Computer Awareness
Module - 2
Table of Content
➢ Different types of computer memories
➢ Logic Gates
➢ Circuits
➢ Number System
Computer Memories
computer memory, device that is used to store data or
programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or
permanent basis for use in an electronic digital
computer.
Types of Computer Memories
Primary Memory
What does primary memory do?
• Stores data and program instructions that the CPU is currently using or processing
• Provides fast access to data and instructions, which is important for program execution
• Plays a crucial role in the operation of the computer system
Types:
i. Random access memory (RAM) : Volatile memory that loses data when the computer is turned
off. RAM is the main type of volatile memory.
ii. Read-only memory (ROM) : Non-volatile memory that retains data even when the computer is
turned off.
What are the different types of RAM?
1. Dynamic random access memory (DRAM)
Dynamic RAM is one of the most common types of RAM used in computers. It stores each bit
of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. However, DRAM needs to be
constantly refreshed to retain data, which can impact its speed compared to other types.
2. Static random access memory (SRAM)
SRAM is faster than DRAM and doesn't require constant refreshing, as it stores each bit using
a flip-flop circuit. Due to its faster access times, SRAM is often used in cache memory to
provide quick access to frequently used instructions and data.
3. Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)
SDRAM synchronizes with the system's clock speed, allowing for more efficient data
transfers. This synchronization enables a steady flow of data, reducing delays in accessing
information. Various types of SDRAM, such as double data rate (DDR) SDRAM, have
evolved to provide increased data transfer rates.
Types of ROM
1. PROM (programmable read only memory) - a blank chip which can be programmed
only once using a special device called a programmer. Once it's programmed its contents
cannot be modified or erased.
2. EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory) -can be programmed multiple
times. Its contents can be erased by using UV (ultraviolet) light. Exposure to the UV light
will erase all contents.
3. EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) - similar to
EPROM but its contents can be electrically erased and re-written without having to
remove it from the computer. PROM (programmable read only memory) - a blank chip
which can be programmed only once using a special device called a programmer. Once it's
programmed its contents cannot be modified or erased.
Secondary memory
Secondary memory, also known as auxiliary or external memory, is a type of computer memory that stores data and
programs long-term. It's non-volatile, meaning it retains data even when the computer is turned off.
How it works
• Secondary memory is used to store data and programs that are not immediately accessible by the computer's processor.
• Data is saved in secondary memory in binary form, which is made up of tiny magnetized dots.
• Magnetic fields created by electromagnets are used to create, read, and erase these dots.
What it's used for
• Secondary memory is used to back up data, store critical data, and allow for disaster recovery.
• It's also used to store data that can be accessed and used by applications and services in real time.
Examples of secondary memory Hard disk drives, Floppy disks, Digital video discs (DVDs), and Flash drives.
Flash Memory :
✓ It can be erased and re-written to electrically.
✓ It is much faster than EEPROM.
✓ It is ideal for electronic devices such as mobile phones and
digital cameras.
Cache memory
Cache memory is a type of temporary storage in a computer that stores frequently used data and
instructions. It's a vital component of a computer system, improving its overall performance and
speed.
How it works
• Cache memory is a small, fast chip that's integrated into the CPU or placed on a separate chip.
• It stores data that's likely to be accessed again soon.
• When the CPU needs data, it can access it from the cache instead of the main memory.
• This reduces the need to access the main memory multiple times for the same data.
Types of Logic Gates:
AND Gate
OR Gate
NOT Gate
NAND Gate
Types of Logic Circuits:
There are two types of Digital circuits depending on their output and memory used:
(i) Combinational circuit, and
(ii) Sequential circuit
Combinational Circuits:
These circuits are developed using AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR logic gates. These logic gates are
building blocks of combinational circuits. A combinational circuit consists of input variables and output
variables. Since these circuits are not dependent upon previous input to generate any output, so are
combinational logic circuits.
Examples are :
•Encoder
•Adder
•Decoder
•Multiplexers
•De- Multiplexers
Sequential Circuit
sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose output depends not only on the present value of its
input signals but on the sequence of past inputs, the input history. This is in contrast to combinational logic,
whose output is a function of only the present input. That is, sequential logic has state (memory) while
combinational logic does not. Or, in other words, sequential logic is combinational logic with memory.
Ex: Flip-Flop , Counter etc.
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Decimal to Binary Conversion for fractional number
Octal to Binary Conversion
Binary to Octal Conversion
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
What type of information system would be recognised by digital circuits ?
(SSC CGL)
(a) Hexadecimal system
(b) Binary system
(c) Both hexadecimal and binary system
(d) Only Roman system
PROM Stands for_______. (BANK)
(a) Programmable random-on memory
(b) Picture random memory
(c) Process read-only memory
(d) Programmable read-only memory
A special, high-speed storage area within the CPU in which all data must be represented
before it can be processed is called _____. (SSC CHSL)
(a) BIOS
(b) Cache
(c) RAM
(d) Register
Thank You
See you next day
