Reducing the Effects of Climate Change Using Building-Integrated and Building-Applied Photovoltaics in the Power Supply Ali Sayigh ebook available instantly
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Series Editor
Ali Sayigh
World Renewable Energy Congress & Network (WREC/WREN)
Brighton, UK
The primary objective of the Innovative Renewable Energy book series is to
highlight the best-implemented worldwide policies, projects, and research dealing
with renewable energy and the environment. The books are developed and published
in partnership with the World Renewable Energy Network (WREN). WREN is one
of the most influential organizations in supporting and enhancing the utilization and
implementation of renewable energy sources that are both environmentally safe and
economically sustainable. Contributors to books in this series come from a
worldwide network of agencies, laboratories, institutions, companies, and
individuals, all working together towards an international diffusion of renewable
energy technologies and applications. With contributions from most countries in the
world, books in this series promote the communication and technical education of
scientists, engineers, technicians, and managers in this field and address the energy
needs of both developing and developed countries.
Each book in the series contains contributions from WREN members and covers
the most up-to-date research developments, government policies, business models,
best practices, and innovations from countries all over the globe. Additionally, the
series publishes a collection of best papers presented during the annual and bi-annual
World Renewable Energy Congress and Forum.
Ali Sayigh
Editor
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2024
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
The main aim of this book is to showcase the highly successful application of pho-
tovoltaic technology (PV) in the built environment to produce electricity. This suc-
cess is noteworthy given the existential crisis the planet faces through untrammelled
climate change. At the end of 2021, PV global capacity reached 940 GW, at the end
of 2022 it had reached 1100 GW, and at the end of 2023 it is predicted to reach
1456 GW. Thus, at the end of 2022 record levels of installations have been reached
in China, 392.61 GW; in Germany 66.5 GW; USA 142.3 GW; UK 14.3 GW.
Nowadays there is no country in the word without some PV installation. This is
due to the much-reduced installation costs and free sunshine. The EU countries are
proposing to make the use of PV mandatory in all new buildings which will be built
after 2025. The French Senate in April 2023 approved legislation that makes it man-
datory for all existing and new car parks with 80 spaces or more to be covered by
PV panels.
Great technological advances have been made in every aspect of PV applications
in buildings. For example, one Chinese company is producing PV panels of 315
Watts weighing 11 kg by reducing glass cover thickness to 1.6 mm. Helmholtz-
Zentrum Berlin (HZB) technology in Berlin developed a Tandem Cell consisting of
Crystalline Silicone topped a Perovskite cell, giving 32.5% efficiency, whilst bat-
tery storage systems utilizing lithium – iron and phosphate now have a recycling
efficiency of 98% after 15 years of operation. More recently, PV farms are no longer
confined to land installations but are now applied on floating lakes, rivers, and shal-
low seashore. For example, German BayWa r.e. AG have built a 3 MW floating
photovoltaic (FPV) system for Quarzwerke GmbH in Haltern am See. North Rhine-
Westphalia; a floating farm to date by Sirindhorn Dam near Bangkok supplies elec-
tricity – 60 GWh per year and is the largest global floating farm. In 2020, global
floating PV had reached 1.3 GW.
In this book, we consider PV is considered an essential part of building materials.
Fourteen different countries and at different regions have been selected and investi-
gated for the use of PV to generate power, namely: Brazil, the Netherlands, Austria,
Poland, Argentina, Iran, Germany, Malaysia, Oman, Bahrain, India, Australia,
United Kingdom, and Egypt.
v
vi Introduction
Photovoltaics and the Built Environment in Brazil�������������������������������������� 1
Antonia Sônia A. C. Diniz, Joyce Correna Carlo, Suellen C. S. Costa,
and L. L. Kazmerski
Built Integrated Photovoltaic Application (BIPV):
The Dutch Situation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39
Wim Zeiler
Building-Attached and Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Systems
in Austria���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65
Reinhard Haas, Amela Ajanovic, and Hubert Fechner
Photovoltaic Systems: A Challenge or an Opportunity
for the Polish Energy Sector During Its Transformation ���������������������������� 81
Dorota Chwieduk
Wind Tunnel Tests for BAPV Installations in Patagonia, Argentina���������� 105
Carlos Víctor Manuel Labriola and Jorge Lassig
Building Applied Photovoltaic Systems in Iran: Opportunities
and Challenges ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 121
Majid Khazali and Abdolrazagh Kaabi Nejadian
Massive Growth of PV Capacity as a Major Cornerstone
of Germany’s Energy Security and Climate Policies������������������������������������ 149
Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes
Building Integrated Photovoltaic–Thermal System (BIPVT)
Performance Under the Tropical Climate Conditions���������������������������������� 163
Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Mir Hamed Hakemzadeh, and Hussein A. Kazem
Design Considerations for BIPV Systems in Oman�������������������������������������� 187
Hussein A. Kazem, Ali H. A. Al-Waeli, Miqdam T. Chaichan,
and K. Sopian
vii
viii Contents
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 429
Photovoltaics and the Built Environment
in Brazil
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