,CHALLENGES TO NATION BUILDING
THREE MAIN CHALLENGES:
[Link] nation yet accommodate diversity.
[Link] democracy.
[Link] and well being of society.
PROCESS OF PARTITION
[Link] single belt of Muslim Majority.
[Link] all Muslims wanted to be a part of Pakistan
[Link] majority provinces had large areas where non Muslims were in majority
[Link] of Minorities.
CONSEQUENCES OF PARTITION
[Link] killings and atrocities
[Link] of Communal Zones
[Link] of Population
[Link] Admn.
[Link] of Women
[Link] of hearts
[Link] sense of Partition
GOVT.’S APPROACH TOWARDS PRINCELY STATES
[Link] wanted to join Indian Union
[Link]. Was ready to give autonomy to some regions
[Link] of Partition and importance of territorial boundaries
HYDERABAD
[Link]
[Link] Agreement(1946)
[Link] Movement(against nizam, women participation)
[Link]- para-military focres
[Link] army sent to tackle
[Link] of Accession
MANIPUR
Bodhchandra Singh
Instrument of Accession with some spl. autonomy
Elections
Different opinions in state assembly
Merger Agreement
VISHALANDHRA MOVEMENT
Demand for Separate Andhra State
Potti Sriramulu
Violent Outbursts
Creation of Andhra state
STATE REORGANISATION COMMISSION
Appointed in
Appointed for
Recommendation
SRC Act of 1956
Last 2 pages abt. creation of linguistic states
POLITICS OF PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
BOMBAY PLAN
Section of Big Industrialists
1944
Proposal of setting up planned economy
FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN
1951-56, by [Link]
India should hasten slowly
Main focus on agrarian sector
Large scale project like Bhakra Nangal Dam
Focus on land reforms
Aim was to raise level of National Income
Could only be possible if people saved more
Not a spectacular rise
SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN
1956-61,by [Link]
wanted to bring rapid transformations
Avadi session of Congress; Socialist plan
Tariffs
Developing industries
Technological backwardness
DECENTALISED PLANNING
Kerela Model
Focus on education, health, poverty alleviation, etc.
Achieved total literacy
Long life expectancy
Initiatives at making plans at the panchayat, block level
AGRICULTURE vs INDUSTRIES
2nd FYP lacked agrarian strategy
Urban bias
[Link] and CHuadhary Charan Singh
Other opinion: lack of implementation of plans
PUBLIC vs PVT. SECTOR
Mixed economy: open to criticisms from both fronts
Not much scope for pvt. sector to grow, license system, no competition from outside world
Another view: state did not spend enough on educ, healthcare, intervened in areas where pvt sector
was not prepared.
LAND REFORMS
Abolition of Zamindari system
Consolidation of land
Land ceiling: not successful
Greater legal security to landless labourer-es : not successful
GREEN REVOLUTION
Pressure by America
HYV Seeds, Irrigation facilities
Benefit the rich farmers, ensured food sufficiency
moderate agricultural growth, inc polarization
LATER DEVELOPMENTS
Indira Gandhi- popular leader
Nationalization of banks
Socialist tilt
Sluggish growth rate
Insufficient and corrupt PS-U's
Not so positive role of Bureaucracy
INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS
TRYING AND CHALLENGING INTL. CONTEXT
WW2, Formation of UN
Intl. Disputes from colonial times
Poverty alleviation
Cold War Era
INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
Respect sovereignty of other nations
Maintain peace
Article 51
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Struggle against colonialism
Influenced liberation of many other nations
INA by Subhash Chandra Bose
3 OBJECTIVES OF NEHRU’S FOREIGN POLICY
Preserve hard earned sovereignty
Protect territorial integrity
Promote rapid economic development
DISTANCE FROM TWO CAMPS
Period of Cold War
Advocated policy of non-alignment(ideal foreign policy)
USA NATO; USSR Warsaw Pact
Protested when Britain attacked Egypt but did not condemn USSR on its Hungary invasion
Pak joined US alliance
AFRO-ASIAN UNITY
Contacts b/w Ind and newly independent Asian and African nations
Asian Relations Conference in March 1947
Supported decolonization
Bandung Conference 1955
NAM First Summit in Belgrade in 1961
RELATIONS WITH CHINA
Friendly relations after independence
PANCHSHEEL( 5 principles of peaceful co-existence) b/w Nehru and Zhou Enlai
Boundary dispute
Invasion by China in Oct, 1962
Attack from both fronts
Withdrawal of forces
Dented India’s image outside
No-confidence motion against Nehru
Split in CPI
WARS WITH PAKISTAN
Proxy war after Partition
Kashmir Issue still unresolved
Indus Waters Treaty
War in 1965 Runn of Kutch area, J&K,
Pak hoped to get local support in J&K but didn’t, Tashkent Agreement.
BANGLADESH WAR, 1971
Internal crisis within Pakistan
Refugees in India
US and China supported Pak whereas Ind signed Treaty of Peace and friendship with USSR
Full scale war, Indian army surrounded Dhaka and Pak had to surrender
Shimla Agreement and creation of Bangladesh.
Kargil war of 1999
INDIA’S NUCLEAR POLICY
Initiation of Nuclear Program under Homi J. Bhabha
Nuclear powers tried imposing NPT in 1968; India considered it as discriminatory
India conducted nuclear tests twice and justified it for peaceful purposes only
India would retaliate if any other country launches a nuclear attack on India
India also refused to sign CTBT( Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty)
FOREIGN POLICY IS ALWAYS DICTATED BY THE IDEAS OF NATIONAL INTEREST
Disintegration of USSR
Policy should shift to pro-US
Economic policies became important
Introduction of SE-Zs, FDI, MNC
CHALLENCES AND RESTORATION TO CONGRESS SYSTEM
1960s AS DANGEROUS DECADE
Poverty, unemployment
Wars with Pakistan and China
Nehru’s death
SHASTRI’S CHALLENGES
War with Pak in 1965
War implications of 1962 war
Fill in Nehru’s legacy
Agricultural crisis
ELECTIONS OF 1967 AS POLITICAL EARTHQUAKE
First elections after Nehru
Stalwarts of Cong lost elections
Lost majority in seven states and defection in 2 states
Emergence of DMK( Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) in Madras led anti-Hindi agitation which won them
votes
Cong lost in Punjab, Haryana, UP, MP, Bihar, Odisha, [Link], Madras, Kerela
Phenomena of Coalitions, SVD Govt.
Defections were frequent
Internal differences in Cong b/w Indira and syndicate, she did not take advice of Sr syndicate
members
Indira’s challenge was to regain the grounds where Cong lost in 1967 and build her independence
from the syndicate .
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF 1969
Death of Zakir Hussain( then president of India)
Syndicate nominated N. Sanjeeva Reddy for the post of the president whereas Indira was against it
She asked the then vice president [Link] to fill as an independent candidate
Indira announced abolition of privy purse and nationalization of banks, Morarji Desai did not approve
of these changes
Cong Prez S. Nijalingappa announced whip( conscience vote) asking everyone to vote for Sanjeeva
Reddy
[Link] won the elections and this led to split of Cong
CONG(O)- the old members
CONG(R)- the Requisitionists; Indira Gandhi one
1971 ELECTIONS
Elections were prepone after Indira wanted dissolution of Lok Sabha
Contest against Cong(R) as it was just a fraction of a weak party
Grand Alliance formed by non-congress parties, lacked an agenda
Indira had an agenda - garibi hatao, growth of public sector, etc.
Cong R and CPI got 375 seats combined with 352 by Cong R itself.
Cong O got 16 seats whereas Grand Alliance got only 40 seats
War with Pakistan in 1971 also added to Indira Gandhi’s popularity, she was also admired by her
opponents.
Cong won in majority of states as well.
RESTORATION
Re-invented the party
Not as accommodating as before
Weak organizational structure
Highly dependent on one leader
Dependence on some specific social groups
THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER
BACKGROUND
Indira Gandhi’s I mage
Increased party competition
Relation between govt. And judiciary
Supreme Court’s decision
Cong opinion
Oppn. Opinion
Rise in prices, low industrial growth and unemployment
Failure of monsoons, decline in food production
Protests by non congress parties
GUJARAT AND BIHAR MOVEMENTS
Both stated ruled by Cong
Jan’74; Guj. Movements by students against rising prices,corruption
Demand for fresh elections
Intense pressure from students and oppn. Parties
Fresh elections held in June 1975; Cong was defeated
Mar’74; Bihar Movement by students against rising prices, food scarcity, unemployment, etc.
Jayaprakash Narayan also included; he demanded non-violent protest and national appeal
People from all sections participated
Total revolution and true democracy
Bandhs, gehraos,etc.
Nationwide strike by Railway worker
Largest rally,support from non-Cong parties
CONFLICT BETWEEN GOVT. AND JUDICIARY
1. Can the parliament abridge Fundamental right
2. Can Parliament curtail Right to Property through amendment
3. Can Parliament abridge fundamental rights to give way to DPSPs
4. SC said there are some basic features of Constitution that can’t be amended
5. Jus. [Link] superseded 3 judges to become CJI, the other 3 gave rulings against Central Govt.
6. Need for judiciary and bureaucracy committed to the vision of the govt.
DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY
1. BACKGROUND- Ruling of Allahabad HC against Indira Gandhi declaring her election invalid
2. OPPN- Demonstration by JP and others at Ramlila ground on 25/06/1975; demanded for her
resignation
3. STATE OF EMERGENCY- Emergency imposed under internal disturbances using Article 352
4. POWERS- technically all the powers came under Central govt. As during the state of emergency
normal functioning is discontd.
5. PROCLAMATION- Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed issued proclamation of emergency
6. OPPN. LEADERS- were arrested
7. CABINET MEMBERS- informed in the morning
8. ELECTRICTY CUT- OFF- disconnected from all major newspaper offices
CONSEQUENCES OF EMERGENCY
1. Agitations stopped, no protests,etc.
2. Press Censorship
3. Preventive detention on a large scale
4. HC allowed writ of Habeas Corpus but SC overruled it
5. Right of citizens to move to court for the restoration of their Fundamental Rights was also
suspended
6. Newspapers either left their editorial part blank or some even shutdown
7. Famous people returned their prestigious awards
8. Elections of PM, Prez, V. Prez. Could not be challenged in the court
9. 42nd Amendment was also introduced
NEED FOR EMERGENCY
1. Oppn. Parties must allow govt. Rule as per its policies
2. Frequent protests, agitations not good for democracy
3. CPI backed Cong during emergency but regretted it later
4. JP and others felt that in a democracy people have the right to protest against the govt.
5. Home Ministry did nothing significant to control the situation
6. No need to use such draconian methods
7. Indira imposed emergency to save her position
WHAT HAPPENED DURING EMERGENCY
1. Indira Gandhi said they imposed emergency to bring law and order and restore efficiency
2. Implement pro-poor programme, land reforms, etc.
3. Agitations stopped due to this urban middle class were happy
4. People expected proper implementation of these programs but they remained unfulfilled
5. 676 oppn. Leaders were arrested, 1,11,00 people arrested
6. Electricity to newspaper press were restored after 2-3 days
7. Sanjay Gandhi took control of admn.
LESSONS OF EMERGENCY
1. Extremely diff. To do away with democracy
2. Ambiguities regarding Emergency provision have been solved
3. Everyone got aware of their civil liberties
4. Police and admn. Became vulnerable to pol. Pressure
POST EMERGENCY PERIOD
1. ELECTIONS OF 1977- Lok Sabha elections were to take place in 1977. A new party under the
leadership of JP was formed namely Janta Party. They made the election a referendum on the
emergency, the undemocratic practices the govt.
2. RESULTS- The results shook everyone bcz. For the 1st time Cong lost elections in Lok Sabha. It could
not win in N. India yet it managed to win Seats in S. India as those parts were not that affected by the
Emergency
3. JANTA GOVT. -. -Morarji Desai became the PM but could remain in power only for 18 months. Then
Charan Singh formed govt with Cong support but later withdrew it’s support and fresh elections were
conducted
4. ELECTIONS OF 1980- Cong comprehensively won this election and came back to power.
THE EMERGENGY AND PERIOD AROUND IT CAN BE DESCRIBED AS A PERIOD OF
CONSTITUITIONAL CRISIS BCZ. ITS ORIGIN HAD CONFLICT BETWWEN GOVT. AND JUDICIARY
POL. CRISIS WERE ALSO THERE AS PARTY IN POWER DECIDED TO SUSPEND DEMOCRATIC
PROCESSES
ROLE OF MASS PROTESTS IN PARLIAMENTARY PROCESSES.
REGIONAL ASPIRATIONS
KASHMIR ISSUE
1. Princely state under colonial period ruled by Hari SIngh.
2. After independence they wanted a separate nation.
3. Pak. Believed Kashmir to be it’s part as it had majority Muslim population.
Pakistan sent tribal infiltrators to Kashmir. Hari Singh asked for India’s help but help was given only
after Instrument of Accession was [Link] Autonomy was granted to Kashmir{ it had its
own flag, constitution, PM, Article 370}
DISPUTES RELATED TO KASHMIR
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
{ Pakistan believed Kashmir to be Disputes within states : Several Kashmiris feel A370
It’s part as Majority of it’s population doesn’t promote full integration of state.
was Muslim.} Others feel that A370 isn’t enough.
internal disputes
3 Demands
Democracy practised
Greater state
Demand for plebliscite in rest of India, not
autonomy
simliar in Kashmir
POLITICS IN KASHMIR
Sheikh Abdullah became PM
Inc. Influnece of Cong. In State politics
Agreement with Indira Gandhi
Farooq Abdullah later took over.
Feelings of resentment
INSURGENCY AND AFTER
1. 1987 ELECTIONS: NC+ CONG. Won. People felt elections were rigged.
2. INSURGENTS: After this there was inc. Influence of insurgents.
3. 1989: Militant movement for separate Kashmir nation, violence continued.
4. 1996: Farooq Abdullah came to power.
5. 2002: PDP and Cong. won.
SEPERATISM AND
BEYOND
3 DEMANDS
Greater autonomy
Seperate Kashmir Kashmir should
within Indian
Nation join Pakistan
Union
PUNJAB
(Created in 1960)
1967&1977
Akali Dal came to power but in
Coalition
1. Lacked popular support
2. It was divided within
1970s
1980
Dismissal
Post REorganisation Set of people demanded pol
autonomy
Anandpur Sahib Resolution
Reg Autonomy and redefine
centre state relationship
VIOLENCE IN PUNJAB
Movement passed to more extremist leaders, who made headquarters in Golden Temple.
/
June’84: Govt of India conducted Operation Blue Star to flush-out militants from Golden Temple.
/
This caused destruction and hurt the sentiments of Sikhs.
/
Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards
/
Led to violence against Sikhs esp in Delhi.
/
Killings on large scale.
/
It took long time to return to normalcy and just punishment wasn’t given to culprits.
RESTORATION OF PEACE IN PUNJAB
/
RAJIV GANDHI-LONGOWAL ACCORDOR PUNJAB ACCORD IN JULY’85
OUTCOMES
Chandigarh transferred to Punjab
/
Setting up of a Commission to resolve border dispute b/w Punjab and Haryana.
/
Setting up of a tribunal to decide sharing of river water among Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.
/
Compensation & better treatment to those affected by riots.
/
Withdrawal of armed forces and Spl. Power Act.
THE NORTH EAST
Manipur,
Mizoram
Nagaland in Tripura &
and AP in
1963 Meghalaya
1987
in 1972
REASONS FOR COMPLICATED DEMANDS IN THE REGION
Backwardness
Isolation from Complex Social
as compared to
rest of India character
rest of India
THREE MAJOR ISSUES
Opposition to outsiders
Demand for autonomy Movements for Seccesion
Separate state out of Assam Mizo Hills
Several states created Demand for separate state
East India Tribal Union Famine in Mizo hills
Bodos,Kabris, Dimasas Violence
Laldenga,MNF,Support from Pak.
Story of Nagaland.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIAN POLITICS
5 DEVELOPMENTS THAT WERE TO MAKE LONG LASTING IMPACT IN INDIAN POLITICS(1980s)
1. Defeat of Congress in 1989
2. Mandal Issue
3. New Economic Policy
4. Ayodhya Issue
5. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
ERA OF COALITION GOVT IN INDIA POST 1989
1. Introduction
2. Decline of Congress(1960s,1980s)
3. Alliance Politics( United Front, National front, UPA)
4. NDA
BACKWARD CLASSES
1. Mandal Issue and its implementation
2. BAMCEF
3. BSP
4. Dalit participation
BHARTIYA JANTA PARTY
1. Preceeded by
2. Earlier ideology
3. Renewed ideology
4. Shah bano case
TWO DEVELOPMENTS THAT MADE BJP POPULAR
1. Ayodhya Issue
2. Shah Bano case
AYODHYA DISPUTE
1. Background
2. Demolition
3. Supreme Court’s Decision
4. Dispute and after
4 TYPES OF PARTIES SINCE 1990S
1. Parties in a coalition with Congress
2. Alliance with BJP
3. Left front Parties
4. Rest other parties
TOPIC OF GENERAL CONSENSUS AMONG PARTIES
1. Agreement on NEP
2. Demands of Backward classes
3. Rise of regional parties
4. Importance of practical issues
5. Conclusion
CENTRAL GOVT SINCE 1989
[Link]{NF+BJP+LF} Dec’89-Nov’90
/
CHANDRA SHEKHAR{Section of NF+SJP+Cong} Nov’90-June’91
/
[Link] RAO{Cong+AIDMK+small parties} Jun’91-May’96
/
AB VAJPAYEE{ BJP Minority govt} May’96-June’96
/
HD DEVEGOWDA{ UF+CONG} Jun’96- Apr’97
/
IK GUJRAL{ UF+ CONG} Apr’97- Mar’98
/
AB VAJPAYEE {BJP led NDA} Mar’98-Oct’99, Oct’99- May’04
/
MANMOHAN SINGH{CONG led UPA} May’04-May’14
/
NARENDRA MODI{ BJP led NDA} May’14 onwards.
