Computer (MDC)

Computer Application

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UNIT 1ST :
Computer Basics: Introduction to a Computer
A computer is a highly versatile and complex electronic
device designed to perform a wide range of tasks that
involve data processing, storage, and retrieval. The word
"computer" is derived from the Latin word "computare,"
which means to calculate or compute. In its simplest
form, a computer is a machine that processes
information, takes input from the user, manipulates the
data according to predefined instructions (software), and
provides output.
Computers come in various shapes and sizes, ranging
from personal computers (PCs), laptops, and
workstations to powerful mainframes and
supercomputers that are used in scientific research,
government, and industrial applications. At its core, a
computer operates based on binary logic, using zeros and
ones (bits) to represent all forms of data, including
numbers, text, and images. These bits are organized into
bytes, which make up larger data structures.

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The evolution of computers has been remarkable. The
earliest computers were mechanical devices designed to
perform simple arithmetic operations. With the advent
of the electronic era, vacuum tubes replaced mechanical
parts, leading to the development of the first generation
of electronic computers, such as the ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) in the 1940s. Over
time, the introduction of transistors, integrated circuits
(ICs), and microprocessors revolutionized computing. The
development of the personal computer in the 1970s,
along with advancements in software, made computers
more accessible to individuals and businesses.
Today, computers have become an integral part of our
daily lives. They are used in a variety of fields, including
business, education, entertainment, medicine, and
engineering, among others. The versatility of computers
is reflected in their ability to handle complex
computations, process vast amounts of data, and interact
with users through graphical interfaces and applications.

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Applications of Computers
The applications of computers are vast and wide-ranging,
impacting nearly every field of human activity. Some of
the most common areas where computers are applied
include:
1. Business and Finance: Computers have transformed
the way businesses operate, from accounting and
inventory management to customer relationship
management (CRM) and enterprise resource
planning (ERP) systems. Financial institutions use
computers for stock trading, banking, and record-
keeping. Automated teller machines (ATMs), online
banking, and mobile payment systems are all made
possible by computers.
2. Education: The use of computers in education has
greatly enhanced the learning process. Educational
software, e-learning platforms, and online resources
provide students and teachers with tools for
interactive learning. Computers also support virtual
classrooms, where remote learning takes place
through video conferencing and online exams.

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3. Healthcare: In the medical field, computers are
essential for patient record management, diagnostic
imaging, and medical research. Technologies like
Electronic Health Records (EHRs) allow healthcare
professionals to access patient information easily,
improving the quality of care. Computers are also
used in areas like telemedicine, surgery (robot-
assisted surgeries), and medical simulations.
4. Science and Engineering: Computers have
revolutionized scientific research and engineering by
allowing researchers to model complex phenomena,
run simulations, and analyze large datasets. Fields
such as physics, chemistry, biology, and
environmental science benefit from computational
models and simulations. Engineers use computers
for designing products, from cars to airplanes, using
computer-aided design (CAD) software.
5. Entertainment: In the entertainment industry,
computers are used for creating digital graphics,
animation, video games, and music production.
Computers play a crucial role in the movie industry,

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from special effects and animation to post-
production editing. Video game development relies
heavily on the use of powerful computers for design
and gameplay.
6. Communication: The advent of the internet has
transformed communication, and computers play a
central role in this. Email, social media platforms,
instant messaging, and video calls are made possible
by the use of computers. Computers also support
large-scale communication networks, including
websites, blogs, and forums.
7. Government and Defense: Computers are widely
used in government operations, ranging from data
management and tax processing to national security
and defense. Governments use computers for
conducting censuses, managing public services, and
running elections. In defense, computers are used
for strategic planning, surveillance, and weapon
systems.

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Block Diagram of a Computer
The block diagram of a computer is a high-level
representation of the major components of a computer
system and
how they
interact with
each other. A
typical block
diagram
consists of
the following
components:
1. Input Devices: Input devices allow users to interact
with the computer by providing data or commands.
Examples include the keyboard, mouse, scanner, and
microphone. These devices send information to the
computer for processing.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the brain
of the computer. It carries out instructions, performs
calculations, and manages data flow within the

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system. The CPU consists of three primary
components:
 Control Unit (CU): Directs the operation of the
processor, coordinating the flow of data and
instructions.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs
mathematical and logical operations.
 Registers: Small, high-speed storage areas that
hold data temporarily during processing.
3. Memory: Memory is a crucial part of the computer
system that stores data and instructions. There are
two main types of memory:
 Primary Memory (RAM): Volatile memory used
to store data and instructions that are currently
in use. It allows fast access but loses data when
the computer is powered off.
 Secondary Memory (Hard Drive, SSD, etc.):
Non-volatile memory used to store data
permanently. It includes devices like hard drives,
solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical discs.

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4. Output Devices: Output devices allow the computer
to communicate results to the user. Examples
include the monitor, printer, and speakers.
5. Storage Devices: Storage devices hold data for long-
term retention. These include both primary and
secondary storage devices, such as hard drives, solid-
state drives, and USB drives.
6. Communication Devices: These devices allow the
computer to connect to networks and other devices.
Examples include network interface cards (NICs),
modems, and routers.

Main Components of a Computer

A computer consists of both physical and logical
components, and its operation depends on the
interaction between them. The main components of a
computer are:
1. Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical
components of the computer, including the central
processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage

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devices (hard drive, SSD), input devices (keyboard,
mouse), and output devices (monitor, printer). These
components work together to perform tasks and
process data.
2. Software: Software refers to the programs and
applications that run on the computer. It includes
the operating system (e.g., Windows, Linux, macOS),
application software (e.g., Microsoft Office, web
browsers), and utility software (e.g., antivirus
programs). Software enables the hardware to
perform specific tasks.
3. Data: Data is the raw information that is processed
by the computer. This can include numbers, text,
images, videos, or any other form of digital content.
4. Peripherals: Peripherals are devices that are
connected to the computer but are not part of the
core system. These include printers, scanners,
external drives, and cameras.

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Input Devices
Input devices are used to provide data and instructions
to the computer. These devices convert human actions
or physical data into a form that the computer can
process. Common input devices include:
 Keyboard: A keyboard allows the user to input text,
numbers, and commands by pressing keys. It is one
of the most common input devices.
 Mouse: A pointing device that allows users to
interact with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) by
moving a pointer on the screen.
 Scanner: A scanner digitizes physical documents,
such as photographs or text, converting them into
digital format.
 Microphone: A microphone is used to capture
sound, converting it into a digital signal that can be
processed by the computer.
Output Devices
Output devices display or convey the results of the
computer’s processing. Common output devices include:

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 Monitor: A screen that displays graphical output,
such as text, images, and videos.
 Printer: A device that produces a physical copy of
digital documents.
 Speakers: Output devices used to convey sound,
such as music or spoken words, produced by the
computer.
Storage Devices
Storage devices are used to store data and instructions
permanently or temporarily. These include:
 Hard Disk Drive (HDD): A traditional storage device
that uses spinning magnetic disks to store data.
 Solid State Drive (SSD): A newer type of storage that
uses flash memory to store data, offering faster
access speeds than HDDs.
 USB Flash Drive: A portable storage device that uses
flash memory to store data, allowing for easy
transfer between computers.

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Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of the
computer system. These are the tangible parts that can
be touched and seen, such as the CPU, motherboard,
memory modules, and peripheral devices like keyboards,
mice, and printers. Hardware performs all the actual
tasks required to execute the instructions provided by
software.
Software
Software is a collection of programs and data that
instruct the hardware on how to perform specific tasks.
Software can be categorized into two main types:
 System Software: This includes the operating system
(OS) and utility programs that manage and control
hardware resources. The OS acts as an intermediary
between the user and the computer hardware,
allowing users to interact with the system and run
applications.
 Application Software: This is software designed to
perform specific tasks for the user, such as word

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processing (e.g., Microsoft Word), web browsing
(e.g., Google Chrome), and multimedia editing (e.g.,
Adobe Photoshop).
Role and Functions of Operating System (OS)
An Operating System (OS) is a critical software layer
that manages the hardware of a computer system
and provides a platform for running application
programs. It is the interface between the computer
hardware and the end-user, ensuring the efficient
execution of tasks and managing system resources.
The role and functions of an OS are multifaceted and
cover several crucial areas to ensure that the system
operates smoothly. Let's break down these roles and
functions in detail:
1. Process Management
Process management refers to the operating
system's ability to handle the execution of
processes. A process is an instance of a running
program, and the OS is responsible for creating,
scheduling, and terminating processes. In a

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multitasking environment, the OS ensures that the
CPU is efficiently utilized by switching between
processes, a task known as context switching.
The OS ensures that each process gets a fair amount
of CPU time, preventing any single process from
monopolizing system resources. In modern
operating systems, processes may run concurrently,
and the OS manages the execution by employing
techniques like time-sharing or preemptive
multitasking. The OS also manages process
synchronization and communication to prevent
issues like deadlocks, ensuring that processes can
work together without conflicts.
2. Memory Management
Memory management is one of the core functions of
an OS. The OS controls the computer’s memory,
both primary (RAM) and secondary (hard disk), and
allocates space to different processes as needed. It
also manages memory allocation and deallocation,
keeping track of which memory locations are in use
and which are free.

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The OS uses various techniques such as paging,
segmentation, and virtual memory to optimize
memory usage. Virtual memory allows the system to
use disk space as if it were additional RAM, enabling
it to run larger programs or more applications than
would otherwise fit into physical memory. Memory
management ensures that each process operates in
its allocated memory space and doesn't overwrite
the data of other processes, preventing system
crashes.
3. File System Management
A key function of the operating system is the
management of files and directories. The OS
organizes and stores files in a file system, allowing
users and applications to access data efficiently. The
OS handles the creation, deletion, reading, writing,
and manipulation of files, ensuring data is stored in
an organized manner.
The OS also ensures the security of files, providing
mechanisms for access control, such as user
permissions, encryption, and auditing. It uses a

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hierarchical file structure, with directories and
subdirectories, to organize files logically, which
allows users to locate files easily.
4. Device Management
Operating systems are responsible for managing all
hardware devices, including the CPU, memory,
storage devices, input/output devices (keyboard,
mouse, printers), and network devices. The OS
communicates with these devices using device
drivers, which are specialized programs that allow
the OS to interact with specific hardware
components.
The OS provides a hardware abstraction layer (HAL),
which makes the system independent of the
underlying hardware. This ensures that software
applications can run on different hardware platforms
without modification. Additionally, the OS manages
device allocation and ensures that multiple
applications can access devices without interference.

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5. Security and Access Control
Security is an essential function of any operating
system. The OS protects the system from
unauthorized access, viruses, and malware. It
provides mechanisms like user authentication,
password protection, firewalls, and antivirus
programs to safeguard the integrity of the system
and its data.
The OS implements access control mechanisms,
such as user permissions, to regulate who can access
files and devices. For example, certain files may be
made readable only by administrators, while others
may be accessible to all users. These security
measures help in preventing malicious activities and
ensuring that sensitive data remains protected.
6. User Interface (UI)
The user interface (UI) is the means by which users
interact with the operating system and computer
hardware. The OS provides two primary types of
user interfaces: Command Line Interface (CLI) and
Graphical User Interface (GUI).

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 CLI: This type of interface allows users to interact
with the system using text commands. While it
requires users to memorize commands, it provides
powerful control over the system.
 GUI: A GUI allows users to interact with the OS using
graphical elements such as icons, buttons, and
windows. It is more user-friendly and intuitive,
making it suitable for users who may not have
extensive technical knowledge.
The OS must manage input from devices such as
keyboards and mice, translate user commands into
actions, and provide visual feedback to users.
7. Networking
Modern operating systems often have networking
capabilities, enabling communication between
different systems across local networks or the
internet. The OS handles network protocols, such as
TCP/IP, ensuring that data can be transmitted and
received over the network.

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The OS also provides utilities for managing network
connections, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, and for
managing network security, such as configuring
firewalls or network authentication mechanisms.
Features of Operating Systems (Windows, Linux,
and Android)
Each operating system has distinct features that
cater to different types of users and use cases.
Here’s a detailed look at the features of Windows,
Linux, and Android operating systems.
Windows Operating System
Windows, developed by Microsoft, is one of the
most widely used operating systems in personal
computers, workstations, and servers. It is known for
its user-friendly interface, making it easy for non-
technical users to operate. Below are some of the
key features:
1. Graphical User Interface (GUI): Windows is famous
for its graphical interface, with a desktop, taskbar,
start menu, and various graphical elements such as

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windows, icons, and buttons. The GUI makes it
easier for users to interact with the system visually.
2. Multitasking: Windows supports multitasking,
allowing users to run multiple applications
simultaneously. It efficiently manages system
resources to ensure that each application receives
the required amount of CPU time.
3. Compatibility: One of the strengths of Windows is its
compatibility with a wide range of software
applications and hardware devices. This makes it the
OS of choice for many businesses and home users.
4. Security Features: Windows includes built-in
security features such as Windows Defender
(antivirus software), BitLocker (disk encryption), and
Windows Firewall. These help protect the system
from malware, unauthorized access, and other
security threats.
5. Networking: Windows has robust networking
capabilities, allowing users to connect to local and
wide-area networks, share files, and access the

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internet. It supports networking protocols like
TCP/IP and file-sharing systems.
6. System Management Tools: Windows provides tools
for managing the system, such as Task Manager for
monitoring processes and performance, and Control
Panel (or Settings) for configuring system
preferences.

Linux Operating System

Linux is an open-source operating system that is
highly customizable and used extensively in server
environments, as well as by developers and
enthusiasts. Here are some of the key features:
1. Open Source: Linux is open-source software,
meaning that its source code is available to the
public for modification and redistribution. This
allows developers to customize the OS for various
purposes.
2. Multitasking and Multiuser Support: Linux is
designed to handle multiple users and processes

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simultaneously. It efficiently manages system
resources to ensure that each user and process gets
the necessary CPU and memory.
3. Security and Stability: Linux is known for its stability
and security. It has built-in features such as SELinux
(Security-Enhanced Linux) and robust user
permissions systems that help protect the system
from unauthorized access.
4. Package Management: Linux distributions use
package managers like APT (Advanced Package Tool)
or YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified) to install,
update, and remove software packages easily.
5. Command Line Interface (CLI): While Linux offers a
GUI, many users prefer the powerful command-line
interface for system administration and
troubleshooting. The CLI allows fine-grained control
over the system and is used for tasks like file
manipulation and network configuration.
6. Networking and Internet: Linux is widely used in
server environments due to its robust networking
features. It supports various networking protocols

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and tools, such as SSH for remote access, and
Apache or Nginx for web hosting.
Android Operating System
Android is a Linux-based operating system primarily
used in mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablets. It is developed by Google and has become
the most widely used mobile OS globally. Here are
some of its key features:
1. Touchscreen Interface: Android’s interface is
designed for touch interaction, with features such as
swiping, pinching, and tapping. This is optimized for
mobile devices with touchscreens.
2. App Ecosystem: Android supports a vast ecosystem
of applications through the Google Play Store. Apps
can be downloaded, installed, and updated directly
from the store, making it easy for users to access a
wide range of applications.
3. Customizability: Android is highly customizable,
allowing manufacturers to modify the system to suit

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their devices. Users can also personalize the UI, such
as changing the home screen, widgets, and themes.
4. Open Source: Like Linux, Android is open-source,
meaning developers can modify the source code to
create custom versions of the OS. This has led to the
proliferation of many Android-based operating
systems by different manufacturers.
5. Security Features: Android includes various security
features, such as app permissions, encryption, and
secure boot. Google also provides regular security
updates to address vulnerabilities.
6. Google Services Integration: Android integrates
deeply with Google’s services, such as Google Maps,
Gmail, and Google Assistant. These services provide
enhanced functionality and ease of use for Android
users.

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UNIT 2ND
Word Processing Basics
Word processing refers to the process of using
software tools to create, edit, format, and store text-
based documents. Microsoft Word, part of the MS
Office suite, is one of the most commonly used word
processing programs globally. It enables users to
create professional documents with various
features, from simple text creation to sophisticated
formatting and design options.
At its core, word processing tools allow users to
input and manipulate text. This includes typing,
editing, deleting, and formatting text. MS Word also
offers extensive customization, such as choosing
font styles, sizes, and colors, adjusting line spacing,
and setting text alignment. For example, documents
can be arranged in multiple columns, and various
templates are available for creating reports,
resumes, newsletters, and more.
Beyond text, MS Word enables the integration of
images, charts, tables, and other elements, helping

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create visually appealing documents. It also allows
for collaborative work, with features such as track
changes and comments for group editing. MS
Word’s ability to handle complex formatting needs,
like headers, footers, and different sections, makes it
suitable for everything from basic letters to
professional publications and academic papers.
Opening and Closing of Documents
Opening and closing documents is a fundamental
function in MS Word. Users can open a document by
navigating to the "File" tab, selecting "Open," and
choosing the file from the device’s storage, whether
it's a local drive, a cloud-based storage service like
OneDrive, or even a previously opened document
from the "Recent" section.
Once opened, the document is available for editing.
The user can make changes, format text, add images,
and perform other operations. After completing the
task, closing the document is essential. This can be
done by selecting "File" and then "Close." MS Word
prompts the user to save any unsaved changes

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before closing the document, ensuring no data is
lost.
Additionally, documents can be closed with the "X"
button in the upper-right corner of the window, and
if there are multiple documents open, the user can
choose to close them all at once or individually. The
program also supports autosave features, which
periodically save changes to prevent loss of data.
Text Creation and Manipulation
Text creation and manipulation are the backbone of
any word processing software. In MS Word, users
begin by creating a new document, and text can be
added immediately through typing. MS Word
automatically adjusts text input, providing essential
features like automatic spell check, grammar
suggestions, and text predictions.
Once the text is created, manipulation involves
editing the content, which includes cutting, copying,
pasting, and deleting text. Cutting removes the
selected text and places it on the clipboard, where it
can be pasted elsewhere. Copying duplicates the

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text, while pasting places the copied or cut text into
a new location. The undo and redo functions help
users make adjustments to the document by
reversing or reapplying changes.
MS Word also includes advanced text manipulation
features such as the Find and Replace function. This
feature allows users to locate specific words or
phrases within the document and replace them with
alternatives, making large-scale changes quick and
efficient. For instance, replacing all instances of a
misspelled word with the correct spelling can save
time.
Working with Tables
Tables in MS Word help organize data into rows and
columns, making it easier to present structured
information. Creating a table is simple: users can
select the "Insert" tab, click "Table," and choose the
desired table size (number of rows and columns).
Once the table is inserted, data can be entered into
individual cells.

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Tables can be formatted in a variety of ways. You can
adjust the column width and row height, merge or
split cells, and apply different table styles to enhance
readability. MS Word also allows users to apply
shading, borders, and text alignment within cells. For
example, a financial report might use a table to
present data, with alternating shaded rows for
clarity.
Sorting is another feature that enhances table
usability. MS Word allows users to sort data within a
table, either alphabetically or numerically. This is
especially useful when working with lists, such as
contact information or inventory.
Header and Footer
Headers and footers in a document allow for
consistent information to appear on every page,
such as document titles, page numbers, and author
details. In MS Word, users can access headers and
footers by selecting the "Insert" tab and then clicking
on "Header" or "Footer."

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The header is placed at the top of each page, while
the footer appears at the bottom. Users can insert
page numbers, the document’s date, file name, or
custom text. For example, a report might include the
document title in the header and the page number
in the footer.
MS Word offers options to format headers and
footers differently on odd and even pages or on the
first page. This flexibility is useful for professional
and academic documents, where page number
formatting may vary between sections or types of
pages. Additionally, the "Different First Page" option
allows for a custom header or footer on the first
page, useful in cases like title pages where the
content is different from the rest of the document.
Inserting Pictures and Clipart
MS Word allows users to insert a variety of visual
elements, including pictures, clipart, and other
graphics. This helps to enhance the visual appeal and
presentation of a document. To insert a picture,
users can select the "Insert" tab and click "Pictures"

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or "Online Pictures." From here, they can choose to
insert an image from their local drive or an online
source.
Clipart, which refers to a collection of predefined
images, is also available in MS Word. By selecting
"Clip Art," users can search for images based on
keywords. These images can be resized and
formatted to fit the document’s layout.
Once inserted, users can manipulate the images in
several ways. For example, you can wrap text around
an image, rotate it, adjust its size, and apply various
styles like shadows or reflections. Additionally,
images can be aligned with the document’s text to
ensure a clean, professional layout.
Setting Page Size and Margins
Page size and margins are important aspects of
document formatting that determine how content
fits on a page. In MS Word, users can adjust these
settings by selecting the "Layout" tab and clicking on
"Size" to choose a specific paper size, such as A4,

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Letter, or Legal. Custom page sizes can also be
defined for specialized documents.
Margins refer to the blank space around the edges of
the page. MS Word provides default margin settings,
but users can modify the margins by selecting the
"Margins" button in the "Layout" tab. Common
margin configurations include narrow, normal, and
wide margins, but custom margins can also be set.
Correctly setting margins ensures the content fits
neatly on the page, with ample white space around
the edges for readability. Page size and margin
adjustments are critical when preparing documents
for printing or specific formatting guidelines.
Printing Documents
After completing a document, printing is often the
final step in the process. MS Word offers several
printing options under the "File" tab. Clicking "Print"
opens the print settings, where users can select the
printer, the number of copies, and other settings
such as page range and color options.

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The "Print Preview" feature lets users view how the
document will appear on paper before actually
printing it, ensuring everything is formatted
correctly. Print options also allow for adjustments
like printing on both sides of the paper (duplex
printing), choosing specific pages to print, and
adjusting the document’s scale to fit more content
on each page.
Mail Merge
Mail Merge is a powerful feature in MS Word that
allows users to create personalized documents in
bulk, such as letters, labels, and envelopes. It is often
used in business and marketing for tasks like sending
personalized emails, invitations, or newsletters to
multiple recipients.
The Mail Merge process involves two primary
components: the main document (the template) and
the data source (a list of recipients). The main
document contains the fixed content, while
placeholders are inserted for the dynamic fields
(such as names, addresses, etc.) from the data

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source. The data source is typically an Excel
spreadsheet or an Access database, containing the
recipient information.
Once the data source is linked, MS Word generates a
separate personalized document for each entry in
the data source. Users can preview the mail merge
to check how the final output will look and then
print or save the merged documents as needed.
Mail Merge simplifies repetitive tasks, such as
generating customer letters or invitations, by
automating the process and ensuring consistency in
formatting while personalizing the content for each
recipient.
MS-Excel: Basics of Spreadsheet
MS Excel is a powerful spreadsheet software
developed by Microsoft, widely used for data
analysis, calculations, and visualization. A
spreadsheet in Excel is a grid made up of rows and
columns, where each intersection of a row and
column forms a cell. These cells can hold data such
as numbers, text, or formulas. The primary function

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of Excel is to provide a platform for performing
complex calculations and organizing data
systematically.
Excel worksheets are organized into rows and
columns, which allow for the structured
presentation of data. The rows are labeled
numerically (1, 2, 3, etc.), and columns are labeled
alphabetically (A, B, C, etc.), with the intersection of
a row and column forming a cell (for example, A1,
B2). Each cell in Excel can hold a variety of data,
including numeric values, text, or formulas, and can
be formatted for specific visual presentation.
The main features of MS Excel include:
1. Cell Referencing: Each cell is uniquely referenced by
its column and row combination. There are three
types of cell references:
 Relative Reference (e.g., A1), which changes
when you copy or move a formula to another
cell.

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 Absolute Reference (e.g., $A$1), which remains
constant no matter where the formula is copied.
 Mixed Reference (e.g., $A1 or A$1), where
either the column or row is fixed.
2. Workbook and Worksheet: A workbook is an Excel
file that can contain one or more worksheets (tabs at
the bottom). Each worksheet can hold numerous
rows and columns.
3. Data Types: Excel supports different data types,
including Text, Numbers, Currency, Date, Time,
Boolean, and Formulas.
4. Charts and Graphs: Excel allows you to convert data
into various types of charts (e.g., bar charts, pie
charts, line charts), which helps in visualizing the
data for better interpretation and presentation.
Features of MS-Excel
MS Excel is equipped with several advanced features
that enhance its usability and functionality. These
features include:

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 AutoSum: This feature helps quickly sum a column
or row of numbers without having to manually input
the formula.
 Conditional Formatting: Allows you to format cells
based on specific criteria (e.g., highlight cells that are
above a certain value or contain specific text).
 Data Validation: Helps to control what type of data
can be entered into a cell, ensuring that users follow
specified guidelines (e.g., restricting entries to dates
or specific number ranges).
 Pivot Tables: Pivot tables are used for summarizing
and analyzing large sets of data by grouping data in
various ways to generate meaningful insights. They
can also be used for reporting purposes.
 Macros: Macros are a series of commands and
instructions that are grouped together to perform a
task automatically. Excel allows users to automate
repetitive tasks using VBA (Visual Basic for
Applications).

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 Functions: Excel supports various built-in functions
for tasks such as mathematical calculations (SUM,
AVERAGE, COUNT), text manipulations
(CONCATENATE, LEFT, RIGHT), date and time
functions (NOW, DATE), logical operations (IF, AND,
OR), and lookup functions (VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP).
Manipulation of Cells
In Excel, cell manipulation is a critical aspect of
organizing and processing data. Cells can be
inserted, deleted, copied, pasted, moved, merged,
or split depending on the need. This flexibility is
what makes Excel so powerful when dealing with
large amounts of data.
1. Inserting and Deleting Cells: Excel allows users to
insert new cells, rows, or columns into the
spreadsheet, shifting existing cells down or to the
right. Similarly, cells can be deleted, and the
remaining data will automatically shift.
2. Copying and Pasting: Users can copy and paste data
from one cell to another or even across different
worksheets. Excel also supports Paste Special, which

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allows users to paste only specific parts of the data,
such as values, formulas, formatting, or even the
exact value with or without formatting.
3. Merging Cells: Cells can be merged to create a single
large cell that spans across multiple rows or
columns. This is often used for headers or titles.
4. Autofill: The Autofill feature helps automatically fill
cells with data based on a pattern. For example,
typing "January" in a cell and dragging the fill handle
across cells will automatically fill them with
"February", "March", and so on.
Formulas and Functions
Formulas are one of the core features in MS Excel,
used for performing calculations based on the data
entered into the cells. A formula always starts with
an equal sign (=). Formulas can perform simple
arithmetic, complex statistical analysis, or text
manipulation.
Common formulas include:

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 SUM(): Adds up the numbers in a specified range of
cells.
 AVERAGE(): Calculates the average of numbers in a
given range.
 MIN() and MAX(): Determine the minimum and
maximum values in a range.
 IF(): A logical function that returns one value if a
condition is true and another if false.
 VLOOKUP() and HLOOKUP(): These functions are
used to search for a value in a table and return a
related value from the same row or column.
Functions in Excel are predefined formulas designed
to perform specific tasks, such as COUNT() for
counting the number of cells with numeric data or
DATE() for working with date values.
Editing of Spreadsheet
Editing in Excel involves updating, formatting, or
correcting data entered into cells. Excel offers
extensive tools for cell formatting, including font
styles, colors, borders, and cell alignment. Text

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formatting tools allow users to adjust the font type,
size, color, and style (bold, italics, underline) to
enhance the readability of the spreadsheet.
Additionally, cell alignment options, such as top,
middle, and bottom alignment, help ensure that
data is displayed consistently within each cell. Excel
also allows for conditional formatting, where
specific conditions can be set to format cells
automatically based on the data they contain (e.g.,
highlighting cells that meet a specific threshold).
Printing of Spreadsheet
Printing in Excel involves selecting the specific data
to print, choosing the page layout (portrait or
landscape), setting margins, and adjusting scaling
options to ensure the content fits within the printed
page. Excel allows you to print a selected range of
cells, the entire worksheet, or the whole workbook,
depending on the requirement.

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MS-PowerPoint: Features
MS PowerPoint is a software application used to
create slideshows composed of text, images, graphs,
charts, and multimedia elements. It is widely used
for creating presentations for business, educational,
and personal purposes.
PowerPoint presentations are made up of slides,
which act as individual pages in the presentation.
The main features of PowerPoint include:
 Slide Layouts: PowerPoint offers a variety of slide
layouts, which define the structure of each slide,
including title slides, content slides, and blank slides.
This allows users to create consistent, professional
presentations quickly.
 Design Templates: PowerPoint provides built-in
templates that include predefined layouts,
background designs, and color schemes. These
templates help users create visually appealing
presentations without the need for detailed design
knowledge.

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 Text and Object Insertion: Users can insert text,
images, charts, shapes, SmartArt, and other objects
into slides. The software supports drag-and-drop
functionality, making it easy to position objects
exactly where they are needed.
 Transitions and Animations: PowerPoint allows
users to add slide transitions (the effect that occurs
when one slide moves to the next) and animations
(the movement or appearance of elements on a
slide). These features enhance the visual appeal and
flow of the presentation.
Creating and Editing Presentations
To create a new presentation in PowerPoint, users
can either start with a blank presentation or select
from a variety of templates. Once the presentation is
created, users can add new slides, modify the
content on each slide, and apply designs and
animations to make the presentation more
engaging.
Editing involves modifying text, changing slide
layouts, adjusting fonts, colors, and aligning objects.

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PowerPoint also provides tools to rearrange slides,
duplicate slides, or delete unnecessary slides from
the presentation.
Using Built-in Templates PowerPoint offers various
built-in templates designed to meet different
presentation needs. These templates include
business presentations, educational presentations,
creative slides, and more. Using a template can save
time, as the layout and design elements are pre-
configured, allowing the user to focus on content
rather than formatting.
Slide Show :The Slide Show feature allows the user
to view the presentation in full-screen mode,
simulating the experience of presenting to an
audience. PowerPoint provides tools for navigating
between slides, timing transitions, and controlling
the overall flow of the presentation.

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UNIT 3rd

Internet Basics
The internet is a vast global network that connects
millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks, enabling users to access, share,
and exchange information. It works through a system of
interlinked networks that communicate using
standardized protocols, most commonly the
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
At its core, the internet allows people to send data
between computers and devices anywhere in the world.
The infrastructure supporting the internet consists of
fiber optics, routers, switches, and wireless
communication systems. Every device connected to the
internet is given a unique identifier known as an IP
address, which ensures that data sent over the internet
reaches the correct destination.
The internet provides services such as browsing
websites, sending emails, file sharing, streaming videos,

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and engaging in social media platforms. Its applications
have revolutionized the way we communicate, work,
shop, and entertain ourselves.
Applications of the Internet: The applications of the
internet span various fields such as education,
healthcare, business, and entertainment. The most
common internet-based services include:
 Information Retrieval: Websites and databases
allow users to find relevant information on nearly
any topic.
 Communication: Email, instant messaging, and video
conferencing enable users to communicate
efficiently, regardless of geographical distances.
 Commerce: E-commerce platforms have reshaped
how people buy and sell goods and services.
 Entertainment: Streaming services, gaming, and
social media platforms have transformed
entertainment consumption.

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Computer Network
A computer network is a system of interconnected
computers that can communicate and share resources
such as files, printers, and internet access. Networks vary
in size and complexity, from local area networks (LANs)
to the global internet.
A network consists of both hardware and software
components. Hardware includes devices such as
computers, routers, switches, and cables. Software
involves network operating systems, protocols, and
applications that ensure proper communication between
devices.
Types of Networks:
 Local Area Network (LAN): This is a network
confined to a small geographical area, such as a
single building or campus. LANs are commonly used
in homes, schools, and businesses.
 Wide Area Network (WAN): WANs span large
geographical areas, such as cities, countries, or even

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continents. The internet is the largest example of a
WAN.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): This network
type covers a larger area than a LAN but smaller than
a WAN, typically spanning a city or a large campus.
 Personal Area Network (PAN): PANs cover a very
limited area, typically a few meters, and are often
used to connect personal devices such as
smartphones, laptops, and tablets.
Networks use various protocols, with TCP/IP being the
most important one for internet communication. Other
protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP are used for specific
purposes such as web browsing, file transfer, and email
communication.

Concept and Applications of Internet

The concept of the internet is based on the idea of
linking millions of computers worldwide to enable the
sharing of data and resources. The internet’s vastness
can be compared to a highway system where data is

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transmitted across different routes, ensuring its delivery
to the correct destination.
Applications of the Internet:
 E-Mail: One of the earliest and most widely used
internet applications, email allows users to send
text-based messages and files across the globe
instantly.
 Web Browsing: Internet browsers, such as Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari, allow users to
access and interact with websites.
 Online Shopping and E-Commerce: Internet-based
platforms like Amazon and eBay provide an avenue
for businesses and consumers to engage in trade and
commerce online.
 Streaming Services: Platforms like Netflix, YouTube,
and Spotify offer on-demand access to video and
music content via the internet.
 Cloud Computing: The internet enables access to
remote servers and storage systems, allowing

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businesses and individuals to store and process data
without needing local hardware.
 Online Education and Social Media: The internet is
the backbone of online courses, webinars, social
media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and
other communication tools.

Introduction to WWW, Web Browser, Search Engines,

and ISP
World Wide Web (WWW): The World Wide Web, often
referred to as the web, is a system of interlinked
hypertext documents and multimedia content that is
accessed via the internet. It was invented by Tim
Berners-Lee in 1989 to help scientists share research
papers, but it has since evolved into the primary means
by which people interact with the internet.
A user accesses the web through a web browser, which
retrieves and displays web pages. These web pages are
coded in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and often

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include links (hyperlinks) to other pages or media
content.
Web Browser: A web browser is software that allows
users to interact with the web. Browsers interpret and
display web pages, enabling the user to navigate through
the internet. Popular browsers include Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Microsoft Edge. These
browsers are equipped with features such as tabs,
bookmarks, and history tracking, making internet
navigation efficient.
Search Engines: A search engine is an online tool that
helps users find web pages, images, videos, and other
content on the internet. The most popular search engine
is Google, followed by Bing, Yahoo, and DuckDuckGo.
Search engines use algorithms to index web content and
rank results based on relevance to the search query.
They rely on crawlers (automated programs) to scan
websites and gather data, making it accessible through
search results.
Internet Service Provider (ISP): An ISP is a company or
organization that provides individuals and businesses

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with access to the internet. ISPs can offer a variety of
internet services, including broadband connections (DSL,
fiber, cable), wireless internet, and mobile data services.
Major ISPs include Comcast, AT&T, Verizon, and local or
regional providers. They often offer bundled services,
which may include television, telephone, and internet
services.

Understanding URL
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the address used to
access resources on the internet. It specifies the protocol
used for communication, the server or domain name,
and the specific resource being requested.
The structure of a URL can be broken down into several
parts:
 Protocol: This defines the method of
communication, such as http (HyperText Transfer
Protocol) or https (secure HTTP).
 Domain Name: This is the unique address of a
website, such as www.example.com.

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 Path: The path specifies the location of a file or
resource on the web server. For example, /page1.
 Query String: Sometimes, a URL includes parameters
after a question mark (e.g., ?id=123), which provide
additional instructions for the web server to process.
URLs make the web accessible, allowing users to navigate
directly to any page, file, or application on the internet.

Using E-Mails
Email is a service that allows users to send electronic
messages between individuals or groups. It operates
through an email client (e.g., Outlook, Gmail,
Thunderbird) and is based on internet protocols like
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for sending
messages and POP3/IMAP for retrieving them from
email servers.
To send an email, users need an email address, which is
made up of two parts: the local part (before the “@”)
and the domain part (after the “@”). The email can
include text, attachments (documents, images, etc.), and

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links. Emails are often organized into folders such as
Inbox, Sent Items, and Drafts.
Types of Emails:
 Personal Emails: Communication between
individuals.
 Business Emails: Formal communication between
colleagues or clients.
 Newsletters and Promotional Emails: Sent to a large
group of people, often for marketing purposes.

Instant Messaging and Video Conferencing

Instant Messaging (IM) is a form of communication
where users exchange text messages in real time.
Popular IM services include WhatsApp, Facebook
Messenger, and Slack. IM provides the advantage of
quick communication, often including multimedia sharing
(images, videos, files), voice messages, and video calls.
Video Conferencing allows users to hold live meetings
via the internet. This has become especially important in

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remote work and education. Platforms like Zoom,
Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet facilitate video calls
and virtual meetings, often supporting features like
screen sharing, file sharing, and recording. Video
conferencing bridges the gap between physical and
virtual presence, enabling global collaboration.

Introduction to E-Commerce
E-commerce refers to buying and selling goods and
services over the internet. It encompasses a wide range
of activities, including online shopping, digital payments,
online banking, and business-to-business transactions. E-
commerce platforms like Amazon, eBay, and Alibaba
have transformed how consumers shop, enabling them
to purchase products from across the globe with just a
few clicks.
E-commerce can be classified into several categories:
1. Business to Consumer (B2C): Businesses sell directly
to consumers.

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2. Consumer to Consumer (C2C): Individuals sell goods
and services to other individuals (e.g., eBay,
Craigslist).
3. Business to Business (B2B): Businesses sell products
or services to other businesses.
E-commerce systems rely on secure payment gateways,
customer data protection, and efficient delivery systems.

Netiquette
Netiquette refers to the set of rules and guidelines that
govern online behavior and communication. Proper
netiquette helps ensure respectful and efficient
communication on the internet. Key principles of
netiquette include:
 Respect: Treat others online as you would in person.
 Clarity: Be clear and concise when communicating
online.
 Privacy: Respect others’ privacy and avoid sharing
personal information without consent.

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 Avoiding Caps Lock: Using capital letters can be
interpreted as shouting.
 Proper Language: Avoid using offensive or
inappropriate language.
By adhering to these guidelines, users can foster a
positive online environment and ensure productive
interactions.

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