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• len() – Returns the number of items in an object

Syntax: len(object)

• type() – Returns the type of an object

Syntax: type(object)

• str() – Converts an object into a string

Syntax: str(object)

• int() – Converts a value into an integer

Syntax: int(value)

• float() – Converts a value into a floating-point

number
Syntax: float(value)

• list() – Converts an iterable into a list

Syntax: list(iterable)

• tuple() – Converts an iterable into a tuple

Syntax: tuple(iterable)
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• set() – Creates a set from an iterable
Syntax: set(iterable)

• dict() – Creates a dictionary from key-value pairs

Syntax: dict(mapping or iterable)

• range() – Generates a sequence of numbers

Syntax: range(start, stop, step)

• sorted() – Returns a sorted list from an iterable

Syntax: sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False)

• abs() – Returns the absolute value of a number

Syntax: abs(number)

• round() – Rounds a number to specified decimals

Syntax: round(number, ndigits=None)

• sum() – Returns the sum of values in an iterable

Syntax: sum(iterable, start=0)

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• min() – Returns the smallest value in an iterable
Syntax: min(iterable)

• max() – Returns the largest value in an iterable

Syntax: max(iterable)

• enumerate() – Returns index and value pairs

Syntax: enumerate(iterable, start=0)

• zip() – Combines multiple iterables element-wise

Syntax: zip(*iterables)

• any() – Returns True if any element is True

Syntax: any(iterable)

• all() – Returns True if all elements are True

Syntax: all(iterable)

• map() – Applies a function to each item

Syntax: map(function, iterable)

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• filter() – Filters elements based on a condition
Syntax: filter(function, iterable)

• open() – Opens a file and returns a file object

Syntax: open(file, mode='r')

• read() – Reads content from a file

Syntax: file.read()

• write() – Writes content to a file

Syntax: file.write(string)

• close() – Closes an open file

Syntax: file.close()

• help() – Displays documentation for an object

Syntax: help(object)

• dir() – Lists attributes and methods of an object

Syntax: dir(object)

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• isinstance() – Checks if an object belongs to a
class
Syntax: isinstance(object, classinfo)

• issubclass() – Checks class inheritance

Syntax: issubclass(class, classinfo)

• getattr() – Gets the value of an attribute

Syntax: getattr(object, name, default)

• setattr() – Sets the value of an attribute

Syntax: setattr(object, name, value)

• hasattr() – Checks if an attribute exists

Syntax: hasattr(object, name)

• delattr() – Deletes an attribute

Syntax: delattr(object, name)

• vars() – Returns the __dict__ of an object

Syntax: vars(object)
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• globals() – Returns the global symbol table
Syntax: globals()

• locals() – Returns the local symbol table

Syntax: locals()

• callable() – Checks if an object is callable

Syntax: callable(object)

• format() – Formats a value into a string

Syntax: format(value, format_spec)

• repr() – Returns official string representation

Syntax: repr(object)

• ascii() – Returns ASCII-only representation

Syntax: ascii(object)

• id() – Returns the unique identity of an object

Syntax: id(object)

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• chr() – Converts an integer to a character
Syntax: chr(i)

• ord() – Converts a character to its Unicode value

Syntax: ord(c)

• bin() – Converts a number to binary format

Syntax: bin(number)

• oct() – Converts a number to octal format

Syntax: oct(number)

• hex() – Converts a number to hexadecimal

format
Syntax: hex(number)

• hash() – Returns the hash value of an object

Syntax: hash(object)

• slice() – Creates a slice object

Syntax: slice(start, stop, step)
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• memoryview() – Accesses memory without
copying
Syntax: memoryview(object)

• compile() – Compiles source code

Syntax: compile(source, filename, mode)

• exec() – Executes dynamically created code

Syntax: exec(object)

• breakpoint() – Starts the debugger

Syntax: breakpoint()

• super() – Accesses parent class methods

Syntax: super()

• property() – Manages attribute access

Syntax: property(fget, fset, fdel, doc)

• staticmethod() – Defines a static method

Syntax: @staticmethod
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• classmethod() – Defines a class method
Syntax: @classmethod

• input() – Reads user input from console

Syntax: input(prompt)

• print() – Prints output to console

Syntax: print(objects)

• next() – Returns the next item from an iterator

Syntax: next(iterator)

• iter() – Returns an iterator object

Syntax: iter(iterable)

• frozenset() – Creates an immutable set

Syntax: frozenset(iterable)

• bool() – Converts a value to Boolean

Syntax: bool(value)

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• bytes() – Creates an immutable bytes object
Syntax: bytes(source, encoding, errors)

• bytearray() – Creates a mutable bytes object

Syntax: bytearray(source, encoding, errors)

• object() – Creates a base object

Syntax: object()

• complex() – Creates a complex number

Syntax: complex(real, imag)

• pow() – Returns a number raised to a power

Syntax: pow(base, exp, mod=None)

• divmod() – Returns quotient and remainder

Syntax: divmod(a, b)

• reversed() – Returns a reverse iterator from an

iterable
Syntax: reversed(iterable)
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• append() – Adds an item to the end of a list
Syntax: list.append(item)

• extend() – Adds multiple items to a list

Syntax: list.extend(iterable)

• insert() – Inserts an item at a given position

Syntax: list.insert(index, item)

• remove() – Removes the first matching item

Syntax: list.remove(value)

• pop() – Removes and returns an item by index

Syntax: list.pop(index=-1)

• get() – Returns a value for a key (safe access)

Syntax: dict.get(key, default=None)

• update() – Updates a dictionary with key-value

pairs
Syntax: dict.update(mapping)
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• assert – Tests a condition during debugging
Syntax: assert condition

• pass – Acts as a placeholder statement

Syntax: pass

• yield – Produces a value from a generator

Syntax: yield value

• raise – Raises an exception

Syntax: raise Exception

• try – Wraps risky code

Syntax: try:

• except – Handles exceptions

Syntax: except Exception:

• finally – Executes cleanup code

Syntax: finally:

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• format_map() – Formats a string using a mapping
Syntax: str.format_map(mapping)

• capitalize() – Capitalizes the first character

Syntax: str.capitalize()

• casefold() – Converts string for case-insensitive

comparison
Syntax: str.casefold()

• center() – Centers a string with padding

Syntax: str.center(width)

• count() – Counts occurrences of a substring

Syntax: str.count(substring)

• endswith() – Checks string ending

Syntax: str.endswith(suffix)

• startswith() – Checks string beginning

Syntax: str.startswith(prefix)
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• find() – Finds first occurrence index
Syntax: str.find(substring)

• index() – Finds index or raises error

Syntax: str.index(substring)

• isalnum() – Checks alphanumeric

Syntax: str.isalnum()

• isalpha() – Checks alphabetic

Syntax: str.isalpha()

• isdigit() – Checks numeric

Syntax: str.isdigit()

• islower() – Checks lowercase

Syntax: str.islower()

• isupper() – Checks uppercase

Syntax: str.isupper()

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• join() – Joins iterable into a string
Syntax: str.join(iterable)

• lstrip() – Removes leading spaces

Syntax: str.lstrip()

• rstrip() – Removes trailing spaces

Syntax: str.rstrip()

• strip() – Removes both-side spaces

Syntax: str.strip()

• replace() – Replaces substring

Syntax: str.replace(old, new)

• split() – Splits string into list

Syntax: str.split(separator)

• rsplit() – Splits string from right

Syntax: str.rsplit(separator)

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