DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, CHENNAI
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
TIRUNELVELI – 627007
EC3711 - SUMMER INTERNSHIP
Name of the Student : ELLAPPAN.P
Register No : 950822106303
Head of the Institute : Dr. I. Muthumani, M.E.,Ph.D.,
Principal
Head of the Department : [Link], M.E.,Ph.D.,
Professor and Head / ECE
Faculty Supervisor : [Link] Selvi,
M.E.,Ph.D.,MISTE,
Assistant Professor
(Selection Grade) / ECE
INTERNSHIP TRAINING REPORT
Undergone at
IPCS GLOBAL,TIRUNELVELI
Submitted by
ELLAPPAN P– 950822106303
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of
Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli- 627007 affiliated to Anna
University, Chennai- 600 025.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we thank God for giving us the opportunity to undergo our
Internship Training at IPCS GLOBAL, TIRUNELVELI.
We express our sincere gratitude to our principal Dr. I.
MUTHUMANI M.E., Ph.D., MISTE, and the Head of the Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Dr. M. VIJAYARAJ M.E., Ph.D.,for providing us
with the opportunity and facilities to successfully complete this internship training.
We are extremely thankful to IPCS GLOBAL, TIRUNELVELI for giving
us the chance to gain practical knowledge and hands-on experience during this
internship.
We are especially grateful to our trainer,s Mrs. [Link], ABM of IPCS
GLOBAL for her valuable guidance, continuous support, and for sharing his expertise
throughout the training period. Her patience in clarifying our doubts and his
encouragement to learn the finer aspects of the practical work greatly contributed to
enhancing our knowledge and skills.
During my internship, I gained valuable knowledge and practical experience that
enhanced my understanding of real-world work environments. I learned the importance
of teamwork, communication, and time management while observing professional
practices and responsibilities. The experience helped me develop problem-solving skills,
discipline, and confidence, preparing me for future career opportunities.
We would also like to extend our heartfelt thanks to all the staff of
IPCS GLOBAL who assisted us during the training and made our experience
insightful and product.
Table of Content
[Link] Title [Link]
1 Introduction to Embedded Systems
2 Hardware in an Embedded Systems
3 Sensors in Embedded Systems
4 Software in Embedded Systems
5 Setting Up Arduino IDE
6 Bridge Rectifier
7 ESP8266(Node MCU) - Wifi controller
8 Blynk IOT Software
9 Colour Based product sorting
10 Conclusion
Introduction to Embedded Systems:
An embedded system is a specialized computing system designed to perform a
dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical setup. Unlike general-purpose
computers, embedded systems are tailored to carry out a single task efficiently and often
operate in real-time environments. These systems combine both hardware and software
components to deliver reliable, fast, and specific functionality. Due to their focused nature,
embedded systems are typically compact and optimized for low power consumption and
high performance.
Embedded systems are widely used in everyday devices such as automobiles, home
appliances, medical equipment, and industrial machines. In vehicles, for example, they
manage engine control units, airbag systems, and infotainment features. In the healthcare
sector, they are used in devices like pacemakers, diagnostic instruments, and monitoring
systems. Their ability to work autonomously, process data quickly, and ensure real-time
responses makes them essential in modern technology and critical to the development of
automation and smart systems.
Hardware in an Embedded System:
The hardware of an embedded system consists of all the physical components
required to execute its dedicated tasks. At the core lies a microcontroller or
microprocessor, which acts as the central processing unit (CPU) and controls all operations
within the system. It works in coordination with memory units—such as ROM, RAM, and
flash memory—that store both instructions and data. Embedded systems also include
input/output (I/O) interfaces, which allow communication with external devices, as well
as sensors to collect data from the environment and actuators to carry out physical actions
based on that data.
Other essential hardware elements include timers for precise task scheduling and
communication ports (like UART, SPI, I2C, or USB) to enable data exchange with other
systems or devices. The overall hardware is typically compact, power-efficient, and purpose-
built to ensure reliable performance in real-time applications. All these components are
carefully integrated to meet the specific needs of the system while maintaining durability,
speed, and energy efficiency.
Sensors in Embedded Systems:
Sensors are input devices used to detect and measure real-world physical conditions
such as temperature, pressure, light, motion, and humidity. They convert these physical
quantities into electrical signals, which the embedded system can read and process.
Type of sensor :
● DHT11 sensors
● Gas sensors ( MQ3, MQ6)
● Ultrasonic sensors
● IR sensors
● PIR sensors
DTH11 Sensor :
The DHT11 is a digital temperature and humidity sensor commonly used in embedded
systems. It senses ambient temperature and relative humidity, providing the output in
digital format, making it simple to connect with microcontrollers.
Features:
● Measures temperature from 0°C to 50°C
● Measures humidity from 20% to 90% RH
● Outputs digital signals (no ADC required)
● Low-cost, compact, and easy to use
Application:
● Weather monitoring systems
● Smart homes and HVAC control
● Greenhouse automation
● IoT and environmental sensing projects
Gas sensor:
A gas sensor is a device used to detect the presence or concentration of gases in the
surrounding environment. It works by converting chemical information—such as gas levels—into
an electrical signal that can be interpreted by a microcontroller. These sensors are commonly used
to detect gases like methane (CH₄), carbon monoxide (CO), LPG (liquefied petroleum gas),
hydrogen (H₂), as well as alcohol, smoke, and other toxic gases, making them essential in safety,
automation, and environmental monitoring applications.
Examples:
● MQ-2 – Detects LPG, smoke, methane, and alcohol
● MQ-135 – Detects harmful gases and monitors air quality
● MQ-7 – Specialized in detecting carbon monoxide
Application:
● Gas leak detection
● Air quality monitoring
● Industrial safety systems
● Smart home automation
Ultrasonic Sensor :
An ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the distance to an object by emitting high-frequency
sound waves and detecting the time it takes for the echo to return after hitting the object. It
operates using sound waves above 20 kHz . A popular module used in embedded systems is
the HC-SR04, which has a measuring range of 2 cm to 400 cm, an accuracy of ±3 mm, and
operates on a 5V power supply. This sensor is commonly used in robotics, obstacle
detection, and distance measurement applications.
Application:
● Obstacle detection in robots (line-following, autonomous navigation)
● Distance measurement in embedded systems and automation
● Water level sensing in tanks or reservoirs
● Smart parking systems for vehicle presence and distance detection
IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
An IR sensor is used to detect objects, motion, or distance using infrared light. It works by
emitting an IR beam through an IR LED and detecting the reflection using a photodiode or
phototransistor. The amount of reflected light indicates the presence or distance of an object.
Application:
● Object detection in robots
● Line-following robots
● Motion detection systems
PIR Sensor (Passive Infrared Sensor):
A PIR sensor detects motion by sensing changes in infrared radiation emitted by objects, particularly
warm bodies like humans or animals. Every object emits infrared radiation, and when a warm object
moves in front of the sensor, it detects this change and outputs a digital HIGH signal to indicate
motion. When there's no movement, it stays LOW.
Key Features:
• Low power consumption
• Digital output (HIGH = motion detected, LOW = no motion)
• Detection range: 3–7 meters
Application:
• Motion-activated lighting systems
• Intruder detection and alarm systems
Software in Embedded Systems :
Software in an embedded system refers to the program code that runs on the hardware
to perform specific tasks. It is responsible for controlling the system's behavior, managing
hardware resources, and processing input and output data. This software is often written
in low-level languages like C or C++ to ensure efficiency and speed.
Example Tool: Arduino IDE 1.8.13
• A free, open-source Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
• Used to write, compile, and upload code to Arduino boards
• Supports C/C++ programming
• Ideal for both beginners and professionals working in embedded systems
Arduino Uno R3
The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P chip. It serves
as the central unit that manages all components in an embedded system project. It reads input
from sensors, processes the data using programmed logic, and sends output commands to
devices such as relays, buzzers, and IoT platforms like Blynk. Essentially, it functions like
a small computer, running C/C++ code and interacting with the physical world through
electronic components.
Key Features:
• 14 digital I/O pins (6 capable of PWM output)
• 6 analog input pins
• USB connection for programming and power
Setting Up Arduino IDE for ESP8266 :
1. Download and Install Arduino IDE 2.3.6
● Visit:[Link]/en/software
● Download version 2.3.6 and install it on your system
2. Add ESP8266 Board Manager URL
● Open Arduino IDE → Go to File→Preferences
● In "Additional Board Manager URLs", paste:
[Link]
3. Click OK to save
4. Install ESP8266 Boards
• Navigate to: Tools→Board→BoardManager
• Search: ESP8266
• Install: ESP8266 by ESP8266 Community
Add Libraries & Configure Your Board:
1. Download Required Libraries
• Go to the GitHub link provided for your project
• Download the required code or libraries as a .zip file
2. Add Libraries to Arduino IDE
• Go to: Sketch→IncludeLibrary→[Link]
• Select the downloaded .zip file to import
3. Select the Correct Board
• Go to: Tools→Board
• Choose your board (e.g., NodeMCU 1.0, Wemos D1 Mini, etc.)
4. Select the Correct Port
● Connect the ESP8266 to your PC via USB
● Go to: Tools→Port
● Select the active COM port (e.g., COM3, COM4)
• Click the Upload button to flash the code to your board
Bridge Rectifier :
A bridge rectifier is an electrical circuit used to convert alternating current (AC) into direct
current (DC). It is one of the most commonly used types of rectifiers and consists of four diodes
arranged in a bridge configuration. During both the positive and negative halves of the AC cycle, the
diodes conduct in such a way that the current always flows in the same direction through the load,
resulting in a pulsating DC output. This makes the bridge rectifier highly efficient compared to half-
wave rectifiers, as it utilizes both halves of the input signal. Bridge rectifiers are widely used in power
supply units, battery charging circuits, and other electronic applications where stable DC voltage is
required. Often, a filter capacitor is added at the output to smooth the pulsating DC into a more
constant voltage.
Components Required:
• AC Supply (230V AC): Input from standard wall socket
• Step-Down Transformer: Converts 230V AC to a lower voltage (e.g., 12V AC)
• Bridge Rectifier (4 Diodes): Converts AC voltage to pulsating DC
• Filter Capacitors:
o 470μF electrolytic capacitor smooths major ripples
o 10μF capacitor further filters minor fluctuations
• Voltage Regulator (e.g., 7805): Maintains a constant output voltage (e.g., +5V DC)
• Output: A clean, regulated DC supply suitable for powering microcontrollers, sensors, and
other electronic components
Working – Step-by-Step Process
1. The 230V AC input is stepped down to approximately 12V AC using a transformer.
2. This 12V AC is passed through a bridge rectifier circuit made of four diodes.
3. The rectifier converts both halves of the AC waveform into pulsating DC.
4. A 470μF capacitor charges and discharges to smooth the voltage and reduce
fluctuations.
5. A 10μF capacitor provides additional filtering for minor ripples.
6. The voltage regulator (such as the 7805) outputs a steady +5V DC, suitable for
sensitive electronic devices.
ESP8266 (NodeMCU) – Wi-Fi Microcontroller :
The ESP8266 (NodeMCU) is a low-cost Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller used for
building Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It features a powerful 32-bit processor, digital
I/O pins, and built-in Wi-Fi capability, making it ideal for wireless communication tasks.
In this project, the ESP8266 acts as the core IoT component, connecting the RFID
system to the BlynkIoT platform. When an RFID tag is scanned, the ESP8266 sends a push
notification to a mobile device via the internet, enabling real-time attendance tracking
from anywhere.
Key Features:
• Built-in Wi-Fi module for internet connectivity.
• USB port for easy programming using Arduino IDE.
Blynk IOT Software :
Blynk is a powerful Internet of Things (IoT) platform that enables remote control and
monitoring of embedded systems through smartphones. It provides an intuitive mobile app
where users can create custom interfaces using drag-and-drop widgets to interact with their
hardware in real time. Blynk supports various connection types such as Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and
GSM, making it compatible with popular microcontrollers like Arduino, ESP8266, ESP32,
and Raspberry Pi. The platform also includes Blynk Cloud for secure data storage and device
management, and it supports advanced features like webhooks, APIs, and dynamic
provisioning using [Link], making it ideal for both beginners and professionals
developing IoT solutions.
Key Features:
• Simple drag-and-drop mobile app builder for creating custom dashboards.
• Supports real-time data monitoring and device control via widgets (buttons,
sliders, graphs).
• Blynk Cloud provides secure data handling and device management.
Blynk IoT Setup Steps :
Step 1: Creating a BlynkIoT Template
1. Visit[Link] using Google Chrome.
2. Log in or sign up for a Blynk account.
3. Go to the “Developer Zone” tab.
4. Click “Templates” → “New Template”
• Enter a Template Name (e.g., "Smart Agriculture")
• Select Hardware: “ESP8266”
• Choose Connection Type: “Wi-Fi”
5. Click “Done” to create the template
Step 2: Creating a Device from the Template
1. Navigate to the “Devices” tab.
2. Click “New Device” → “From Template”.
3. Select your created template.
4. Name your device and click “Create”.
5. Click “Copy Code” to copy:
o BLYNK_TEMPLATE_ID
o BLYNK_TEMPLATE_NAME
o BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN
Step 3: Setting Up Code in Arduino IDE
1. Open Arduino IDE version 2.3.6.
2. Paste your existing sensor code (e.g., DHT11, MQ2).
3. At the top of the code, replace the first three lines with the copied values.
4. Replace the existing auth token in auth[] if it's separately declared.
5. This links your code with the Blynk cloud project.
Step 4: Connecting to WiFi
o In the Arduino code, set your WiFi credentials:
Char ssid[ ] = "YourWiFiName";
char pass[ ] = "YourWiFi Password";
Step 5: Creating Datastreams
1. Open the template, go to “Datastreams” → “New Datastream”.
2. Select type: Virtual Pin.
3. Create datastreams for each sensor:
o Temperature → Pin: V0 (0 to 100)
o Humidity → Pin: V1 (0 to 100)
4. Gas Sensor (MQ2) → Pin: V8 (0 to 1024)
Enable “Show on Dashboard” and “Store Historical Data”.
5. Click “Create” after setting each datastream.
Step 6: Designing the Dashboard
Open the “Dashboard” tab of your device.
o Drag and drop required widgets like:
o Gauge, LED, Display Value, Map (for GPS).
o For each widget:
o Open settings
o Link the correct Virtual Pin (e.g., V0 for temperature)
o Enable label, history graph, etc.
o Save the configuration
Step 7: Creating Events and Notifications
1. Go to “Events” and click “Add New Event”.
2. Select “Custom Event” and provide a name (e.g., smoke_detected).
3. Set Event Type as “Warning” or “Critical”.
4. In Notification Settings:
▪ Enable push notifications
▪ Choose sound and priority level
▪ Optionally add email or Telegram alerts
FINAL PROJECT
“COLOUR BASED PRODUCT SORTING”
Project Description:
This project aims to create a cost-effective, automated product sorting system using an Arduino Pro
Mini, TCS3200 color sensor, OLED display, and servo motors. The system detects the color of an object and
sorts it into the correct bin. The Arduino Pro Mini processes the color data from the sensor and controls the
servo motors to move the objects accordingly. The detected colors (such as red, green, yellow, white, and black)
are shown on the OLED screen for real-time feedback.
The system is designed to be affordable and easy to use, making it ideal for small businesses,
educational projects, and prototyping. It offers a simple yet efficient solution for automating repetitive
sorting tasks while improving accuracy and reducing labor costs.
Description of Working Principle:
The system uses the TCS3200 color sensor to detect the color of a product placed in front of it.
Once the color is detected, it is processed by the ATmega328P Pro Mini microcontroller. Based on the
identified color, a corresponding message is displayed on the 0.96" I2C OLED display, and a pair of
servo motors actuate to move the product into the correct bin or direction for sorting. The TCS3200
outputs frequency signals based on color intensity. The microcontroller counts the pulse durations for
red, green, and blue filters, compares them, and determines the dominant color. Servo motors then rotate
to predefined angles corresponding to specific color bins.
Components Used:
● Arduino Pro Mini (ATmega328P)
➢ Acts as the central microcontroller unit (MCU).
➢ Controls sensor readings, logic decisions, display output, and servo movements.
➢ Compact and power-efficient board ideal for embedded applications.
● TCS3200 Colour Sensor
➢ Used to detect and identify the colour of objects.
➢ Converts light intensity to frequency using photodiodes and a current-to-frequency
converter.
● I2C LCD Display (16x2):
16x2 character display with I2C module for easy two-wire communication. It shows
messages such as "Access Granted" or "Card Detected" to the user.
● Buzzer:
An audio indicator that provides a beep sound when a tag is successfully scanned. It
helps in giving immediate feedback to the user.
● Servo Motors (x2) :
➢ Used for mechanical actuation in sorting.
■ Servo 1: Directs the ramp or gate.
■ Servo 2: Pushes or releases the item into the designated bin..
➢ Controlled via PWM signals from the Pro Mini.
● Power Supply (5V regulated)
➢ Provides necessary voltage and current to drive the Pro Mini, sensor, display,
and servos.
➢ Could be a battery pack or DC adapter with a voltage regulator.
● Connecting Wires and Breadboard / PCB
➢ For prototyping and circuit connections.
➢ Ensures reliable and organized wiring between components.
● Mounting Frame / Stand
➢ Holds the sensor and object in place during detection.
➢ Guides objects along the path for sorting.
● Optional: FTDI USB to Serial Adapter:
➢ Required to upload code to the Pro Mini, which lacks an onboard USB
port.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND CONNECTIONS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROGRAM:
#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>
#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>
#include <Servo.h>
Servo servo1; // Positioning servo
Servo servo2; // Gate servo
// OLED setup
#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64
Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, -1);
// TCS3200 pin definitions
const int s0 = 9;
const int s1 = 8;
const int s2 = 7;
const int s3 = 6;
const int out = 5;
int red, green, blue;
String detectedColor = "";
void setup() {
[Link](9600);
[Link](3);
[Link](4);
[Link](0); // Keep gate initially closed
// Set TCS3200 pins
pinMode(s0, OUTPUT);
pinMode(s1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(s2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(s3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(out, INPUT);
digitalWrite(s0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(s1, HIGH);
// OLED init
if () {
[Link](F("OLED not found"));
while (true);
}
[Link]();
[Link](1);
[Link](WHITE);
[Link](0, 0);
[Link]("Color Sensor Init");
[Link]();
delay(1000);
}
void loop() {
readColor();
detectColor();
[Link]("R: "); [Link](red);
[Link](" G: "); [Link](green);
[Link](" B: "); [Link](blue);
// Display on OLED
[Link]();
[Link](0, 0);
[Link]("R: "); [Link](red);
[Link]("G: "); [Link](green);
[Link]("B: "); [Link](blue);
[Link]("Color: "); [Link](detectedColor);
[Link]();
// Move servo to correct bin
sortColor();
delay(1000);
}
void readColor() {
digitalWrite(s2, LOW); digitalWrite(s3, LOW);
delay(100);
red = pulseIn(out, LOW);
digitalWrite(s2, HIGH); digitalWrite(s3, HIGH);
delay(100);
green = pulseIn(out, LOW);
digitalWrite(s2, LOW); digitalWrite(s3, HIGH);
delay(100);
blue = pulseIn(out, LOW);
}
void detectColor() {
// Match RGB ranges to known colors (tune as needed)
if (inRange(red, 3, 10) && inRange(green, 8, 13) && inRange(blue, 13, 18)) {
detectedColor = "YELLOW";
} else if (inRange(red, 5, 10) && inRange(green, 18, 23) && inRange(blue, 18, 23)) {
detectedColor = "ORANGE";
} else if (inRange(red, 8, 13) && inRange(green, 18, 23) && inRange(blue, 10, 15)) {
detectedColor = "ROSE";
} else if (inRange(red, 65, 100) && inRange(green, 60, 75) && inRange(blue, 50, 70)) {
detectedColor = "BLACK";
} else if (inRange(red, 5, 10) && inRange(green, 5, 10) && inRange(blue, 5, 10)) {
detectedColor = "WHITE";
} else if (inRange(red, 0, 40) && inRange(green, 40, 100) && inRange(blue, 40, 100)) {
detectedColor = "RED";
} else if (inRange(red, 40, 100) && inRange(green, 40, 100) && inRange(blue, 0, 40)) {
detectedColor = "BLUE";
} else if (inRange(red, 40, 100) && inRange(green, 0, 40) && inRange(blue, 40, 100)) {
detectedColor = "GREEN";
} else if (inRange(red, 18, 23) && inRange(green, 30, 35) && inRange(blue, 19, 23)) {
detectedColor = "MAGENTA";
} else {
detectedColor = "UNKNOWN";
}
}
bool inRange(int val, int minVal, int maxVal) {
return val >= minVal && val <= maxVal;
}
void sortColor() {
// Move servo1 to bin based on detected color
if (detectedColor == "RED") {
[Link](0);
} else if (detectedColor == "GREEN") {
[Link](30);
} else if (detectedColor == "BLUE") {
[Link](60);
} else if (detectedColor == "YELLOW") {
[Link](90);
} else if (detectedColor == "BLACK") {
[Link](120);
} else if (detectedColor == "WHITE") {
[Link](150);
} else {
[Link](90); // Neutral
}
delay(500); // Allow time for rotation
// Open gate with servo2
[Link](90); // Open gate
delay(1000); // Wait for object to drop
[Link](0); // Close gate
}
WORKING:
● Color Detection:
The TCS3200 sensor detects the color of the object placed beneath it. It uses an array
of photodiodes filtered for red, green, and blue, and converts light intensity to frequency, which is read
by the Pro Mini.
● Color Processing:
The Pro Mini reads the frequency outputs and determines the RGB intensity. Based
on predefined thresholds, it identifies the closest matching color (from the five supported colors).
● Display Output:
The identified color is displayed in real-time on the OLED I2C screen (e.g., “Color:
RED”).
● Object Sorting:
Based on the detected color, the Pro Mini sends a PWM signal to the corresponding servo
motor. The servo rotates (e.g., 45° or 90°) to push the object into its designated bin.
● Reset:
After sorting, the servo returns to its initial position and the system waits for the next object.
PROTOTYPE/WORKING MODEL
APPLICATION:
This system can be implemented in several real-world applications:
● Agricultural Industry:
For sorting fruits and vegetables based on their ripeness or color.
● Recycling Plants:
To separate materials like plastics or papers based on color.
● Food Processing Units:
For quality control by detecting discolored or defective products.
● Industrial Manufacturing:
To sort components or items based on their visual properties.
● Retail & Warehousing:
For automated sorting of products or packaging in supply chains. 9.2
LIMITATIONS:
Some of the current limitations of this project include:
● Limited Color Range:
Can only accurately detect and differentiate five specific colors.
● Lighting Dependency:
Detection accuracy is affected by ambient light variations.
● Fixed Sorting Angles:
Limited by predefined servo motor angles.
● Non-Shape-Aware:
Only color is considered; object shape/size is ignored.
● Manual Placement:
Objects must be manually positioned under the sensor for detection.
CONCLUSION:
The project "Color-Based Product Sorting Using Pro Mini ATmega328P, TCS3200 Color
Sensor, OLED Display, and Servo Motors" presents a low-cost, efficient, and compact solution for
automating color-based sorting tasks. It uses a color sensor for detection, an OLED for real-time display,
and servo motors for directing objects into appropriate bins based on colors like red, green, yellow,
black, and white. This setup improves speed and accuracy, reducing human labor in sectors such as
small-scale industries and agriculture. While it currently has limitations like fixed color detection and
sensitivity to lighting, it serves as a strong foundation for future enhancements including AI integration
and conveyor automation.
