Basic Data Operations

Data process operations are those tasks that can be executed using a
computing system. The basic operations are as follows:
Data Collection: it is the use of a variety of techniques and tools that can
to be used by the analyst to develop information systems, which
they can be interviews, the survey, the questionnaire, observation, the diagram of
flow and the data dictionary. All these instruments will be applied at one point
specifically, with the purpose of seeking information that will be useful for a research in
common.
Data Verification: it consists of checking data that is integrated into the computer.
Sorting: it is the grouping of data to classify them according to the system that will do so.
a usar.
Systematization: it is a series of processes and manual equipment trained to facilitate
the obtaining in the work or product.
Calculation: a set of elements that demonstrate well-formed defined expressions
that assist in statistical and accounting operations.
Recovery: it is extracting information stored on physical media, such as CDs,
hard drives and any other medium, in order to create a reliable and secure database for
its storage and future use.
Reproduction: is generating the processed information through different means or
necessary and used channels for the process.

Diffusion

Broadcast networks have a single broadcast channel shared by all machines.

red. The short messages (packets) sent by one machine are received by all the others.
An address field processes it if the package is directed to it; if it is directed to another machine, it
ignore. Broadcasting systems generally also offer the possibility of broadcasting a
package to all destinations placing a special code in the address field.
When a packet with this code is transmitted, each machine receives and processes it, this mode
The operation is called broadcasting. Some broadcasting systems also
they consider the transmission to a subset of machines, something known as multicast.
Broadcast networks are divided into static and dynamic, depending on how the assignment is made.
channel. A typical static assignment divides the discrete intervals and executes an algorithm of
cyclic assignment, allowing each machine to transmit only when it is its turn. The
static assignment wastes channel capacity when a machine has nothing to
to say during its assigned segment, which is why many systems assign the channel
dynamically.
Dynamic allocation methods can be centralized or decentralized. In the method
In centralized channel assignment, there is a single entity that determines who the next one is.
In the decentralized system, there is no central unit, and each machine must decide for itself whether
transmit it or not.

Comunicación de Datos

It is the process of communicating information in binary form between two or more points. It requires the
next
Emitter: device that transmits data.
Message: formed by the data to be transmitted.
Medium: consists of the journey of data from the origin to its destination.
Receiver: destination device of the data.
BIT: it is the smallest unit of information and the basic unit in communications.
BYTE: minimum set of continuous bits that enable addressing
computerized. It is made up of 8 bits.
Packet: fractions of a message of predefined size, where each fraction contains
information of origin and destination, as well as information required for the re-
assembly of the message.
Interfaces: connection that allows communication between two or more devices.
Codes: prior agreement on a set of meanings that define a series of
symbols and characters. Every combination of bits represents a character within the table
of codes.
Parity: a technique that involves adding a bit to a character or to a block of
characters to force the set of ones (1) to be even or odd. It is used for the check.
of errors in data validation. The parity bit will be zero (0=SPACE) or one
(1=MARK).
Modulation: the process of controlled manipulation of the properties of a signal
carrier to contain the information that will be transmitted.
 DTE (Data Terminal Equipment): equipment that is the source and destination of the data.
They include computer equipment (Host, Microcomputers, and Terminals).
DCE (Data Communications Equipment): conversion equipment between the DTE and the
transmission channel, that is, the equipment through which we connect the DTE to
the lines of communication.

Data Processing Methods

There are different processing methods, and they are related to technological advancement.
each method can be chosen depending on how quickly the process needs to be carried out
and the investment of money required to obtain them. The types of processing methods
what's up is:
Manual Process: this process is the oldest and involves the use of resources
humans, such as performing mental calculations, recording data with pencil and paper, organizing
and classify manually. This results in a slow process that is exposed to
generate errors throughout all stages or activities of the processing cycle.
Finally, the results are expressed in writing, creating large volumes of
written stored information.
Mechanical Process: it considers the use of cash registers and calculators, such as the
abacus and calculating rules, replacing to some extent the manual calculation process.
This logically results in the easing of work in relation to the process and
the drafting of errors, but retains the disadvantage of the storage process of
all the resulting information.
Electromechanical Process: in this type of process, the information linkage between the
diferentes elementos del tratamiento de información, de almacenamiento y de
communication is still being carried out manually, they use machines
electromechanical, with which greater efficiency is achieved.
Electronic Processes: in this type of process, the but are used to carry out each one
from these tasks it
computers, so intervention is not required at every stage. Once
Once the data is entered, the computer automatically carries out the required processes and
it emits the desired result. The processes are carried out at incredibly fast speeds.
high, obtaining reliable information.
 Data Dictionary

It is a set of definitions that contains the logical and precise characteristics of the data.
that will be used in the system being programmed, including name, description, alias,
content and organization.
Identify the processes where data is used and the places where access is needed.
immediate to the information, it develops during the data flow analysis and assists the
analysts who participate in the determination of system requirements, their content
It is also used during the design.
In a data dictionary, the most important elements are data flows, data stores.
data and process. The data dictionary stores the details and description of all these
elements. If analysts want to know how many characters a certain data spans or what
another name is received in different parts of the system, or where it is used, you will find the answers
in a data dictionary developed in an appropriate way.

Characteristics

1. Nature of Transactions: the activities of the company that are carried out
while using the system.
2. Questions: Requests for the recovery or processing of information to generate
a specific answer.
3. Files and databases: details of transactions and master records that are of
interest for the organization.
4. System capacity: The ability of the system to accept, process, and store.
transactions and data.
Content of a Dictionary Entry

Data elements:
They are the basic blocks for all other system data; by themselves, they do not provide a
sufficient meaning to the user. They are grouped to form a data structure.
Description:
Each entry in the dictionary consists of a set of details that describe the data.
used or produced by the system.
Name:
It is to distinguish one piece of data from another.

Alias:
It can be noted that a piece of data can receive several names, depending on who used it.
given.
Length:
It is used because it is important to know the amount of space needed for each piece of data.

Data Values:
Usado debido a que en algunos procesos solo son permitidos valores muy específicos para los
data. If the values of the data are restricted to a specific range, this must be in the
dictionary entry.
Data Structure:
It is a group of data that is related to others and that together describe a
component of the system.
 CONCLUSION

The objective of data processing is to obtain relevant insights from various sources.
information, which allows us to express the content without ambiguities, with the purpose of
store and retrieve the contained information. Information Analysis is part of the
process of acquisition and appropriation of the latent knowledge accumulated in different
sources of information. The analysis seeks to identify useful information, that is, that which
interests the user, based on a large amount of data.
Data processing is, in general, the accumulation and manipulation of data elements.
to produce meaningful information. Once the collection and
data processing begins with one of the most important phases of a research study: the
data analysis. At this stage, it is determined how to analyze the data and what tools to use.
Statistical analysis is appropriate for this purpose. The product of the analysis must be
transmitted in simple language, direct, without ambiguities and with a logical order that withstands
any criticism or doubt, clearly specifying what is known, what is not known and the
options regarding what could happen in the future. Of course, all of this depends on whether not
they arise external variables that change the scenario.