UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

HEAT TRANSFER
CHAPTER 6
EMPRICAL AND PRACTICAL
RELATIONS FOR
FORCED CONVECTION
HEAT TRANSFER

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6. FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 1/50
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EMPRICAL AND PRACTICAL

RELATIONS FOR
FORCED CONVECTION
HEAT TRANSFER

6.1 Introduction*
6.2 Emprical Relations for Pipe and Tube Flow*
6.3 Flow across Cylinders and Spheres*
*Holman, J. P., Heat Transfer, 10th ed., McGraw Hill Co., New York, 2010.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 5.1 INTRODUCTION Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 2/50
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6.1 INTRODUCTION
▪ The discussion and analyses of Chapter 5 have shown how forced-convection heat transfer may be
calculated for several cases of practical interest.

▪ Unfortunately, it is not always possible to obtain analytical solutions to convection problems, and
the individual is forced to resort to experimental methods to obtain information from heat- transfer
processes.

▪ Results of experimental data are usually expressed in the form of either empirical formulas or
graphical charts so that they may be utilized with a maximum of generality.

▪ The difficulty is generally encountered during the process of trying to generalize the results of one’s
experiments, in the form of some empirical correlation.

▪ If an analytical solution is available for a similar problem, the correlation of data is much easier,
since one may guess at the functional form of the results.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.1 INTRODUCTION Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 3/50
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EMPRICAL AND PRACTICAL

RELATIONS FOR
FORCED CONVECTION
HEAT TRANSFER

6.1 Introduction*
6.2 Emprical Relations for Pipe and Tube Flow*
6.3 Flow across Cylinders and Spheres*
*Holman, J. P., Heat Transfer, 10th ed., McGraw Hill Co., New York, 2010.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 4/50
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6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW

▪ The analysis in Chapter 5 has shown how one might analytically attack the problem of heat transfer
in fully developed laminar tube flow.

▪ The cases of
▪ undeveloped laminar flow,
▪ flow systems where the fluid properties vary widely with temperature, and
▪ turbulent-flow
▪ systems are considerably more complicated but are of very important practical interest in the
design of heat exchangers and associated heat-transfer equipment.

▪ These more complicated problems may sometimes be solved analytically, but the solutions, when
possible, are very tedious.

▪ For design and engineering purposes, empirical correlations are usually of greatest practical
utility.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 5/50
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6.2.1 The Bulk Temperature

▪ The bulk temperature represents energy average or “mixing cup” conditions.

▪ For this tube, the total energy added can be expressed in terms of a bulk-temperature difference by

Q = mc
& p (Tb 2 − Tb1 )

provided cp is reasonably constant over the length.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 6/50
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▪ In some differential length dx the heat added dq can be expressed either in terms of a bulk-
temperature difference or in terms of the heat transfer coefficient
& pdTb = h(2 r )dx (Tw − Tb )
dQ = mc

where Tw and Tb are the wall and bulk temperatures at the particular x location.

▪ The total heat transfer can also be expressed as

Q = hA(Tw − Tb )av

where A is the total surface area for heat transfer.

▪ Because both Tw and Tb can vary along the length of the tube, a suitable averaging process must
be adopted.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 7/50
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▪ A traditional expression for calculation of heat transfer in fully developed turbulent flow in smooth
tubes is that recommended by Dittus and Boelter

Nud = 0.023Red0.8Pr n

▪ The properties in this equation are evaluated at the average fluid bulk temperature, and the
exponent n has the following values:

0.4 for heating of the fluid

n=
 0.3 for cooling of the fluid

▪ This equation is valid for fully developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes for fluids

▪ with Prandtl numbers ranging from about 0.6 to 100 and

▪ with moderate temperature differences between wall and fluid conditions.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 8/50
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▪ More recent information by Gnielinski suggests that better results for turbulent flow in smooth
tubes may be obtained from the following:

Nu = 0.0214(Red0.8 − 100)Pr 0.4

for 0.5 < Pr < 1.5 and 104 < Re < 5×106 or

Nu = 0.012(Red0.87 − 280)Pr 0.4

for 1.5 < Pr < 500 and 3000 < Re < 106.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 9/50
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▪ If wide temperature differences are present in the flow, there may be an appreciable change in the
fluid properties between the wall of the tube and the central flow.

▪ These property variations may be evidenced by a change in the velocity profile.

▪ The deviations from the velocity profile for isothermal flow figure are a result of the fact that the
viscosity of gases increases with an increase in temperature, while the viscosities of liquids
decrease with an increase in temperature.

▪ To take into account the property variations, Sieder and Tate recommend the following relation:
0.14
  
Nud = 0.027Re Pr
0.8 1/3
 
 w 
d

▪ All properties are evaluated at bulk-temperature conditions, except μw, which is evaluated at the
wall temperature.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 10/50
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▪ In the entrance region, the flow is not developed, and Nusselt recommended the following
equation:

0.055
d  L
Nud = 0.036Red0.8Pr 1/3   for 10   400
L d

where L is the length of the tube and d is the tube diameter.

▪ The properties in the above equation are evaluated at the mean bulk temperature.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 11/50
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▪ The above equations offer simplicity in computation, but uncertainties on the order of ±25 percent
are not uncommon.

▪ Petukhov has developed a more accurate, although more complicated, expression for fully
developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes:
n
(f / 8)Red Pr  b 
Nud =  
1.07 + 12.7(f / 8) (Pr − 1)  w 
1/2 2/3

where n = 0.11 for Tw > Tb, n = 0.25 for Tw < Tb, and n = 0 for constant heat flux or for gases.

▪ All properties are evaluated at Tf =(Tw + Tb)/2 except for μb and μw.

▪ The friction factor may be obtained either from the Moody diagram (next slide) or from the
following for smooth tubes:
1
f =
(1.82log10 Red − 1.64)2

This equation is applicable for the following ranges:

0.5 < Pr < 200 for 6 percent accuracy

0.5 < Pr < 2000 for 10 percent accuracy

104 < Red < 5×106

0.8 < μb/μw < 40

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 12/50
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AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 13/50
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▪ Hausen presents the following empirical relation for fully developed laminar flow in tubes at
constant wall temperature:
0.068(d / L)Red Pr
Nud = 3.66 +
1 + 0.04[(d / L)Red Pr ]2/3

▪ The heat-transfer coefficient calculated from this relation is the average value over the entire length
of tube.

▪ Note that the Nusselt number approaches a constant value of 3.66 when the tube is sufficiently
long.

▪ The temperature profile is fully developed when the Nusselt number approaches a constant value

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 14/50
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▪ A somewhat simpler empirical relation was proposed by Sieder and Tate for laminar heat transfer
in tubes:
0.14
  
1/3
d 
Nu d = 1.86(Red Pr ) 1/3
   
L  w 
▪ In this formula the average heat-transfer coefficient is based on the arithmetic average of the inlet
and outlet temperature differences, and all fluid properties are evaluated at the mean bulk
temperature of the fluid, except μw, which is evaluated at the wall temperature.

▪ The above equation obviously cannot be used for extremely long tubes since it would yield a zero
heat-transfer coefficient.

▪ The above relation is valid for

d
Red Pr  10
L
▪ The product of the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers that occurs in the laminar-flow correlations is
called the Peclet number.

udcp
Pe = Red Pr =
k

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 15/50
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▪ The empirical correlations presented above, with the exception of

n
(f / 8)Red Pr  b 
Nud =  
1.07 + 12.7(f / 8) (Pr − 1)  w 
1/2 2/3

apply to smooth tubes.

▪ Correlations are, in general, rather sparse where rough tubes are concerned, and it is sometimes
appropriate that the Reynolds analogy between fluid friction and heat transfer be used to effect a
solution under these circumstances.

▪ Expressed in terms of the Stanton number,

f
St b Prf2/3 =
8
▪ The friction coefficient f is defined by
L um2
p = f 
d 2

where um is the mean flow velocity.

▪ Values of the friction coefficient for different roughness conditions are shown in the Moddy chart.

▪ An empirical relation for the friction factor for rough tubes is given as
1.325
f = 2
    5.74 
ln  3.7d  + Re 0.9 
   d 

▪ for 10−6 < ε/d < 10−3 and 5000 < Red < 108.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 16/50
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▪ If the channel through which the fluid flows is not of circular cross section, it is recommended that
the heat-transfer correlations be based on the hydraulic diameter DH, defined by

4A
DH =
P
where A is the cross-sectional area of the flow and P is the wetted perimeter.

▪ The factor of 4 is introduced so that it yields the value of the physical diameter when applied to a
circular cross section.

▪ The hydraulic diameter should be used in calculating the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers, and in
establishing the friction coefficient for use with the Reynolds analogy.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 17/50
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▪ Kays and Sellars, Tribus, and Klein have calculated the local and average Nusselt numbers for
laminar entrance regions of circular tubes for the case of a fully developed velocity profile.

▪ Results of these analyses are shown in terms of the inverse Graetz number,
d
Graetz number = Gz = RePr
x

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 18/50
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6.2.2 Entrance Effects in Turbulent Flow

▪ Entrance effects for turbulent flow in tubes are more complicated than for laminar flow and cannot
be expressed in terms of a simple function of the Graetz number.

▪ Kays has computed the influence for several values of Re and Pr.

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 19/50
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Example 6.1
Air at 2 atm and 200◦C is heated as it flows through a tube with a diameter of 1 in (2.54 cm) at a velocity
of 10 m/s. Calculate the heat transfer per unit length of tube if a constant-heat-flux condition is
maintained at the wall and the wall temperature is 20◦C above the air temperature, all along the length
of the tube. How much would the bulk temperature increase over a 3-m length of the tube?

Solution

u∞ = 10 m/s
p = 2 atm
T = 2000C
L=3m

p (2)(101325 N/m2 )
= = = 1.493 kg/m3
RT (287.1 J/kgK)(473 K)
The properties of air at a bulk temperature of 200◦C are

 = 2.57  10 −5 N.s/m2 Pr = 0.681 k = 0.0386 W/m0C cp = 1025 J/kgK

ud (1.493 kg/m3 )(10 m/s)(0.0254 m)

Red = = = 14756  2300  turbulent
 2.57  10−5 N.s/m2

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 20/50
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u∞ = 10 m/s
p = 2 atm
T = 2000C
L=3m

Nud = 0.023Red0.8Pr 0.4 = (0.023)(14756) (0.681) = 42.67

0.8 0.4

kNud (0.0386 W/m0C)(42.67)

h= = = 64.85 W/m2C
d 0.0254 m
Q
= h d (Tw − Tb ) = (64.85 W/m2C)( )(0.0254 m)(200C) = 103.5 W/m
L
d2 ( )(0.025 m)2
& =  um
m = (1.493 kg/m )(10 m/s)
3
= 0.007565 kg/s
4 4
L (Q / L )
& p Tb = L  Q   Tb =
(3 m)(103.5 W/m)
Q = mc = = 40.04 0 C
L & p
mc (0.007565 kg/s)(1025 J/kgK)

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 21/50
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Example 6.2
Water at 60◦C enters a tube of 1-in (2.54-cm) diameter at a mean flow velocity of 2 cm/s. Calculate the
exit water temperature if the tube is 3.0 m long and the wall temperature is constant at 80◦C.

Solution

u∞ = 0.02 m/s
T = 600C

L=3m

At the inlet bulk temperature of 60◦C are

 = 985 kg/m3  = 4.71 10 −4 N.s/m2 Pr = 3.02 k = 0.651 W/m0C cp = 4180 J/kgK

 u d (985 kg/m3 )(0.02 m/s)(0.0254 m)

Red = = = 1062  2300  laminar
 4.71 10−5 N.s/m2

d 0.0254 m
Red Pr = (1062)(3.02) = 27.15  10
L 3m

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 22/50
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u∞ = 0.02 m/s
T = 600C

L=3m

At the wall temperature of 80◦C w = 3.55  10 N.s/m

−4 2

0.14
  
1/3 0.14
d  0.0254 m   4.71 10 −4 N.s/m2 
1/3
Nu d = 1.86(Red Pr )  = 5.816
 = (1.86) (1062)(3.02)
1/3
    
L  w   3 m   3.55  10 −4 N.s/m2 
kNud (0.651 W/m0C)(5.816) = 149.1 W/m2C
h= =
d 0.0254 m
( )(0.0254 m)2
& = um  d = (985 kg/m3 )(0.02 m/s)
2
m = 0.009982 kg/s
4 4

 T + Tb 2 
Q = h dL  Tw − b1  = mc
& p (Tb 2 − Tb1 )
 2 
 0 Tb 2 + 600C 
 (149.1 W/m C)( )(0.0254 m)(3 m)  80 C −
2
 = (0.009982 kg/s)(4180 J/kgK)(Tb 2 − 60 C)
0

 2 
 Tb 2 = 71.980 C

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u∞ = 0.02 m/s
T = 600C

L=3m

71.980 C + 600 C
Tbm = = 660 C
2

 = 982 kg/m3  = 4.36  10 −4 N.s/m2 Pr = 2.78 k = 0.656 W/m0C cp = 4185 J/kgK

 u d (982 kg/m3 )(0.02 m/s)(0.0254 m)

Red = = = 1144
 4.36  10−4 N.s/m2

d 0.0254 m
Red Pr = (1144)(2.78) = 26.93  10
L 3m
0.14
  
1/3 0.14
d  0.0254 m   4.36  10 −4 N.s/m2 
1/3
Nu d = 1.86(Red Pr )  = 5.737
=
1/3
    (1.86)  (1144)(2.78)  
L  w  3 m   3.55  10 −4 N.s/m2 

kNud (0.656 W/m0C)(5.737)

h= = = 148.2 W/m2C
d 0.0254 m
 T + Tb 2 
q = h dL  Tw − b1  = mc
& p (Tb 2 − Tb1 )
 2 
 T + 600C 
 (148.2 W/m2C)( )(0.0254 m)(3 m)  800C − b 2  = (0.009982 kg/s)(4185 J/kgK)(Tb 2 − 60 C)
0

 2 
 Tb 2 = 71.92 C0

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Example 6.3
Air at 1 atm and 27◦C enters a 5.0-mm-diameter smooth tube with a velocity of 3.0 m/s. The length of
the tube is 10 cm. A constant heat flux is imposed on the tube wall. Calculate the heat transfer if the
exit bulk temperature is 77◦C. Also calculate the exit wall temperature and the value of h at exit.

Solution

u∞ = 3 m/s
Tb2 = 770C
Tb1 = 270C

L = 0.1 m

Tb1 + Tb 2 270 C + 770 C = 520 C = 325 K

Tbm = =
2 2
 = 1.822  10−5 m2 /s Pr = 0.703 k = 0.02814 W/m0C cp = 1006 J/kgK

p 101325 N/m2
= = = 1.176 kg/m3
RT (287.1 J/kgK)(300 K)
d2 ( )(0.005 m)2
& =  um
m = (1.176 kg/m )(3 m/s)
3
= 6.927  10 −5 kg/s
4 4

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ud (3 m/s)(0.005 m)
Red = = = 823.3  2300  laminar
 1.822  10 −5 m2 /s
1 x 1 0.1 m
Gz −1 = = = 0.03456
Red Pr d (823.3)(0.703) 0.005 m

Nud = 4.7

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u∞ = 3 m/s
Tb2 = 770C
Tb1 = 270C

L = 0.1 m

Q = mc
& p (Tb 2 − Tb1 ) = (6.927  10 −5 kg/s)(1006 J/kgK)(770C − 27 0C) = 3.484 W

3.484 W
Q = qw  dL  qw = = 2218 W/m2
( )(0.005 m)(0.1 m)

hd qw d
Nud = 4.7 = =
k (Tw − Tb )k

qw d (2218 W/m2 )(0.005 m)

Tw − Tb = = = 83.850 C
Nud k (4.7)(0.02814 W/mK)

(Tw ) x =L = Tb 2 + 83.850 C = 770 C + 83.850 C = 160.60 C

qw 2218 W/m2
hx = L = = = 26.45 W/m2K
(Tw − Tb ) X = L 83.85 0
C

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Example 6.4
Repeat Example 6.3 for the case of constant wall temperature.

Solution

Gz −1 = 0.03456  Nu d = 5.15

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u∞ = 3 m/s
Tb2 = 770C
Tb1 = 270C

L = 0.1 m

Tb1 + Tb 2 270 C + 770 C

Tbm = = = 520 C
2 2

 = 1.822  10−5 m2 /s Pr = 0.703 k = 0.02814 W/m0C cp = 1006 J/kgK

k 0.02814 W/mK
h = Nu d = (5.15) = 28.98 W/m2K
d 0.005 m
Q 3.484 W
Q = h dL(Tw − Tbm )  Tw = Tbm + = 520 C + = 128.5 0 C
 dLh ( )(0.005 m)(0.1 m)(28.98 W/m K)
2

AEE 303 HEAT TRANSFER 6.2 EMPRICAL RELATIONS FOR PIPE AND TUBE FLOW Dr. Mehmet Ali AK 29/50
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Example 6.5
A 2.0-cm-diameter tube having a relative roughness of 0.001 is maintained at a constant wall
temperature of 90◦C. Water enters the tube at 40◦C and leaves at 60◦C. If the entering velocity is 3 m/s,
calculate the length of tube necessary to accomplish the heating.

Solution

u∞ = 3 m/s
Tb2 = 600C
Tb1 = 400C

Tb1 + Tb 2 400 C + 600 C = 500 C

Tb = =
2 2
 = 988 kg/m 3
cp = 4174 J/kgK
( )(0.02 m)2
& = um  d = (988 kg/m3 )(3 m/s)
2
m = 0.9312 kg/s
4 4

& p (Tb 2 − Tb1 ) = (0.9312 kg/s)(4174 J/kgK)(600C − 400 C) = 77.74 kW

Q = mc

Tw + T b 900 C + 500 C = 700 C

Tf = =
2 2
 = 978 kg/m3  = 4  10 −4 N.s/m2 k = 0.664 W/m0C Pr = 2.54

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
= 0.001
d
 u d (978 kg/m3 )(3 m/s)(0.02 m)
Red = = = 146700
 4  10−4 N.s/m2
f = 0.0215

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u∞ = 3 m/s
Tb2 = 600C
Tb1 =400C

n
(f / 8)Red Pr  b 
Nud =  
1.07 + 12.7(f / 8) (Pr − 1)  w 
1/2 2/3

n = 0.11 for Tw = 900 C  T b = 500 C

b = 5.55  10−4 N.s/m2 (for water at T b = 500 C)

w = 2.81 10−4 N.s/m2 (for water atTw = 900 C)

0.11
(0.0215 / 8)(146700)(2.54)  5.55  10 −4 N.s/m2 
Nud =   = 659.2
1.07 + 12.7(0.0215 / 8)1/2 [(2.54)2/3 − 1]  2.81 10 −4 N.s/m2 

k 0.664 W/mK
h = Nu d = (659.2) = 21885 W/m2K
d 0.02 m
Q 77740 W
Q = h dL(Tw − Tbm )  L = = = 1.413 m
 d h(Tw − T b ) ( )(0.02 m)(21885 W/m2K)(900 C − 500 C)

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Example 6.6
Air at 300 K and 1 atm enters a smooth tube having a diameter of 2 cm and length of 10 cm. The air
velocity is 40 m/s. What constant heat flux must be applied at the tube surface to result in an air
temperature rise of 5◦C? What average wall temperature would be necessary for this case?

Solution

u∞ = 40 m/s
Tb2 = 305 K
Tb1 = 300 K

L = 0.1 m

Since L/d = 10 cm/2 cm = 5 is relatively small, then thermal entrance effects are present.

Properties of air at 300 K

 = 1.18 kg/m3  = 1.569  10−5 N.s/m2 k = 0.02624 W/m0C Pr = 0.7 cp = 1006 J/kgK

ud (40 m/s)(0.02 m)

Red = = = 50987
 1.569  10 −5 m2 /s

Nud = 0.023Red0.8Pr 0.4 = (0.023)(50987)0.8 (0.7)0.4 = 116.3

k 0.02624 W/mK
h = Nud = (116.3) = 152.6 W/m2K
d 0.02 m

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Red = 50987

Pr = 0.7 Nu
= 1.15  Nu = (1.15)(116.3) = 133.7
L Nud
=5
d

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u∞ = 40 m/s
Tb2 = 305 K
Tb1 = 300 K

L = 0.1 m

k 0.02624 W/mK
h = Nud = (133.7) = 175.4 W/m2K
d 0.02 m

( )(0.02 m)2
& = um  d = (1.18 kg/m3 )(40 m/s)
2
m = 0.01483 kg/s
4 4

& p (Tb 2 − Tb1 ) = (0.01483 kg/s)(1006 J/kgK)(5 0 C) = 74.59 W

Q = mc

Q 74.59 W
Q = h dL(Tw − T b )  Tw = T b + = 302.5 K + = 370.2 K
 dLh ( )(0.02 m)(0.1 m)(175.4 W/m2K)

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EMPRICAL AND PRACTICAL

RELATIONS FOR
FORCED CONVECTION
HEAT TRANSFER

6.1 Introduction*
6.2 Emprical Relations for Pipe and Tube Flow*
6.3 Flow across Cylinders and Spheres*
*Holman, J. P., Heat Transfer, 10th ed., McGraw Hill Co., New York, 2010.

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6.3 FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

▪ While the engineer may frequently be interested in the heat-transfer characteristics of flow systems
inside tubes or over flat plates, equal importance must be placed on the heat transfer that may be
achieved by a cylinder in cross flow..

▪ As would be expected, the boundary-layer development on the cylinder determines the heat-
transfer characteristics.

▪ As long as the boundary layer remains laminar and well behaved, it is possible to compute the heat
transfer analytically.

▪ It is necessary, however, to include the pressure gradient in the analysis because this influences
the boundary-layer velocity profile to an appreciable extent.

▪ In fact, this pressure gradient that causes a separated flow region to develop on the back side of
the cylinder when the free-stream velocity is sufficiently large.

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▪ Because of the complicated nature of the flow-separation processes, it is not possible to calculate
analytically the average heat-transfer coefficients in cross flow.

▪ However, McAdams was able to correlate the data of a number of investigators for heating and
cooling of air as shown in the following figure.

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▪ The Prandtl number was not included in the original correlation plot because it is essentially
constant at about 0.72 for all the data.

▪ Since it is experimentally known fact that such a process is dependent on Prandtl number,
Knudsen and Katz suggested that the correlation be extended to liquids by inclusion of Pr1/3.

▪ The resulting correlation for average heat-transfer coefficients in cross flow over circular cylinders
is
n
hd  u d 
Nudf = = C  Prf
1/3

kf 
 f 
where the constants C and n are tabulated in the following table.

▪ Properties for use with the above equation are evaluated at the film temperature as indicated by the
subscript f .

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▪ Fand has shown that the heat-transfer coefficients from liquids to cylinders in cross flow may be
better represented by the relation

Nuf = (0.35 + 0.56Ref0.52 )Prf0.3

▪ This relation is valid for 10−1 < Ref < 105 provided excessive free-stream turbulence is not
encountered. n are tabulated in the following table.

▪ Eckert and Drake recommend following relations for heat transfer from tubes in cross flow
0.25
 Prf 
Nu = (0.43 + 0.50Re )Pr 0.5 0.38
  for 1  Re  103
 Prw 
0.25
 Prf 
Nu = 0.25Re Pr0.6 0.38
  for 103  Re  2  105
 Prw 
▪ For gases the Prandtl number ratio may be dropped, and fluid properties are evaluated at the film
temperature.

▪ For liquids the ratio is retained, and fluid properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature.

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▪ A more comprehensive relation is given by Churchill and Bernstein that is applicable over the
complete range of available data:
4/5
0.56Re 1/2Pr 1/3   Re  
5/8

Nud = 0.3 + 1 +    for 102  Red  107 and Ped  0.2

[1 + (0.4 / Pr )2/3 ]1/4   282000  

▪ This relation underpredicts the data somewhat in the midrange of Reynolds numbers between
20,000 and 400,000, and it is suggested that the following be employed for this range:
4/5
0.62Re 1/2Pr 1/3   Re  
5/8

Nud = 0.3 + 1 +    for 20000  Red  400000 and Ped  0.2

[1 + (0.4 / Pr )2/3 ]1/4   282000  

▪ Still another correlation equation is given by Whitaker as

0.25
hd  
Nu = = (0.4Re 0.5 + 0.06Re 2/3 )Pr 0.4   
k  w 
for 40 < Re < 105, 0.65 < Pr < 300, and 0.25 < μ∞/μw < 5.2.

▪ All properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature and μw is at the wall temperature.

▪ Below Ped = 0.2, Nakai and Okazaki present the following relation

−1
Nud = 0.8237 − ln(Ped1/2 ) for Ped  0.2

▪ Properties in the first, second and fourth equations are evaluated at the film temperature.

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6.3.1 Noncircular Cylinders

▪ Jakob has summarized the results of experiments with heat transfer from noncircular cylinders and
the following equation is employed in order to obtain an empirical correlation for gases, and the
constants for use with this equation are summarized in the table.
n
hd u d 
Nudf = = C    Prf1/3
kf  f 

▪ The data upon which the above table is based were for gases with Pr  0.7 and were modified by
the 1.11Pr1/3 factor.

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6.3.2 Spheres
▪ McAdams recommends the following relation for heat transfer from spheres to a flowing gas:
0.6
hd u d 
= 0.37    for 17  Red  70000
kf  f 
▪ Achenbach has obtained relations applicable over a still wider range of Reynolds numbers for air
with Pr = 0.71:

Nu = 2 + (0.25Re + 3  10 −6 Re 1.6 )1/2 for 100  Re  3  105

Nu = 430 + 0.5  10 −3 Re + 0.25  10 −9 Re 2 − 3.1 10 −17 Re 3 )1/2 for 3  105  Re  5  106

▪ For flow of liquids past spheres, the data of Kramers may be used to obtain the correlation
0.5
hd u d 
Prf−0.3 = 0.97 + 0.68    for 1  Red  2000
kf  f 

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▪ Vliet and Leppert recommend the following expression for heat transfer from spheres to oil and
water over a more extended range of Reynolds numbers from 1 to 200,000
0.25
−0.3  w 
NuPr   = 1.2 + 0.53Red0.54
  
where all properties are evaluated at free-stream conditions, except μw, which is evaluated at the
surface temperature of the sphere.

▪ All the above data have been brought together by Whitaker to develop a single equation for gases
and liquids flowing past spheres:
1/4
  
Nu = 2 + (0.4Re 1/2
+ 0.06Re 2/3
)Pr 0.4
 
 w 
d d

which is valid for the range 3.5 < Red < 8×104 and 0.7 < Pr < 380.

▪ Properties in the above equation are evaluated at the free-stream temperature.

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Example 6.7
Air at 1 atm and 35◦C flows across a 5.0-cm-diameter cylinder at a velocity of 50 m/s. The cylinder
surface is maintained at a temperature of 150◦C. Calculate the heat loss per unit length of the cylinder.

Solution
d = 0.05 m

u∞ = 50 m/s
T∞ = 300 K

Tw + T 1500 C + 350 C
Tf = = = 92.50 C = 365.5 K
2 2
p 101325 N/m2
f =
RTf = (287.1 J/kgK)(365.5 K) = 0.9656 kg/m
3

f = 2.14  10−5 N.s/m2 kf = 0.0312 W/m0C Prf = 0.695

 f ud (0.9656 kg/m3 )(50 m/s)(0.05 m)

Ref = = = 1.128  105
f −5
2.14  10 m /s
2

From Table 6.2, C =0.0266 and n = 0.805

Nud = 0.0266Red0.805Pr 1/3 = (0.0266)(1.128  10 ) (0.695)1/3 = 275
5 0.805

k 0.0312 W/mK
h = Nud = (275) = 171.6 W/m2K
d 0.05 m
Q
= h d (Tw − T ) = (171.6 W/m2K)( )(0.05 m)(1500C − 35 0C) = 3100 W/m
L

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Example 6.8
A fine wire having a diameter of 3.94×10−5 m is placed in a 1 atm airstream at 25◦C having a flow
velocity of 50 m/s perpendicular to the wire. An electric current is passed through the wire, raising its
surface temperature to 50◦C. Calculate the heat loss per unit length.

Solution
d = 3.94x10-5 m

u∞ = 50 m/s
T∞ = 250C

Tw + T 250 C + 500 C
Tf = = = 37.50 C = 310.5 K
2 2
 f = 1.67  10 m /s
−5 2 kf = 0.02704 W/m0C Prf = 0.706

ud (50 m/s)(3.94  10 −5 m)

Red = = = 118
f 1.67  10−5 m2 /s
From the table, C = 0.683 and n = 0.466

Nud = 0.683Red0.466Pr 1/3 = (0.683)(118) (0.706)1/3 = 5.617

0.466

k 0.02704 W/mK
h = Nud = (5.617) = 3855 W/m2K
d 3.94  10 −5 m
Q
= h d (Tw − T ) = (3855 W/m2K)( )(3.94  10 −5 m)(500C − 25 0C) = 11.93 W/m
L

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d = 3.94x10-5 m

u∞ = 50 m/s
T∞ = 250C

4/5 4/5
0.62Red1/2Pr 1/3   Red  
5/8
(0.62)(118)1/2 (0.705)1/3   118 5/8 
Nud = 0.3 + 1 +    = 0.3 + 1 +   
[1 + (0.4 / Pr)2/3 ]1/4   282000   [1 + (0.4 / 0.705)2/3 ]1/4   282000  

= 5.593

k 0.02704 W/mK
h = Nud = (5.593) −5 = 3838 W/m2K
d 3.94  10 m

Q
= h d (Tw − T ) = (3838 W/m2K)( )(3.94  10 −5 m)(500C − 25 0C) = 11.88 W/m
L

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Example 6.9
Air at 1 atm and 27◦C blows across a 12-mm-diameter sphere at a free-stream velocity of 4 m/s. A
small heater inside the sphere maintains the surface temperature at 77◦C. Calculate the heat lost by
the sphere.

Solution d = 0.012 m

u∞ = 4 m/s
T∞ = 270C

In the relation to be used, the Reynolds number is evaluated at the free-stream temperature of 300 K,
  = 1.569  10−5 m2 /s k = 0.02624 W/m0C Pr = 0.708  = 1.846  10−5 N.s/m2

ud (4 m/s)(0.012 m)
Re = = = 3059
 1.569  10 −5 m2 /s
w = 2.075  10−5 N.s/m2

Since 3.5 < Re∞ = 3059 < 80000 and 0.7 < Pr = 0.708 < 380
1/4
  
Nud = 2 + (0.4Re 1/2
 + 0.06Re 2/3
 )Pr 0.4
 
 w  1/4
 1.846  10−5 N.s/m2 
= 2 + [(0.4)(3059) 1/2
+ (0.06)(3059) 2/3
](0.708) 0.4
 −5 2 
= 31.41
 2.075  10 N.s/m 
k 0.02624 W/mK
h = Nud = (31.41) = 68.68 W/m2K
d 0.012 m
Q = h(4 r 2 )(Tw − T ) = (68.68 W/m K)[(4)( )(0.006 m) ](77 C − 27 C) = 1.554 W
2 2 0 0

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d = 0.012 m

u∞ = 4 m/s
T∞ = 270C

Tw + T 300 K + 350 K = 325 K

Tf = =
2 2

 f = 1.823  10−5 m2 /s kf = 0.02814 W/m0C

u d (4 m/s)(0.012 m)
Ref = = = 2633
f 1.823  10 −5 m2 /s

Since 17 < Re∞ = 2633 < 70000

Nuf = 0.37Ref0.6 = (0.37)(2633) = 41.73

0.6

k 0.02814 W/mK
h = Nud = (41.73) = 97.86 W/m2K
d 0.012 m

which is about 42 percent higher than the value calculated before.

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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