Basic data types in Python:
Python has several basic (or built-in) data types
that are used to store values. Here are the most
common ones:
1. Numeric Types
int: Integer values (e.g., 10, -3)
float: Floating-point (decimal) numbers (e.g.,
3.14, -0.5)
complex: Complex numbers (e.g., 2 + 3j)
2. Text Type
str: String (text) values (e.g., "hello", 'Python')
3. Boolean Type
bool: Boolean values (True or False)
4. Sequence Types
list: Ordered, mutable sequence (e.g., [1, 2, 3])
tuple: Ordered, immutable sequence (e.g., (1, 2,
3))
range: Sequence of numbers (e.g., range(5))
5. Set Types
set: Unordered collection of unique items (e.g.,
{1, 2, 3})
frozenset: Immutable version of a set
6. Mapping Type
dict: Key-value pairs (e.g., {"name": "Alice",
"age": 25})
7. None Type
NoneType: Represents the absence of a value
(None)
Example Data Type Try it
x = "Hello World" str
x = 20 int
x = 20.5 float
x = 1j complex
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]list
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")tuple
x = range(6) range
x = {"name" : "John", "age" : 36} dict
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} set
x = frozenset({"apple", "banana", "cherry"})
frozenset
x = True bool
x = None
Relational operators:
Relational operators in Python, also known as
comparison operators, are used to compare two
values and return a boolean result (True or
False).
Here’s a list of relational operators in Python
along with simple examples:
1. == (Equal to)
Checks if two values are equal.
x=5
print(x == 5) # True
2. != (Not equal to)
Checks if two values are not equal.
x=5
print(x != 3) # True
3. > (Greater than)
Checks if the left value is greater than the right.
x = 10
print(x > 7) # True
4. < (Less than)
Checks if the left value is less than the right.
x=4
print(x < 10) # True
5. >= (Greater than or equal to)
x=5
print(x >= 5) # True
6. <= (Less than or equal to)
x=3
print(x <= 4) # True
These operators return True or False and are
commonly used in conditional statements like if,
while, and for.
Expressions in python:
In Python, expressions are combinations of values,
variables, operators, and function calls that are
evaluated to produce a result. and they can be
broadly categorized into arithmetic, relational,
logical, and assignment expressions.
1. Arithmetic Expressions:
These expressions involve mathematical
operations and operators like +, -, *, /, **, and
%.
Example: 2 + 3 * 4 (evaluates to 14).
Example: 10 / 2 (evaluates to 5.0).
Example: 5 ** 2 (evaluates to 25).
2. Relational Expressions:
These expressions compare values using
operators like ==, !=, >, <, >=, and <=.
Example: 5 == 5 (evaluates to True).
Example: x > y (evaluates to True or False,
depending on the values of x and y).
Example: a != b (evaluates to True or False,
depending on the values of a and b).
3. Logical Expressions:
These expressions combine conditions using
logical operators like and, or, and not.
Example: x > 5 and y < 10 (evaluates to True if
both conditions are true).
Example: a == b or c != d (evaluates to True if at
least one condition is true).
Example: not (x > y) (evaluates to the opposite
of the condition x > y).
4. Assignment Expressions:
These expressions assign values to variables
using the = operator.
Example: x = 5 (assigns the value 5 to the
variable x).
Example: y = x + 2 (assigns the value of x + 2 to
the variable y).
5. Membership Expressions:
These expressions check if a value is present in a
sequence (like a list, tuple, or string) using the in
and not in operators.
Example: 5 in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] (evaluates to True).
Example: "a" not in "banana" (evaluates to
False).
6. Conditional Expressions (Ternary Operator):
These expressions evaluate one of two values
based on a condition.
Example: result = "Even" if number % 2 == 0 else
"Odd" (assigns "Even" to result if number is
even, otherwise assigns "Odd").
7. Function Call Expressions:
Call functions or methods. These expressions
invoke a function and evaluate to the return
value of that function.
Example: len("Hello") (evaluates to 5, the length
of the string).
Example: print("Hello, world!") (prints "Hello,
world!" to the console).
Conditional statements in Python:
Conditional statements in Python allow us to
make decisions based on conditions. They
control the flow of our program by executing
different blocks of code depending on whether
a condition is True or False.
1. if Statement
Executes a block of code if the condition is true.
x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
2. if-else Statement
Executes one block if the condition is true, and
another if it's false.
x=3
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
else:
print("x is 5 or less")
3. if-elif-else Statement
Checks multiple conditions in sequence.
x=5
if x > 10:
print("x is greater than 10")
elif x == 5:
print("x is exactly 5")
else:
print("x is less than 10 and not 5")
4. Nested if Statements
A nested if statement is an if statement placed
inside another if (or elif) block. It allows you to
check a second condition only if the first
condition is true. This is useful when decisions
depend on multiple layers of conditions.
Syntax:
if condition1:
# Executes if condition1 is true
if condition2:
# Executes if both condition1 and
condition2 are true
Example:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num > 0:
if num % 2 == 0:
print("The number is positive and even.")
else:
print("The number is positive but odd.")
else:
print("The number is not positive.")
Here are some conditional statement examples
in Python that involve user input:
1. Check if a number is positive or negative
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num > 0:
print("The number is positive")
elif num == 0:
print("The number is zero")
else:
print("The number is negative")
2. Check if a person is eligible to vote
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age >= 18:
print("You are eligible to vote.")
else:
print("Sorry, you must be at least 18 to vote.")
3. Simple grade checker
marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))
if marks >= 90:
print("Grade: A")
elif marks >= 75:
print("Grade: B")
elif marks >= 60:
print("Grade: C")
elif marks >= 40:
print("Grade: D")
else:
print("Grade: F (Fail)")
