions: HP (100-140 bar, 540°C), LP (10-20 bar, 280°C)
• Calculate steam turbine output and thermal energy for campus

Performance Verification:
Prove your design meets:
• Overall efficiency ≥ 58%
• Heat rate ≤ 6200 kJ/kWh
• Combined efficiency (power + thermal) ≥ 85%
• Show complete energy and exergy balance calculations
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Problem 2: Equipment Selection and Sizing

Manufacturer Data Analysis:

Using actual data from manufacturer catalogues (Siemens SGT-800, GE 6F.03, Mitsubishi M701F):

Gas Turbine Configuration:

Compare configurations for 65 MW output:
• Option A: One 65 MW industrial gas turbine
• Option B: Two 35 MW aeroderivative gas turbines
• Option C: One 45 MW + one 25 MW combination
Justify selection based on:
• Part-load performance (40-100% load range)
• Maintenance requirements and availability
• Fuel flexibility and emissions
• Capital and operating costs

Steam Turbine Design:

Design the bottoming cycle considering:
• Extraction condensing turbine for campus heat supply
• Steam conditions matching HRSG output

Problem 3: Detailed Economic Analysis

(Financial Modelling - Show All Assumptions)

Given Economic Parameters:

• Capital cost range: $850-1100/kW for 65 MW CCPP
• Natural gas prices (current):
o Indigenous gas Tier 1: Rs. 629/MMBTU
o Indigenous gas Tier 2: Rs. 1022/MMBTU
o RLNG: Rs. 1700/MMBTU
• Exchange rate: 280 Rs./$
• Plant life: 25 years
• Capacity factor: 70% (campus base load + grid export)
• Interest rate: 8% with 10-year loan term

Required Analysis:

Capital Cost Estimation:

Prepare detailed cost breakdown for 65 MW plant:
• Gas turbine package (40-50% of total)
• Steam turbine and generator (15-20%)
• HRSG and auxiliaries (10-15%)
• Civil works and balance of plant (15-20%)
• Grid interconnection and substation (5-8%)
• Engineering and contingency (10-15%)

Levelized Cost of Electricity Calculation:

Calculate LCOE using all three gas price scenarios:
• Fixed O&M Cost: $4.20/MWh (scaled for 65 MW)
• Variable O&M Cost: $2.80/MWh
• Capital Recovery Factor: Calculate based on your capital cost
• Fuel Cost: Calculate for all three gas price options
• Show complete calculations with all assumptions
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Sensitivity and Scenario Analysis:

Analyse impact of:
• Capacity factor variations (60-85%)
• Fuel price fluctuations (±25%)
• Capital cost overruns (+20%)
• Different debt-equity structures
• Carbon tax scenarios ($10-30/ton CO₂)

Deliverable Requirements
Part A: Comprehensive Technical Report (55% of grade)
• Maximum 25 pages excluding appendices
• Executive summary with key findings
• Complete thermodynamic cycle analysis
• Equipment specifications and sizing calculations
• System P&IDs and T-s diagrams
• Economic analysis with sensitivity studies
• Environmental compliance strategy
Part B: Design Calculations Portfolio (30% of grade)
• Solutions to Problem 1 thermodynamic analysis
• Excel spreadsheets for economic analysis (all formulas visible)
• Manufacturer data sheets with annotated selection notes
Part C: Oral Defence and Presentation (15% of grade)
• 10-minute team presentation
• Individual questioning on design decisions
• Demonstration of manual calculations
• Justification of economic assumptions and sensitivity analysis

Assessment Criteria
1. Technical Accuracy and Depth (50%)
o Correct thermodynamic cycle analysis and optimization
o Proper equipment sizing and selection methodology
o Realistic performance predictions and efficiency calculations
o Integration of combined heat and power aspects
2. Economic Analysis Quality (40%)
o Accurate and transparent LCOE calculation
o Reasonable cost assumptions with local context
o Comprehensive sensitivity and scenario analysis
o Proper financial modelling techniques
3. Environmental and Regulatory Compliance (10%)
o Proper emissions control strategy
o Environmental impact assessment
o Regulatory compliance framework
o Sustainability considerations

You can take help from the material

A: 50-80 MW Class Gas Turbine Data
• Siemens SGT-800 (47 MW) performance curves
• GE 6F.03 (85 MW) technical specifications
• Mitsubishi M701F (150 MW) for scaling reference
B: Pakistani Economic and Regulatory Data
• Current electricity tariff structures
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• Natural gas pricing framework and projections

• KP regulatory requirements for power plants
• Environmental standards and compliance procedures
C: Peshawar University Campus Data
• Detailed electrical load profiles
• Thermal energy demand patterns
• Campus expansion master plan
• Existing energy infrastructure details
D: Technical Standards and Codes
• ASME PTC standards for performance testing
• IEEE standards for interconnection
• Pakistani grid code requirements
• Environmental monitoring protocols

Submission Deadline: 24th November 2025

Format: PDF report + Excel calculations with visible formulas + Handwritten solutions + Manufacturer
data analysis
Note: This 65 MW CCPP design problem requires synthesis of thermodynamics, mechanical
engineering, electrical systems, economics, and environmental engineering.