Electrical Substation Protection Equipment
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ScribdTranslationsElectrical Substation Protection Equipment
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ScribdTranslationsEQUIPMENT OF
LINES AND
SUBSTATIONS.
Course: Equipment for Electrical Lines and Substations.
PFR Industrial Electrotechnics.
2019-2, sixth semester.
Profesor:Gerardo Alarcón Luque.
LINE EQUIPMENT
ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTIONAND
NETWORKSSYLLABUS
SUBSTATIONS..
PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN A SUBSTATION Syllabus
TRANSMISSION.
Terminal capabilities to
obtain.
1. Identify the equipment used for the
protection of transmission substations.
Specific competence.
At the end of the session, the
students will be in the
ability to identify the
equipment used, for
protect the devices more
critics in a substation
about transmission, related
to substation teams
of transmission.
ECIOrN
yesTcEINsIDO:
Importance of protection.
2. Characteristics of a system of
protection.
3. Transformer protection
power.
1.-IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTION.
1.1.- Why are the necessary
PROTECTIONS IN AN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM?
1.2-What causes the conditions?
ANORMALITIES IN AN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM?
1.3.-ACTIVE FAULTS IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
(SHORT CIRCUITS).
1.4.-PASSIVE FAULTS IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS.
1.4.-TRANSIENT FAILURES AND PERMANENT FAILURES
IN ELECTRIC SYSTEMS.
1.5.- WHAT SHOULD THE PROTECTION SYSTEM DO?
2.-CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROTECTION SYSTEM.
2.1.- What are the characteristics of a system?
OF PROTECTION?
3.- PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS.
3.1.-DEFINITION.
The protections of power transformers depend on the size,
the tension and the importance it may have in the electrical system.
The main parameters to consider for protection are
transformer sound:
Transformer temperature.
Transformer pressure.
•Oil or fluid level.
Oil rigidity (Dielectric).
3.1.1.-OWN PROTECTIONS (DETECTS FAULTS IN YOUR
INITIAL STAGES PRODUCED INSIDE THE CUBA.
Buchholz (63B).
Buchholz-Jansen (63J).
Thermal image (49).
Thermometer (26-1).
Thermostat (26-2).
•Liberador de presión (63L).
Level indicators (63NT and 63 NR).
3.1.2.-EXTERNAL PROTECTIONS (DETECTS FAILURES
PRODUCED IN THE AREA COVERED BY THE PROTECTION.
Cuba (64).
Neutral-star overcurrent (51GT).
Differential (87).
Overintensity (50, 51, 51N)
ELECTRIC RELAY.
It is defined as a device designed to produce sudden changes.
predetermined in one or more output circuits, when certain converge
conditions in the input electric circuits that control the device.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELECTRIC RELAY.
TYPES OF RELAYS.
DEFINED TIME (50)
REVERSE TIME (51)
RELAY COORDINATION OF TIME-REVERSE (51)
CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS ACCORDING TO IEEE C37.90
PROTECTION CODES ACCORDING TO ANSI/IEEE
[Link].-BUCHHOLZ RELAY (63B).
It is considered the most important self-protection of the power transformer.
Any fault in the power transformer in which it can be seen
affected the winding (coil) or the magnetic circuit due to a defect
electric originates internal heating or electric arcs, causing
oil degradation and gas release that are detected by the
relay. It can also detect a drop in oil level, leaks, and pockets of
air, among others.
[Link].-BUCHHOLZ RELAY–JANSEN (63J).
Pressure protection device in the tap changer
load (CTC).
You detect faults produced by the breaker or selector under load of the switchgear.
taking on load, such as defective contacts, resistance breakage
switching and incomplete switchings, among others, that cause arcs
electric, producing a sudden release of gas and displacement of the
oil that is detected by the relay.
[Link].-THERMAL IMAGE DEVICE (49).
Measure the temperature inside the winding by procedures
indirect, taking into account the current intensity that flows through the
winding (TC signal), the oil temperature in the upper layer
(thermometer) and the constructive form of the power transformer (rated) of
device, according to the heating trial data. Causes a
first level of alarm ATEM and a second of ATE2.
These devices are thermal relays with micro switches for sending
alarm signals for firing, for load disconnection or for starting
fans.
[Link].-THERMOMETER (26-1).
Directly measure the temperature at the top of the oil.
power transformer. The indicator needle on its upward movement.
causes the closure of contacts, which allow us to act on fans and/or
high temperature alarm devices.
The increase in temperature in the transformer is an indication of overload or
abnormal warming.
[Link].-THERMOSTAT (26-2).
Activate the contact closure when the oil temperature in the layer
the superior reaches the sectioned temperature. Unlike in thermometers,
it does not allow us to know the temperature in real time. It allows us to act on
fans and/or high temperature alarm devices.
[Link].-PRESSURE RELIEF (63L).
There are two types: chimneys or expansion tubes (membrane) and valves.
liberating. Prevents the tank from deforming when inside the transformer
of power, an overpressure occurs. These valves are equipped with an end of
race to produce the alarm signaling.
It is usually accompanied by the action of another protection (Buchholz,
differential, among others).
[Link].-LEVEL INDICATOR (63NT AND 63NR).
Oil level indicator of the power transformer and the tap changer
tomas on charge. Triggers a low-level alarm and in some cases also
high level.
[Link].-CUBA PROTECTION (64).
Failures of the ground transformer tank are detected by measuring the current that
circulates between the tank and the connection to the ground itself. It is necessary that the tank
it is isolated from the land.
To avoid a false operation of the protection due to a ground fault in the equipment
auxiliary (fans, pumps and control equipment), the power supply for these
elements must pass through the protection transformer.
[Link].-NEUTRAL OVERCURRENT PROTECTION-
STAR (51G AND 51N).
51G:Residual current measured directly in a current transformer
(intensity) or only in a toroidal current transformer.
51N: Residual current measured in the common return of the transformer
intensity.
It is installed in the conductor that joins the neutral of the winding connected in star.
from the power transformer to ground. Its action causes the definitive tripping.
The grounding can also be done with a single-phase reactance.
[Link].-DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (87)
Protect the transformer from internal defects, such as short circuits and
derivations to mass inside the tank. The protection zone is the one that
covers between the location of the high and low current transformers
power transformer voltage. Its action causes the final trip.
It is used in power transformers of 10 MVA or more.
It is a relay that operates when the difference vector between two or more quantities
similar electrical exceeds a predetermined value. Compare the inputs and
outputs of a protected element.
The influencing aspects in the incorrect operation of the differential relay are:
Different tension levels.
30° phase shift between the input and output signals.
Initial magnetization current.
Differential protection is always activated when it detects faults within the
system that is protecting.
[Link].-OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (50/51)
It is used as a backup protection against faults within the transformer and
unresolved faults in the power system.
High currents, caused by external faults, can overload the
transformer windings if not cleared in time, causing
overheating and damage to the transformer. It is connected on the side of higher
transformer voltage.
It is considered the primary protection in low transformers.
power that does not have differential protection. They can be instantaneous
(50) or timed (51).
[Link].- RESTRICTED GROUND PROTECTION (64REF)
Ground faults can be very weak, so the differential protection
it does not detect them and the Overcurrent one does, but after a while, perhaps very
large, especially if reverse time relays are used.
Ground fault protection is used to detect ground faults in a way
snapshot.
[Link].-OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
DIRECTIONAL (67/67N)
Overcurrent protection can be used to measure not only the
magnitude of intensity, but also its direction; that is to say, the direction of the flow
of the delivered power, for which the voltage of
system.
It is used as the main protection for overhead lines and cables.
distribution transformers and electric motors, among others. It is also
used as backup protection for power transformers and
large generators and as emergency protection.
This protection generally does not apply on its own, rather it is used in
combination of other protections, such that the latter detects the fault and provides the
opening order of the switch in the presence of a current value
higher than established.
3.1.3.-PROTECTION UNIT OR TERMINAL.
As has been seen, the protections in the power system (lines and
substations, among others, are many and varied. Most of the
protective devices are used with equipment and protection units that incorporate into
same time protection, control and measurement functions.
