Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Faculty Member Name Sabiya Fatima
Mobile No. 8840262398
Email Id sabiyafatima@[Link]
Designation Assistant Professor
Affiliated University AKTU, Lucknow
Program Name [Link]
Course Name
Object Oriented Programming with Java
Course Code
BCS403
Course Unit Name Unit-1
Programming Structures in Java: Defining
Classes in Java, Constructors, Methods, Access
Course Sub Topics Specifies, Static Members, Final Members,
Comments, Data types, Variables, Operators,
Control Flow, Arrays & String.
Search Keywords
Course Name: Object Oriented Programming with Java Course Code: BCS403
Semester/Year: 2/4 Branch/Section: CS-AIML/CS-DS
Faculty Name: Sabiya Fatima Lecture No.: 7,8 Date: 4,5/02/26
Lecture Topic
Programming Structures in Java: Defining Classes in Java, Constructors, Methods, Access
Specifies, Static Members, Final Members, Comments, Data types, Variables, Operators, Control
Flow, Arrays & String.
Learning Objectives
Develop the object-oriented programming concepts using Java
Lecture Content / Notes
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Java Arrays
Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements which has contiguous
memory location.
Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. Additionally,
The elements of an array are stored in a contiguous memory location. It is a data
structure where we store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements
in a Java array.
Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the 0th index,
2nd element is stored on 1st index and so on.
Advantages
o Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or sort the
data efficiently.
o Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.
Disadvantages
o Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It doesn't
grow its size at runtime. To solve this problem, collection framework is used in
Java which grows automatically.
Types of Array in java
There are two types of array.
o Single Dimensional Array
o Multidimensional Array
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Single Dimensional Array in Java
Syntax to Declare an Array in Java
1. dataType[] arr; (or)
2. dataType []arr; (or)
3. dataType arr[];
Instantiation of an Array in Java
1. arrayRefVar=new datatype[size];
Example of Java Array
Let's see the simple example of java array, where we are going to declare, instantiate,
initialize and traverse an array.
1. //Java Program to illustrate how to declare, instantiate, initialize
2. //and traverse the Java array.
3. class Testarray{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. int a[]=new int[5];//declaration and instantiation
6. a[0]=10;//initialization
7. a[1]=20;
8. a[2]=70;
9. a[3]=40;
10. a[4]=50;
11. //traversing array
12. for(int i=0;i<[Link];i++)//length is the property of array
13. [Link](a[i]);
14. }}
Test it Now
Output:
10
20
70
40
50
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Declaration, Instantiation and Initialization of Java Array
We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java array together by:
1. int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
Let's see the simple example to print this array.
1. //Java Program to illustrate the use of declaration, instantiation
2. //and initialization of Java array in a single line
3. class Testarray1{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
6. //printing array
7. for(int i=0;i<[Link];i++)//length is the property of array
8. [Link](a[i]);
9. }}
Test it Now
Output:
33
3
4
5
For-each Loop for Java Array
We can also print the Java array using for-each loop. The Java for-each loop prints
the array elements one by one. It holds an array element in a variable, then executes
the body of the loop.
The syntax of the for-each loop is given below:
1. for(data_type variable:array){
2. //body of the loop
3. }
Let us see the example of print the elements of Java array using the for-each loop.
1. //Java Program to print the array elements using for-each loop
2. class Testarray1{
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. int arr[]={33,3,4,5};
5. //printing array using for-each loop
6. for(int i:arr)
7. [Link](i);
8. }}
Output:
33
3
4
5
Passing Array to a Method in Java
We can pass the java array to method so that we can reuse the same logic on any
array.
Let's see the simple example to get the minimum number of an array using a method.
1. //Java Program to demonstrate the way of passing an array
2. //to method.
3. class Testarray2{
4. //creating a method which receives an array as a parameter
5. static void min(int arr[]){
6. int min=arr[0];
7. for(int i=1;i<[Link];i++)
8. if(min>arr[i])
9. min=arr[i];
10.
11. [Link](min);
12. }
13.
14. public static void main(String args[]){
15. int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaring and initializing an array
16. min(a);//passing array to method
17. }}
Test it Now
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Output:
Anonymous Array in Java
Java supports the feature of an anonymous array, so you don't need to declare the
array while passing an array to the method.
1. //Java Program to demonstrate the way of passing an anonymous array
2. //to method.
3. public class TestAnonymousArray{
4. //creating a method which receives an array as a parameter
5. static void printArray(int arr[]){
6. for(int i=0;i<[Link];i++)
7. [Link](arr[i]);
8. }
9.
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. printArray(new int[]={10,22,44,66});//passing anonymous array to method
12. }}
Test it Now
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Output:
10
22
44
66
Returning Array from the Method
We can also return an array from the method in Java.
1. //Java Program to return an array from the method
2. class TestReturnArray{
3. //creating method which returns an array
4. static int[] get(){
5. return new int[]{10,30,50,90,60};
6. }
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
7.
8. public static void main(String args[]){
9. //calling method which returns an array
10. int arr[]=get();
11. //printing the values of an array
12. for(int i=0;i<[Link];i++)
13. [Link](arr[i]);
14. }}
Test it Now
Output:
10
30
50
90
60
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if length
of the array in negative, equal to the array size or greater than the array size while
traversing the array.
1. //Java Program to demonstrate the case of
2. //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in a Java Array.
3. public class TestArrayException{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. int arr[]={50,60,70,80};
6. for(int i=0;i<=[Link];i++){
7. [Link](arr[i]);
8. }
9. }}
Test it Now
Output:
Exception in thread "main" [Link]: 4
at [Link]([Link])
50
60
70
80
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Multidimensional Array in Java
In such case, data is stored in row and column based index (also known as matrix
form).
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Syntax to Declare Multidimensional Array in Java
1. dataType[][] arrayRefVar; (or)
2. dataType [][]arrayRefVar; (or)
3. dataType arrayRefVar[][]; (or)
4. dataType []arrayRefVar[];
Example to instantiate Multidimensional Array in Java
1. int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column
Example to initialize Multidimensional Array in Java
1. arr[0][0]=1;
2. arr[0][1]=2;
3. arr[0][2]=3;
4. arr[1][0]=4;
5. arr[1][1]=5;
6. arr[1][2]=6;
7. arr[2][0]=7;
8. arr[2][1]=8;
9. arr[2][2]=9;
Example of Multidimensional Java Array
Let's see the simple example to declare, instantiate, initialize and print the
2Dimensional array.
1. //Java Program to illustrate the use of multidimensional array
2. class Testarray3{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. //declaring and initializing 2D array
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
5. int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
6. //printing 2D array
7. for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
8. for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
9. [Link](arr[i][j]+" ");
10. }
11. [Link]();
12. }
13. }}
Test it Now
Output:
1 2 3
2 4 5
4 4 5
Jagged Array in Java
If we are creating odd number of columns in a 2D array, it is known as a jagged array.
In other words, it is an array of arrays with different number of columns.
1. //Java Program to illustrate the jagged array
2. class TestJaggedArray{
3. public static void main(String[] args){
4. //declaring a 2D array with odd columns
5. int arr[][] = new int[3][];
6. arr[0] = new int[3];
7. arr[1] = new int[4];
8. arr[2] = new int[2];
9. //initializing a jagged array
10. int count = 0;
11. for (int i=0; i<[Link]; i++)
12. for(int j=0; j<arr[i].length; j++)
13. arr[i][j] = count++;
14.
15. //printing the data of a jagged array
16. for (int i=0; i<[Link]; i++){
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
17. for (int j=0; j<arr[i].length; j++){
18. [Link](arr[i][j]+" ");
19. }
20. [Link]();//new line
21. }
22. }
23. }
Test it Now
Output:
0 1 2
3 4 5 6
7 8
What is the class name of Java array?
In Java, an array is an object. For array object, a proxy class is created whose name
can be obtained by getClass().getName() method on the object.
1. //Java Program to get the class name of array in Java
2. class Testarray4{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. //declaration and initialization of array
5. int arr[]={4,4,5};
6. //getting the class name of Java array
7. Class c=[Link]();
8. String name=[Link]();
9. //printing the class name of Java array
10. [Link](name);
11.
12. }}
Test it Now
Output:
I
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Copying a Java Array
We can copy an array to another by the arraycopy() method of System class.
Syntax of arraycopy method
1. public static void arraycopy(
2. Object src, int srcPos,Object dest, int destPos, int length
3. )
Example of Copying an Array in Java
1. //Java Program to copy a source array into a destination array in Java
2. class TestArrayCopyDemo {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. //declaring a source array
5. char[] copyFrom = { 'd', 'e', 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e',
6. 'i', 'n', 'a', 't', 'e', 'd' };
7. //declaring a destination array
8. char[] copyTo = new char[7];
9. //copying array using [Link]() method
10. [Link](copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 7);
11. //printing the destination array
12. [Link]([Link](copyTo));
13. }
14. }
Test it Now
Output:
caffein
Cloning an Array in Java
Since, Java array implements the Cloneable interface, we can create the clone of the
Java array. If we create the clone of a single-dimensional array, it creates the deep
copy of the Java array. It means, it will copy the actual value. But, if we create the
clone of a multidimensional array, it creates the shallow copy of the Java array which
means it copies the references.
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
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1. //Java Program to clone the array
2. class Testarray1{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. int arr[]={33,3,4,5};
5. [Link]("Printing original array:");
6. for(int i:arr)
7. [Link](i);
8.
9. [Link]("Printing clone of the array:");
10. int carr[]=[Link]();
11. for(int i:carr)
12. [Link](i);
13.
14. [Link]("Are both equal?");
15. [Link](arr==carr);
16.
17. }}
Output:
Printing original array:
33
3
4
5
Printing clone of the array:
33
3
4
5
Are both equal?
false
Addition of 2 Matrices in Java
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Let's see a simple example that adds two matrices.
1. //Java Program to demonstrate the addition of two matrices in Java
2. class Testarray5{
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. //creating two matrices
5. int a[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
6. int b[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
7.
8. //creating another matrix to store the sum of two matrices
9. int c[][]=new int[2][3];
10.
11. //adding and printing addition of 2 matrices
12. for(int i=0;i<2;i++){
13. for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
14. c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
15. [Link](c[i][j]+" ");
16. }
17. [Link]();//new line
18. }
19.
20. }}
Test it Now
Output:
2 6 8
6 8 10
Multiplication of 2 Matrices in Java
In the case of matrix multiplication, a one-row element of the first matrix is multiplied
by all the columns of the second matrix which can be understood by the image given
below.
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Let's see a simple example to multiply two matrices of 3 rows and 3 columns.
1. //Java Program to multiply two matrices
2. public class MatrixMultiplicationExample{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. //creating two matrices
5. int a[][]={{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3}};
6. int b[][]={{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3}};
7.
8. //creating another matrix to store the multiplication of two matrices
9. int c[][]=new int[3][3]; //3 rows and 3 columns
10.
11. //multiplying and printing multiplication of 2 matrices
12. for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
13. for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
14. c[i][j]=0;
15. for(int k=0;k<3;k++)
16. {
17. c[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
18. }//end of k loop
19. [Link](c[i][j]+" "); //printing matrix element
Axis Institute of Technology & Management, Kanpur
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
20. }//end of j loop
21. [Link]();//new line
22. }
23. }}
Test it Now
Output:
6 6 6
12 12 12
18 18 18
Key Takeaways
References (If any)
Text Books
1. Herbert Schildt, "Java The complete reference", McGraw Hill Education
2. Craig Walls, “Spring Boot in Action” Manning Publication
1. Steven Holzner, “Java Black Book”, Dreamtech.
2. Balagurusamy E, “Programming in Java”, McGraw Hill
3. Java: A Beginner’s Guide by Herbert Schildt, Oracle Press
4. Greg L. Turnquist “Learning Spring Boot 2.0 - Second Edition”, Packt Publication
5. AJ Henley Jr (Author), Dave Wolf, “Introduction to Java Spring Boot: Learning by Coding”,
Independently Published
