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 The
Second World War
Illustrated
The Fifth Year
 The
Second World War
Illustrated
The Fifth Year

JACK HOLROYD
 Dedicated to the One True Sovereign
To serve as a visual reminder of the consequences when
mankind persists in a course of rebellion against His rulership

First published in Great Britain in 2023 by

P E N & S W O R D M i l i ta Ry
an imprint of
Pen & Sword Books Ltd
<RUNVKLUH²3KLODGHOSKLD

Copyright © Jack Holroyd 2023

ISBN 978-1-39906-304-3

The right of Jack Holroyd to be identified as Author of this Work

has been asserted by them in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying,
recording or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission from the Publisher in writing.

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Go to [Link] today to discover a vast library
of test banks and solution manuals at amazing prices.
 Contents

Foreword by Nigel Cave 6

Bibliography 8

Chapter One Battleground Italy: Salerno to Rome....................................................................9

Chapter Two Battleground Normandy: D-Day to Paris....................................................87

Chapter Three Operation Valkyrie: Attempt to Kill Hitler............................................225

Chapter Four Hitler's Revenge: The Flying Bomb and V-2.........................................241

Chapter Five Americans Advance in the South Pacific.....................................253

Chapter Six Japanese in Burma: Kohima and Imphal...............................................287

Chapter Seven Hitler Loses His Army Group Centre..............................................................297

Chapter Eight Allied Bomber Offensive: Berlin, Ball Bearings and Oil......305

Index 311
 Foreword
by Nigel Cave

The Second World War Illustrated – The Fifth Year

This was the year when the tide of the war can definitively be said to have turned fully
in favour of the Allies. At its beginning all of the Axis powers were in retreat to (for
them) an uncomfortable degree, so much so that the survival of their regimes were
under severe threat. Already Mussolini had been removed from power in Italy and his
country’s government had switched sides; Germany’s position in Russia was fast
becoming untenable and threatened a disastrous retreat; while Japan’s Pacific
expansion had been halted, indeed was being reversed, and its once powerful fleet
irrevocably damaged.
This volume is focused on two main regions of the war: the campaign in Italy and
the landings in Normandy on D-Day and the fighting to break out of the subsequent
bridgehead.
The Italian Campaign from the autumn of 1943 to the autumn of 1944 provides a
clear illustration, however, that overcoming the Axis powers was not going to be
achieved without considerable cost in men and matériel and, perhaps most crucially,
time. For behind the headlines of actions on land, sea and air there was a secret –
unknown to the general public – battle of technology, involving the development, for
example, of the new jet engine, which threatened to transform the air war, and of the
potential of nuclear weapons.
In many ways the Allied campaign was marred by a number of tactical and strategic
errors, one of which was the decision by Mark Clark to occupy Rome rather than cut off
the main force of the German army falling back from the Gustav Line. This was, so it
has been argued, so significant as to have lengthened the Italian campaign by months.
Churchill pushed for landings at or near Anzio with the aim of fatally weakening the
German Gustav Line defence system, an iconic feature of which was the Abbey of
Monte Cassino. The local commander, John Lucas, considered that he was under-
resourced for a planned break out from the narrow bridgehead at Anzio after the
landings of January 1944. The Germans acted swiftly and decisively and contained the
Allies and, in due course, threatened to overrun the position. Churchill was very
disappointed: ‘I had hoped we were hurling a wildcat onto the shore, but all we got was
a stranded whale’. Lucas’ dithering (although there was certainly a military case for a
cautious approach) could have been fatal and, although the bridgehead was secured,
albeit with great difficulty, he did not push out from it until he was replaced. The push
out of the narrow beachhead did not take place until May 1944.
There then followed what many believed, rightly or wrongly, to be an act of military
incompetence by General Mark Clark. The breakout from Anzio was supposed to catch
the Germans in a pincer movement but instead Clark decided he would liberate Rome
(going so far as to station military policemen on its outskirts to stop any British troops
possibly stealing his glory). However, his triumph on the front pages, photographed on
Rome’s Capitoline Hill, was rudely disrupted by the Allied landings on the beaches of
Normandy the following day. The Italian theatre remained overshadowed for the rest
of the war, with the Germans clinging on to some of the northern parts of Italy up to
the Armistice.
The preparations and planning for the D-Day Landings on the beaches of
Normandy were as detailed and exhaustive as they could be. At least on this occasion
there were plenty of officers who had either first hand knowledge (or who benefited
from the advice of those who had) of opposed landings ranging from Gallipoli in 1915,
via Dieppe to Salerno and Anzio. Needless to say, the sound military adage that no plan
survives first contact with the enemy (or, in this case, potentially the elements as well)
came to pass, although the crucial establishing of a bridgehead was achieved with
relatively light casualties. There then followed the lengthy Allied effort to break out of
the Caen Bridgehead; one factor that played into their hands was that Hitler insisted
on keeping almost 150,000 troops in the Pas de Calais when they might have played a
crucial part in containing – or even pushing back to the beaches – the Allied landings.
In the end, the bridgehead was burst open and the Allies marched across northern
France and took Paris before being faced with far stiffer resistance as the line grew ever
nearer to German territory.
It is inevitable that events in western Europe dominate this book, especially as in
the Far East the Americans and allies had put a halt to Japan’s expansion across the
Pacific and begun the push back, ensured by the disastrous defeats that the Japanese
suffered. Yet, as in the previous year, this was a slow and laborious process, at great
cost in human lives, for the Americans certainly but for the Japanese catastrophically.
This island-hopping war also tended to come off the front pages in the light of the
events in Europe, with the rather more familiar place names of France and Italy as
opposed to islands or island archipelagos in the Pacific that hardly anyone had heard
of before. On land the Japanese push into northern India was finally stalled at the
Battles of the Admin Box, Imphal and, perhaps most memorably, at Kohima. After that
the British Fourteenth Army’s progress, too, was reduced in the public mind by the
advances in western Europe and it began the process of slipping from national
consciousness and justifying the post war bitter sobriquet that its members adopted of
‘the Forgotten Army’.
On the Eastern Front, too, the largest tank battle in history at Kursk, in the late
summer of 1943, put a final end to major German offensive operations. These Soviet
victories were won at an enormous cost of men and weapons, which was to characterise
the grinding action of this massive war machine as the Soviets pushed inexorably
westwards.
These reverses had their impact domestically in Germany; elements of the German
High Command had always had a distaste for Hitler and his policies and now they
could only view a situation in which Germany was being pulverised – not only her
armies but her towns and people, best illustrated by the unprecedented horrors of the
firestorm bombing raids on Hamburg in July-August 1943. The realistic prospect of a
Soviet invasion of eastern Germany was regarded as utterly unacceptable; the only way
out of the disastrous military situation that threatened the very existence of Germany
was to assassinate Hitler, along with a simultaneous seizing of the levers of power
within Germany and the neutralisation of the Nazis’ domestic military wing. Operation
Valkyrie was an ambitious, desperate enterprise; and the quirks of fate ensured that it
failed, when, on 20 July 1944, Hitler survived the bomb that was designed to kill him.
Hitler’s retribution was particularly gruesome.
And yet, with all these odds stacking up against Germany and Japan, with their
diminishing number of allies and facing overwhelming pressures in terms of the
manpower and resources that could be deployed against them, the remaining Axis
countries were able to continue the fight for another year. But it was self-evident by
late summer 1944, barring a technological miracle or a massive falling out between the
unlikely, tense alliance that faced them – in truth, not such an unachievable hope, that
the Axis were facing painful, unforgiving destruction.

Nigel Cave
Rome 2023
 Bibliography
THE STRUGGLE FOR EUROPE by Chester Wilmot THE REPRINT SOCIETY, 1954
THE FATAL DECISIONS by SIEGRFIED WESTPHAL PEN & SWORD BOOKS LTD, 2012
ROMMEL IN HIS OWN WORDS Editor Dr John Pimlott GREENHILL BOOKS 1994
WAFFEN-SS COMMANDERS by Mark C Yerger SCHIFFER MILITARY HISTORY 1997 VOLUMES 1 and 2

RUCKMARSCH THE GERMAN RETREAT FROM NORMANDY THEN & NOW by Jean Paul Pallud
BATTLE OF BRITAIN PUBLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL LTD 2019
THE AXIS OCCUPATION OF EUROPE by Winston & Gail Ramsey AFTER THE BATTLE, 2018
THE DEFEAT OF GERMANY THEN & NOW Edited by Winston Ramsey AFTER THE BATTLE, 2015
D-DAY THEN & NOW VOLUMES ONE & TWO by Winston G Ramsey
BATTLE OF BRITAIN PUBLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL LTD 1995
ANZIO THEN & NOW by Cokonel J. H. Green AFTER THE BATTLE MAGAZINE NO. 52, 1986
THE BATTLES FOR MONTE CASSINO THEN & NOW
by Jeffrey Plowman/Perry Rowe AFTER THE BATTLE, 2011

THE BOMBER COMMAND WAR DIARIES 1939 - 1945

Martin Middlebrook and Chris Everitt, 2014

FIGHTER SQUADRONS OF THE RAF by John D R Rawlings MACDONALD, LONDON 1969

THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR by Peter G Tsouras GREENHILL BOOKS, LONDON 1992

Battleground PEGASUS BRIDGE & HORSA BRIDGE by Carl Shilleto

PEN & SWORD BOOKS LTD, 2013
Battleground MERVILLE BATTERY & the DIVES BRIDGES by Carl Shilleto
PEN & SWORD BOOKS LTD, 2011
Battleground UTAH BEACH/ST MÉRE EGLISE by Carl Shilleto
PEN & SWORD BOOKS LTD, 2006
Battleground OMAHA BEACH by Tim Kilvert-Jones
PEN & SWORD BOOKS LTD, 2003
Battleground GOLD BEACH (INLAND FROM KING) by Christopher Dunphie & Garry Johnson
PEN & SWORD BOOKS LTD, 2012
Battleground GOLD BEACH – JIG by Tim Saunders
PEN & SWORD BOOKS LTD, 2002
Battleground JUNO BEACH Canadian Infantry Division by Tim Saunders
PEN & SWORD BOOKS LTD, 2004

WENN ALLE BRÜDER SCHWEIGEN

GROSSER BILDBAND ÜBER DIE WAFFEN-SS, MUNIN-VERLAG GMBH, OSNABRUECK 1985

HISTOIRE D’UN MONDE EN GUERRE 39-45

under the direction of Claude Quétel LAROUSSE 2015

ATLANTIKWALL - LE MUR DE ATLANTIQUE EN FRANCE 1940–1944

ALAIN CHAZETTE, ALAIN DESTOUCHES - BERNARD PAICH 1995
HEITAI JAPANESE INFANTRYMAN 1931–1945
Agustín Sáiz ANDREA PRESS, MADRID 2011

SNAPDRAGON: THE WWII EXPLOITS OF DARBY’S RANGER & COMBAT PHOTOGRAPHER PHIL STERN
WEB-SITE: [Link]

BATTLE OF SAINTE-MERE-EGLISE BY MAKSYM CHORNYI

WEB-SITE: [Link]/SAINTE-MERE-EGLISE-1944/

PETER TAYLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVE

PEN & SWORD HISTORY BOOKS
002ww2/5 A German self-propelled gun crew discuss the situation with their Fallschirmjäger comrades among the ruins of the town of Cassino.

Chapter One Battleground Italy: Salerno to Rome

001ww2/5 Men of the 2/6th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) advance past a pair of burning German PzKpfw IV tanks in the
Salerno area, 22 September 1943.

1943-44
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