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Quadratic Functions Notes

This document provides comprehensive notes on quadratic functions, including their definition, graph characteristics, and important features such as the vertex, axis of symmetry, and intercepts. It also outlines methods for drawing quadratic graphs and solving quadratic equations graphically, along with real-life applications. A summary table is included for quick reference of key concepts and formulas.

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Qais Kaise
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47 views3 pages

Quadratic Functions Notes

This document provides comprehensive notes on quadratic functions, including their definition, graph characteristics, and important features such as the vertex, axis of symmetry, and intercepts. It also outlines methods for drawing quadratic graphs and solving quadratic equations graphically, along with real-life applications. A summary table is included for quick reference of key concepts and formulas.

Uploaded by

Qais Kaise
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Form 3 Mathematics Notes – Quadratic Functions and Graphs

1. What is a Quadratic Function


A quadratic function is an equation of the form:

y = ax^2 + bx + c

where a, b, c are constants and a ≠ 0. Its graph is called a parabola. Quadratic functions are also called
second-degree functions because the highest power of x is 2.

2. Shape and Orientation of the Graph


• If a > 0 → parabola opens upwards (∪) with a minimum point.
• If a < 0 → parabola opens downwards (∩) with a maximum point.

3. Important Features of the Parabola

(a) Vertex (Turning Point)

The vertex is the highest or lowest point on the graph. - Formula: x = -b/(2a) - Substitute x into the
function to find y. - Example: For y = x^2 - 4x + 3: - x = -(-4)/(21) = 2 - y = 2^2 - 42 + 3 = -1 ✅ Vertex = (2, -1)

(b) Axis of Symmetry

A vertical line dividing the parabola into two equal halves. - Formula: x = -b/(2a)

(c) Intercepts

• y-intercept: set x = 0 → y = c
• x-intercepts (roots): solve ax^2 + bx + c = 0 by:
• Factorisation
• Completing the square
• Quadratic formula: x = [-b ± √(b^2 - 4ac)] / 2a

4. How to Draw a Quadratic Graph


1. Choose several x-values (negative and positive).
2. Calculate y = ax^2 + bx + c for each x.
3. Plot points (x, y) on graph paper.
4. Draw a smooth U-shaped curve.
5. Mark the vertex, axis of symmetry, and intercepts.

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5. Solving Quadratic Equations Graphically
• Solutions are where the graph crosses the x-axis.
• Interpretation:
• Cuts x-axis twice → 2 real roots
• Touches once → 1 real root
• Does not touch → no real roots

6. Completing the Square


Rewrite y = ax^2 + bx + c as:

y = a(x + b/2a)^2 + k

where k = c - b^2/(4a). The vertex is at (-b/2a, k).

7. Real-Life Applications
• Height and time of a thrown ball (projectile motion)
• Profit, revenue, or cost analysis
• Maximum area or minimum cost problems

8. Summary Table

Concept Formula / Description

General form y = ax^2 + bx + c

Vertex (-b/2a, f(-b/2a))

Axis of symmetry x = -b/2a

y-intercept c

x-intercepts Roots of ax^2 + bx + c = 0

Opens upwards a>0

Opens downwards a<0

Exam Tips

• Draw and interpret quadratic graphs.


• Identify vertex, axis, and intercepts.

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• Solve quadratic equations graphically or using formula.
• Apply quadratic graphs to real-life problems.

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